Warm bending mechanism of extrados and intrados of large diameter thin-walled CP-Ti tubes

In order to develop the warming bending technology of the large diameter thin-walled（LDTW） commercial pure titanium alloy CP-Ti tubes, the warm bending mechanism of the extrados and intrados of LDTW CP-Ti tubes was researched. By EBSD analysis and Vickers hardness test, the changes of microstructure and strength of the tubes at different bending temperatures of 293, 423 and 573 K, were analyzed. The results show： 1） The extrados of the bent tube deforms mainly by slip, along with few twinning, and the preferred orientation is similar to that of the initial tube; the intrados of the bent tube experiences compression deformation mainly by {1 012} tensile twinning, and the twinning makes the preferred orientation of wall materials change sharply. 2） The Vickers hardness values of both the extrados and intrados of the samples after bending increase greatly; the Vickers hardness values of the intrados are much higher than those of the extrados, and Vickers hardness values of the RD-TD planes are always higher than those of the RD-LD planes, which are related to the different deformation mechanisms.

Recent developments of large diameter X80 UOE line pipes

High-strength pipeline steel and large diameter line pipes are often used to increase the capacity of transportation and reduce the cost associated with the construction and operation of long-distance gas pipeline projects. China＇ s initiatives to construct long-distance natural gas pipelines has brought in new opportunities for the development of X80 line pipes. Baosteel has designed the optimum chemical composition of X80 with high niobium and low molybdenum content. In addition, a welding experimental platform and a finite element model （FEM） have supported the development of X80 UOE pipes in an efficient and economical way. The application and recent development of X80 UOE pipes were introduced in this paper. To comply with the requirements of the Second West-East Gas Pipeline Project （2^nd WEPP ）, X80 pipeline steel with low carbon bainite microstructure was developed by utilizing the optimized composition and TMCP process. The matching welding material, welding procedure and UOE forming processes for 1 219mm outside diameter X80 UOE pipes were also developed. More than 340 000 t of X80 UOE pipes were produced and applied in the 2^nd WEPP. Furthermore, to meet the prospective demand for long-distance gas pipelines with an annual transportation capacity of over 40 billion m3 ,larger size X80 UOE pipes with 1 422 mm OD × 30. 8 mm WT were trial produced recently. DWTT performance, the main technical challenge for heavier wall pipes, was improved by using optimized microstructural design. The newly developed X80 pipes can be potentially used for larger transportation capacity pipelines in China.

Vertical vibration of a large diameter pipe pile considering transverse inertia effect of pile

Considering the transverse inertia effect of pile, the vertical soil layer is studied. The wave propagations in the outer and inner soil dynamic response of a large diameter pipe pile in viscoelastic are simulated by three-dimensional elastodynamic theory and those in the pile are simulated by Rayleigh-Love rod theory. The vertical and radial displacements of the outer and inner soil are obtained by utilizing Laplace transform technique and differentiation on the governing equations of soils. Then, based on the continuous conditions between the pile and soils, the displacements of the pile are derived. The frequency domain velocity admittance and time domain velocity response of the pile top are also presented. The solution is compared to a classical rod model solution to verify the validity. The influences of the radii and Poisson ratio of pile on the transverse inertia effect of pile are analyzed. The parametric study shows that Poisson ratio and outer radius of pile have significant influence on the transverse inertia effect of large diameter pipe piles, while the inner radius has little effect.

Manufacturing Technology Research and Appraisal of Large-Diameter SSAW Pipe Applied to the West-East Pipeline Project

This paper introduced the research and development of large-diameter SSAW pipes applied to West-East Pipeline project as well as domestic acicular ferrite pipeline steel of X70 grade. Its microstructure analysis was performed in comparison with the pipeline steel of a foreign steel plant (SPC). This paper introduced the research of welding procedures prior to SSAW pipe making and some new procedures and technologies used for West-East Pipeline Project, and appraised the practical level of Large-diameter SSAW pipe applied to the West-East Pipeline Project.

Forming limits under multi-index constraints in NC bending of aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes with large diameters

With increasing diameters of aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes (AATTs), the tube forming limits, i.e. the minimum bending factors, and their predictions under multi-index constraints including wrinkling, thinning and flattening have been being a key problem to be urgently solved for improving tube forming potential in numerical control (NC) bending processes of AATTs with large diameters. Thus in this paper, a search algorithm of the forming limits is put forward based on a 3D elastic-plastic finite element (FE) model and a wrinkling energy prediction model for the bending processes under axial compression loading (ACL) or not. This algorithm enables to be considered the effects of process parameter combinations including die, friction parameters on the multi-indices. Based on this algorithm, the forming limits of the different size tubes are obtained, and the roles of the process parameter combinations in enabling the limit bending processes are also revealed. The followings are found: the first, within the appropriate ranges of friction and clearances between the different dies and the tubes enabling the bending processes with smaller bending factors, the ACL enables the tube limit bending processes after a decrease of the mandrel ball thickness and diameters; then, without considering the effects of the tube geometry sizes on the tube constitutive equations, the forming limits will be decided by the limit thinning values for the tubes with diameters smaller than 80 mm, while the wrinkling for the tubes with diameters no less than 80 mm. The forming limits obtained from this algorithm are smaller than the analytical results, and reduced by 57.39%; the last, the roles of the process parameter combinations in enabling the limit bending processes are verified by experimental results.

高填方大直径钢波纹管涵变形机制与控制技术研究

目的 研究高填方大直径钢波纹管涵变形机制与控制技术,解决其结构变形过大的问题。方法 基于管道压缩变形公式,提出在管涵两侧一定范围内填筑水泥土材料的新技术;通过室内试验确定水泥土材料中最优水泥质量分数,再基于数值模拟和现场试验分析采用新技术施工的管涵结构的受力及变形特征及其上部竖向土压力分布规律,确定最优管侧填筑范围。结果 新填筑技术能充分利用水泥土的刚度限制管涵的变形,当管涵两侧2/3管径范围内采用水泥质量分数为8%水泥土回填时,管涵的最大竖向及水平变形分别减少了35.1%和55.0%,结构最大应力也由管顶处转移至管涵上部45°附近,受力更为合理。结论 新填筑技术使管涵更好地与周围土体逐步变形协调,产生荷载重分布形成土拱效应,将管顶土压力由管中心向管边缘处转移,有效减小了钢波纹管涵结构变形和应力集中。

基于广义积分变换法海洋温差能大口径冷水管强迫振动分析

复杂多变的海洋工况将诱发大口径冷水管强迫振动,为探明均布载荷、线性变化的静水压力、集中载荷和周期载荷作用下冷水管振动响应机制。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,建立了管道动力学控制方程,采用广义积分变换法,求解了系统强迫振动的解析解,并与同伦摄动法相对比,验证了该方法的高精度和有效性,分析了内流、黏弹性耗散系数、阻尼比和质量比对管道振动特性的影响。结果表明:当内流流速对应的振动频率与固有频率接近时,管道将出现动态失稳。增大黏弹性耗散系数、阻尼比和质量比对横向位移的抑制效果呈现依次递减的规律,改变激振位置和激振频率可显著改变管道横向位移。该研究成果可对冷水管的初期设计提供一定的指导作用。

高陡边坡变截面桩基础受力性能研究

高陡边坡中输电塔大直径钢管直桩基础存在材料浪费、经济型较差的问题,使用阶梯变截面桩基础可有效提高基础的经济性、降低施工难度。文中采用ABAQUS软件分别建立45°边坡的变截面桩及直桩精细化有限元模型,在相同下压工况下,以最大应力和最大位移为分析对象,对变截面桩和直桩进行对比。研究发现,在软土地区45°边坡条件下,变截面桩和等截面桩最大拉应力值均符合强度要求,最大位移和钢筋笼最大应力相差很小,变截面桩可以代替直桩;在硬土地区45°边坡条件下,变截面桩和等截面桩最大拉应力值均符合强度要求,最大位移和钢筋笼最大应力相差很小,变截面桩可以代替直桩。研究成果可为阶梯变截面桩在高陡边坡输电塔中应用提供一定的借鉴与参考。

软土地层大直径钢筋混凝土顶管上浮失稳研究

软土地层是顶管施工中较难处理的一类地层,由于土体强度低、压缩量大,易发生管节失稳事故。为研究软土地层大直径钢筋混凝土顶管在失稳发展过程中的受力特性,依托武汉汤逊湖污水处理尾水排江穿湖段顶管工程,对管节轴向应变进行了现场监测。研究了测试管节在穿越上浮失稳区域时的受力情况,分析了管节上浮失稳机理。提出了一种管节上浮失稳判定方法,并对现场所采取的上浮失稳处理措施进行了总结。结果表明:在软土地层中,顶进力、注浆压力、浮力和管节偏转角是引起管节上浮失稳的主要因素。当局部管节上浮时,管节底部将出现应力集中,且随着顶进的进行,上浮量和上浮区域逐渐增加。

水下超大直径盾构联络通道建设方案对比研究——以广州海珠湾隧道工程为例

针对在越江海高水压水下超大直径盾构隧道联络通道施工过程中缺乏足够的工程技术标准和案例经验、设计与施工面临众多挑战问题,以广州海珠湾超大直径盾构隧道区间的6条联络通道工程为例,对工程地质补勘资料及现场施工情况进行分析,揭示原矿山法设计施工方案存在的不足,并基于此提出“矿山法结合地层冻结加固方案”和“机械顶管法施工方案”2种优化方案;随后在安全性、经济性、施工工期等方面对不同工法进行综合优选分析,同时引入碳排放指标进行绿色低碳评估。研究结果表明:1)机械顶管法在安全性和施工效率上优于其他方案,能够显著缩短施工周期;2)相比矿山法结合地层冻结加固方案,机械顶管法方案碳排放量减少了2 747.51 t CO_(2e)。

层状地基中海洋大直径管桩水平动力响应分析

考虑桩−海水−层状土相互作用,研究了水平动荷载作用下层状地基中海洋大直径管桩的动力响应特性。将海水视为无黏性可压缩流体介质建立桩周、桩芯海水的运动方程,通过分离变量法并结合海水的边界条件求得桩周、桩芯海水作用在管桩上的动水压力。将海床土体视为黏弹性介质并考虑其成层非均质性,利用微分变化并结合土体振动边界条件解得桩周、桩芯土体作用在管桩上的水平抗力。进而根据各桩段上水平力的平衡建立管桩控制方程,利用传递矩阵法并结合桩身的连续条件以及桩顶、桩底的边界条件,得到层状海床土中海洋大直径管桩的水平动力响应解析解,给出了桩顶位移解析表达式。将所得解与有限元模拟结果以及退化解与已有文献解进行对比,验证了本研究计算方法的合理性。并基于所得解分析了管桩−海水−层状土系统水平动力响应对动水压力、水深、土体模量、土层厚度等关键参数的敏感性。

基于CPT大直径钢管桩可打入性分析方法研究

在海洋工程当中,大直径钢管桩常采用液压锤进行施工,桩基可打入性的准确预测对实际工程具有重要的意义。为探究静力触探试验(cone penetration test,CPT)锥尖阻力与单位锤击能量的关系,通过将CPT锥尖阻力转化为单位等效锥尖阻力,定义阻能比为单位等效锥尖阻力与单位锤击能量阻力之比,基于9个场地、72根钢管桩打桩记录以及CPT测试结果,探讨了不同土层(粉土层、砂土层以及黏土层)中阻能比随深度变化的关系,提出了基于CPT锥尖阻力的桩基可打入性预测方法。研究结果表明:单位等效锥尖阻力与单位锤击能量随深度变化具有相关性,阻能比在不同土层随深度变化具有各自的规律性。通过获得的不同土层阻能比随深度变化的关系式,利用CPT锥尖阻力可以直接获得打桩需要的单位锤击能量。经工程验证,使用本文提出的方法,预测打桩过程中单位锤击能量可行且具有一定精度。该方法仅需已知CPT锥尖阻力即可对单位锤击能量进行计算,可以快速地对桩基可打入性进行初步评估。

超大口径超长距离排海顶管施工的管控要点

结合嘉兴市污水处理扩容工程外排三期(排海管扩容部分)项目,针对大口径超长距离顶管施工中所存在的困难进行了技术攻关。解决了混凝土沉井节段划分及工厂化制作、沉井分节下沉、封底混凝土浇筑、顶管施工等过程中存在的难题,确保了项目顺利实施。总结的管理工作经验,可为类似项目提供借鉴。

高应变动测技术在如东海域大直径钢管桩基工程中的应用研究

基于江苏如东海域三根大直径敞口钢管桩的初打和复打高应变动测试验数据,提出了适用于该海域的桩端折减系数η的推荐值和承载力恢复计算公式,为该海域大直径钢管桩基础的承载力评估提供了技术依据。敞口钢管桩高应变试验数据显示,试验桩侧阻力的恢复系数都远大于端阻力的,且桩侧阻力随时间增长显著,但端阻力的增长却很小。基于此,推荐如东海域大直径敞开钢管桩的桩端阻力折减系数η取0.05进行估算。此外,通过桩基土体恢复和增长机理探讨,提出桩基承载力恢复计算公式,且验证误差在10%以内。

近距离薄煤层群首采层卸压瓦斯协同抽采技术研究

为有效解决近距离薄煤层群开采首采层上、下邻近层大量卸压瓦斯涌入的治理问题,以某煤矿为研究对象,采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法,研究近距离薄煤层群开采条件下卸压瓦斯运移规律,并根据富集特征确定卸压瓦斯抽采钻孔的空间位置。研究结果表明:首采层开采覆岩导气裂隙带最大发育高为10.3~23.2 m。设计超大直径顺层预抽钻孔高0.8 m,宽2.08 m;顶板定向长钻孔终孔最优抽采位置为垂直距离开采层顶板15.0~23.0 m,水平距离回风侧20.5~27.5 m;2条埋管抽采最佳错距为距底板高1.1,1.7 m,深入采空区11.3,20.8 m。优化后的布置参数应用于现场实践,试验工作面回采期间上隅角瓦斯体积分数保持在0.7%以下。研究结果能够实现近距离薄煤层群开采条件下卸压瓦斯高效抽采,保证矿井安全高效生产。

内河高桩码头大直径PHC管桩沉桩现场试验及参数优化

依托安徽淮北港区孙疃作业区综合码头工程,开展内河高桩码头大直径预应力高强混凝土(PHC)管桩沉桩现场试验及参数优化研究。通过初始地勘报告获得沉桩参数后,进行沉桩可打性分析并优化施工工艺,进行试沉桩、高低应变和静载试验,并根据试验结果进行桩基设计参数优化。结果表明:结合沉桩现场试验中的桩端进入持力层深度和最后贯入度结果,验证了内河高桩码头大直径PHC管桩施工工艺、沉桩设备、沉桩控制参数和停锤标准的可行性;明确了内河高桩码头大直径PHC管桩单位面积极限侧摩阻力标准值和极限桩端阻力标准值的调整系数范围为5%~10%;采用(7)层粉细砂作为桩基持力层,同步优化桩基参数。

中风化粉砂岩地层大直径顶管受力特性试验研究

为了研究中风化粉砂岩地层大直径钢筋混凝土顶管施工过程中的力学特性,依托黄冈明珠大道综合管廊顶管工程,对管节的接触压力、泥浆压力和应变进行了现场监测;分析了接触压力、泥浆压力及管节应力的变化规律与相互之间的联系;提出了一种通过管节应变计算顶进力的方法。结果表明:顶管施工过程中,接触压力的大小与变化主要受泥浆压力控制。管节轴向应变主要为压应变,且轴向应变对管节偏转较为敏感,较小偏转即会引起轴向应变的变化,偏转较大时轴向会出现拉应变。而接触压力与环向应变在管节偏转较大时才会出现明显变化。同时,由注浆压力引起的接触压力变化对环向应变的影响较小。通过管节轴向压应变平均值乘以受压区面积得到的顶进力与实测值具有较好的一致性。

大口径高压输气海底软管及成套设备研究应用

为实现大口径高压海底输气软管的国产化应用,以南海某高温高压气田大口径国产输气软管为例,通过研究应用,实现软管及成套设备国产化,建立基于数值分析的大口径输气软管设计和制造质量保障体系,以及安全高效跨越海管和免海水进入的安装方法。

大直径钢管柱内虹吸排水管道施工安装技术

为了提高大型场馆场地的利用率,降低排水管道对整个场馆设计效果的影响,针对采用大直径钢管柱做结构支撑的大型场馆建筑,提出利用钢管柱内的空间布置不锈钢排水管道,并对钢管柱与排水管道集成设计、细部构造、施工方法、防腐措施等进行了介绍。通过项目应用表明,所建议的方法解决了钢管柱内排水管道吊装稳定性、排水管道与结构柱防腐等难题,同时解决了大型场馆整体设计艺术效果与排水管道分散布置的矛盾,扩大了场馆建筑的使用空间,综合效益良好。

X52材质大口径钢制管道全位置自动焊应用总结

针对X52管线钢的全自动焊焊接接头,充分考虑双焊炬的相互影响以及施工环境的影响,对焊接工艺参数进行了调整和优化,通过拉伸试验、弯曲试验、刻槽锤断试验及硬度试验等机械性能试验验证了焊接工艺的可靠性,形成了焊接工艺评定;同时分析并解决了现场焊接中出现的问题,提炼总结了双焊炬自动焊焊接工艺参数优化的要点,形成了适用于X52管线钢的铜衬垫全自动焊工艺。对焊缝进行了金相分析和硬度试验,从微观上分析了焊缝金属组织结构的分布情况,发现X52管线钢焊缝、热影响区及母材硬度分布与对应区域金相组织中珠光体含量呈正相关,进一步验证了该焊接工艺条件下焊缝金属及热影响区金相组织的一致性。结果表明,铜衬垫全自动焊工艺适用于大口径钢制管道的焊接,采用该工艺可以明显提升焊接质量和焊接效率。