Stability evaluation method of large cross-section tunnel considering modification of thickness-span ratio in mechanized operation

Purpose-This study aims to research the large cross-section tunnel stability evaluation method corrected after considering the thickness-span ratio.Design/methodology/approach-First,taking the Liuyuan Tunnel of Huanggang-Huangmei High-Speed Railway as an example and taking deflection of the third principal stress of the surrounding rock at a vault after tunnel excavation as the criterion,the critical buried depth of the large section tunnel was determined.Then,the strength reduction method was employed to calculate the tunnel safety factor under different rock classes and thickness-span ratios,and mathematical statistics was conducted to identify the relationships of the tunnel safety factor with the thickness-span ratio and the basic quality(BQ)index of the rock for different rock classes.Finally,the influences of thickness-span ratio,groundwater,initial stress of rock and structural attitude factors were considered to obtain the corrected BQ,based on which the stability of a large cross-section tunnel with a depth of more than 100 m during mechanized operation was analyzed.This evaluation method was then applied to Liuyuan Tunnel and Cimushan No.2 Tunnel of Chongqing Urban Expressway for verification.Findings-This study shows that under different rock classes,the tunnel safety factor is a strict power function of the thickness-span ratio,while a linear function of the BQ to some extent.It is more suitable to use the corrected BQ as a quantitative index to evaluate tunnel stability according to the actual conditions of the site.Originality/value-The existing industry standards do not consider the influence of buried depth and span in the evaluation of tunnel stability.The stability evaluation method of large section tunnel considering the correction of overburden span ratio proposed in this paper achieves higher accuracy for the stability evaluation of surrounding rock in a full or large-section mechanized excavation of double line high-speed railway tunnels.

Experimental Study on the Influence of Cross-Section Type of Marine Cable Conductors on the Bending Performance

Through the development of marine energy,marine cables are the key equipment for transmission of electrical energy between surface platforms and underwater facilities.Fatigue failure is a critical failure mode of marine cables.The bending performance of the cable conductor has a major influence on both bending and fatigue performances of the overall cable structure.To study the influence of different types of the conductor cross-section on the bending performances of marine cable conductors,three types of copper conductors with the same cross-sectional area,i.e.,noncompressed round,compressed round,and shaped wire conductors,were selected.The experimental results demonstrated that the cross-section type significantly affects the bending performances of copper conductors.In particular,the bending stiffness of the shaped wire conductor is the highest among the three conductor types.Four key evaluation parameters,i.e.,the bending stiffness,maximum bending moment,envelope area,and engineering critical slip point,were selected to compare and analyze the bending hysteresis curves of the three copper conductors.The differences in the key evaluation parameters were analyzed based on the structural dimensional parameters,processing methods,and classical bending stiffness theoretical models of the three copper conductor types.The results provide an important theoretical guidance for the structural design and engineering applications of marine cable conductors.

CFD-Based Numerical Analysis of a Variable Cross-Section Cylinder

Using ANSYS-CFX, a general purpose fluid dynamics program, the vortex-induced vibration(VIV) of a variable cross-section cylinder is simulated under uniform current with high Reynolds numbers. Large eddy simulation(LES) is conducted for studying the fluid-structure interaction. The vortex shedding in the wake, the motion trajectories of a cylinder, the variation of drag and lift forces on the cylinder are analyzed. The results show that the vortices of variable cross-section cylinder are chaotic and are varying along the cylinder. In places where cross-sections are changing significantly, the vortices are more irregular. The motion trail of the cylinder is almost the same but irregular. The drag and lift coefficients of the cylinder are varying with the changes of diameters.

Mechanism and practice of rock control in deep large span cut holes

Deep large span cut holes are difficult to stabilize. The 7801 cut hole in the Lu'an Wuyang Mine was used as this project's background. The main factors affecting large span cut hole stability are analyzed. Pre- stressed bolting theory was used to design a roof control method for a large span roadway. By reducing the span and applying equal strength coordinated supports the rock could be stabilized. The control prin- ciples and methods are given herein along with the analysis. A double micro arch cross section roadway is defined and its use in solving the current problem is described. Beam arch theory was used to build a model of the double micro arch cross section roadway. A support reverse force model for the arch foot intersection was also derived. A support method based upon reducing the width of the large span in the cut hole is presented. These results show that the reduced span of the roadway roof plus the use of cable anchors and single supports gives an effective way to control the large span cut hole. On site monitoring showed that the reduced span support from the double micro arch cross section roadway design had a significant effect. The roadway surface displacement was small and harmful deformation of the cut hole was effectively controlled. This will ensure its long term stability.

大截面导体交流电阻测试研究

导体交流电阻测试是电力系统运行和维护中的重要环节之一。随着电力系统的不断发展和电力负荷的增加,大截面导体的使用越来越普遍。然而,由于导体集肤效应和邻近效应的存在,导体在交流电流下的电阻会有所增加,这对电力系统的稳定运行和安全性产生了一定的影响。文章介绍了导体集肤效应和邻近效应的原理和影响因素,分析了影响交流电阻的因素,阐述了大截面导体交流电阻测试的各种方法,并对每种方法的原理、步骤和优劣进行了分析。

Analytical study on pretensioned bolt-cable combined support of large cross-section tunnel

To study the mechanical responses of large cross-section tunnel reinforced by pretensioned rock bolts and anchor cables, an analytical model is proposed. Considering the interaction between rock mass and bolt-cable support, the strain softening characteristic of rock mass, the elastic-plastic characteristic of bolt-cable support, and the delay effect of installation are considered in the model. To solve the different mechanical cases of tunneling reinforced by bolt-cable support, an analytical approach has been put forward to get the solutions of stress and displacement associated with tunneling. The proposed analytical model is verified by numerical simulation. Moreover, parametric analysis is performed to study the effects of pretension force,cross-section area, length, and supporting density of bolt-cable support on tunnel reinforcement, which can provide references for determining these parameters in tunnel design. Based on the analytical model, a new Ground Response Curve(GRC)considering the reinforcement of bolt-cable support is obtained, which shows the pretension forces and the timely installation are important in bolt-cable support. In addition, the proposed model is applied to the analysis of the Great Wall Station Tunnel, a high-speed railway tunnel with a super large cross-section, which shows that the analytical model of bolt-cable support was a useful tool for preliminary design of large cross-section tunnel.

Investigate the nonuniformity of low-energy electron beam with large cross-sections

Over the past decades, low-energy electron accelerators have been used worldwide for surface curing and sterilization. The beam nonuniformity is an important parameter of the low-energy electron beam with large cross-sections. A simple and accurate measurement system of nonuniformity for the low-energy electron beam with large cross-sections was developed. The main concept consists in the measurement of nonuniformity, which is realized by using a linear actuator to drive two scanning wires through the beam's cross-sections at a fixed speed. The beam distribution can be obtained by sending/collecting the current signals to/from the Data Acquisition (DAQ) software on a laptop by a USB DAQ card. This device is very convenient for the performance testing of a new accelerator at the manufacturer's site. The distribution of the homemade low voltage electron accelerator EBS-300-50 was measured and evaluated.

风机叶片金属网防护下的雷击损伤特性研究

风机叶片雷击损坏是风电系统实际运行中面临的难题,可采用金属网作为叶片雷电防护补充方法,但叶片敷设金属网后高幅值雷电流接闪过程及损伤机制尚不清晰。为研究风机叶片金属网防雷方法下雷击大电流接闪及叶身复合材料雷击损伤特性,搭建真型风机叶片雷击大电流闪络试验平台,通过先导附着试验,确定风机叶片潜在雷击位置,同步观测雷电引入点的直接损伤效应。试验结果表明,雷击转移电荷量和引下线通流能力是叶片是否产生雷击损伤的重要影响因素,叶尖与叶身之间的压接板有结构撕裂风险,应当优化金属网泄流通道和压接板的型式设计,提高叶片雷击大电流耐受可靠性。研究结果揭示了金属网防雷方法下风机叶片先导附着特性和雷击大电流损伤特征,指导防雷优化设计。

高压架空输电线路大跨越导线选型研究

本文梳理国内大跨越工程常使用的导线类型,依托某500kV架空输电线路大跨越工程,对导线电气性能、机械性能进行技术分析,然后通过年费用最小法选择出技术经济性最优导线。

大截面导线在特高压直流输电线路中的应用前景

目前国内±800 kV特高压直流输电线路采用的最大截面导线为6×900 mm2钢芯铝绞线。在分析6×JL/G2A-900/75、6×JL/G2A-1000/80、6×JL/G2A-1120/90导线方案工程初期投资、电能损耗的基础上,对3种导线方案进行全寿命周期内经济性比较,论证了年损耗小时数较高时,采用6×JL/G2A-1000/80、6×JL/G2A-1120/90导线方案在±800 kV特高压直流输电线路上的经济性更优越。

特高压直流输电大截面导线带电覆冰与融冰特性试验研究

现有小截面导线覆冰和融冰规律不能直接线性换算至大截面导线,为此在人工气候实验室开展LGJ-720/50和JL/G3A-900/40这2种特高压直流输电大截面导线的带电覆冰与融冰试验,分析覆冰厚度增长与电流和气象参数的变化规律,得到大截面导线融冰时间与融冰电流、环境温度和风速、覆冰厚度的特性曲线。研究结果表明运行电流通过产生焦耳热降低水滴在大截面导线上的冻结系数能抑制覆冰增长;风速增大、降雨量增加可以增大水滴的碰撞系数和收集系数,温度降低可增大冻结系数,从而加快导线覆冰增长速度;环境温度还决定着导线覆冰类型。大截面导线融冰时间主要取决于导线表面需要融化的冰层厚度,并随着融冰电流的增大逐渐减小;环境温度越低,风速越大,融冰时间越长;融冰时间随覆冰厚度增加呈线性规律增长。研究结果能够为特高压直流输电线路阻冰和融冰提供理论指导。

900mm^2大截面导线在特高压直流工程中的应用(英文)

应用大截面导线是降低电流密度、节能降耗的有效手段。文章对±800kV锦屏—苏南特高压直流工程所用900mm2大截面导线在工程应用中涉及到的各种因素进行了分析。这些因素包括导线的设计制造、金具、施工技术等。得出结论:900mm2导线的铝股应该设计为四层结构且导线制造不存在困难,未来产能有充分的扩展空间;金具设计、制造不存在障碍;展放方案可以进一步优选,牵、张机可以使用现有设备,滑车、卡线器等机具应该研制。最后认为,该导线的应用前景十分广阔。

大跨越输电塔-线体系的平面内塔-线耦合效应与TMD减震控制研究

建立了典型的大跨越输电塔-线体系的有限元模型,分析了独立塔和大跨越塔-线耦合体系的动力特性,基于"模态组"概念,通过两者动力特性的对比研究了大跨越输电塔-线体系的塔-线耦合效应,结果表明塔-线耦合效应对大跨越输电塔动力特性有较大影响。分别基于独立塔和塔-线耦合体系的动力特性对两个调谐质量阻尼器(tunedmass damper,TMD)的参数进行了优化,对两个TMD方案在地震动激励下的减震控制效果进行了对比。结果表明,大跨越塔-线耦合体系与独立塔的动力特性存在很大差异,在大跨越输电塔-线体系TMD减震控制中考虑塔-线耦合效应,能够更好地发挥TMD振动控制的作用。

阻尼间隔棒及双摆防舞器对特高压架空输电导线覆冰舞动特性的影响

为了能够准确分析和评价阻尼间隔棒与双摆防舞器对大截面、多分裂特高压输电导线覆冰舞动的影响,首先依据防舞器分布特性,将二者的质量和转动惯量沿导线分布情况定义为狄拉克函数形式,再通过曲梁建模方法得到描述覆冰导线运动的常微分方程,并以6?1 250 mm2导线为例进行了非线性振动特性分析。结果表明,二者的优化参数及安装、布置方案会对特高压输电导线的分布质量、阻尼特性等结构参数产生影响,进而改变其覆冰舞动特性;对二者进行合理优化设计和配置,不仅可以提高特高压导线系统的临界失稳风速,增强其抗风能力,亦可在实际风速略大于临界失稳风速时获得良好的抑舞特性。为特高压输电线路及其金具的设计工作提供了有效的理论参考依据。

复杂环境中天线辐射方向图的分析

采用一致性几何绕射理论(UTD)研究了电大尺寸复杂平台中天线的辐射特性。以点源模型分析了天线受周围电磁环境影响后的辐射方向图,与自由空间方向图的对比说明了受影响后天线辐射特性的变化。与低频算法相比,本文算法有计算速度快、占用内存量很少的优点,可应用于工程中类似平台的多天线系统干扰分析。

500kV大跨越四分裂导线及地线防振试验研究

论述了500 kV江阴长江大跨越四分裂导线、地线微风振动试验研究的过程和原理。试验结果表明,优选的防振方案满足技术要求,具有良好的防振效果,能够显著降低导地线的微风振动水平,可以保证大跨越导地线的安全运行。

架空输电线路大跨越导线微风振动试验

为了掌握架空输电线路大跨越导线微风振动特性,设计制作了大跨越导线微风振动试验模型,研究了不同张力作用下,安装防振锤前后大跨越导线的振动响应,重点分析了防振锤耗能效果以及安装位置对导线振动的影响,并与理论分析结果进行对比,提出了大跨越导线防振锤的安装位置计算公式。试验结果表明:运行张力对大跨越导线微风振动影响较大,导线本身的阻尼线对微风振动的抑制作用十分有限;安装防振锤的导线振动幅值小于未安装防振锤的裸导线,但随着张力的增大,防振锤的防振频段收窄,防振效果降低;防振锤的安装位置对导线振动影响较大,防振锤安装位置应兼顾各激励频率下的振动波长;FR-4型防振锤的最佳防振频段为15~25Hz,对于抑制大跨越导线的高频和低频振动效果较差。

超高压大截面电力电缆线路热膨胀计算分析

为了解决电缆导体温升因负荷变化而变化,导致电缆线路热胀冷缩的问题,工程应用中通常采取蛇形敷设电缆线路。特别是隧道内的超高压、大长度、大截面电缆线路,蛇形敷设能够有效吸收热胀冷缩引起的电缆线路长度变化,防止电缆接头和终端机械应力损伤。为此,选取回路长度为1.2 km的2500 mm2/220 kV XLPE电缆线路和回路长度为17.15 km的2500 mm2/500 kV XLPE电缆线路为计算分析实例,分析和计算不同的导体温度、蛇形弧幅值和蛇形长度对弧幅轴向推力大小的影响。针对不同直径的隧道,提出了既节约隧道空间又能限制轴向推力的蛇形弧幅和蛇形长度的推荐值。当电缆线路在紧急过载情况时(导体温度θ=250°C),弧幅轴向伸缩推力约为20 kN;优化设计隧道内电缆线路蛇形敷设的蛇形长度范围为4000~8000 mm,弧幅范围为150~250 mm,蛇形弧幅的轴向伸缩推力亦可以限制在4~6 kN范围内。

中山口大跨越导线舞动的分析计算

论述了三分裂覆冰导线舞动的建模方法，给出了用于舞动计算的数学模型；应用模拟冰型的气动力风洞试验数据，中山口大跨越几次舞动的数值计算结果与实际观察一致。

大截面导线在重庆110kV电网改造应用的技术经济分析

重庆城区电网密集,线路走廊宝贵,原有导线受截面限制,载流量不能满足负荷发展需求。大截面导线技术能显著提高架空输电线路的输电容量,解决输电容量需求大而出线走廊资源有限的问题。简单介绍了目前我国大截面导线输电技术的工程应用现状与技术发展水平。围绕提高重庆110kV原有输电线路载流量30%所进行的增容改造工程,分析了应用大截面导线的可行性,并以重庆110kV原有输电线路中1条线路为例,综合分析采用大截面导线方案的静态投资和动态效益。提出了重庆地区110kV输电线路增容改造的优选方案,以达到送电线路增容改造过程中的社会效益和经济效益最大化。