Investigation of the nonlinear CPT spectrum of ^87Rb and its application for large dynamic magnetic measurement

The coherent population trapping（CPT） phenomenon has found widespread application in quantum precision measurements. Various designs based on the narrow resonant spectrum corresponding to the linear Zeeman effect have been demonstrated to achieve high performance. In this article, the nonlinear Zeeman split of the CPT spectrum of ^87Rb in the lin｜｜lin setup is investigated. We observe re-split phenomenon for both magnetic sensitive and magnetic insensitive CPT resonant lines at a large magnetic field. The re-split in the magnetic sensitive lines raises a practical problem to magnetometers worked in the lin｜｜lin setup while the other one shows a good potential for applications in large magnetic field. We propose a design based on the nonlinear split of the magnetic insensitive lines and test its performance. It provides a much larger measurement range compared to the linear one, offering an option for atomic magnetometers where a large dynamic range is preferred.

ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF LARGE DYNAMIC RANGE RF SWITCH INTER-MODULATION

Radio Frequency (RF) switch circuit is the basic part of microwave devices and systems. The non-linearity distortion figure is necessary in the field of large dynamic range of signal. This letter analyzes the basic switch circuit and its inter-modulation, and studies in detail the measurement methods and systems of RF switch intercept point. It has provided cascaded simulation testing methods, which can accurately measure the PF switch, of which the second or third order intercept point value is above 75dB and 60dB, respectively. As the testing results are consistent with the theoretical analyses, it proves that the validity of the method satisfies the requirements of large scaled linearity measurement in engineering.

Large dynamic range Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor based on adaptive spot matching

The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor(SHWS)is widely used for high-speed,precise,and stable wavefront measurements.However,conventional SHWSs encounter a limitation in that the focused spot from each microlens is restricted to a single microlens,leading to a limited dynamic range.Herein,we propose an adaptive spot matching(ASM)-based SHWS to extend the dynamic range.This approach involves seeking an incident wavefront that best matches the detected spot distribution by employing a Hausdorff-distance-based nearest-distance matching strategy.The ASM-SHWS enables comprehensive spot matching across the entire imaging plane without requiring initial spot correspondences.Furthermore,due to its global matching capability,ASM-SHWS can maintain its capacity even if a portion of the spots are missing.Experiments showed that the ASM-SHWS could measure a high-curvature spherical wavefront with a local slope of 204.97 mrad,despite a 12.5%absence of spots.This value exceeds that of the conventional SHWS by a factor of 14.81.

Design of a high-dynamic-range prototype readout system for VLAST calorimeter

In the future, the Very Large Area gamma-ray Space Telescope is expected to observe high-energy electrons and gamma rays in the MeV to TeV range with unprecedented acceptance. As part of the detector suite, a high-energy imaging calorimeter(HEIC) is currently being developed as a homogeneous calorimeter that utilizes long bismuth germanate(BGO) scintillation crystals as both absorbers and detectors. To accurately measure the energy deposition in the BGO bar of HEIC, a highdynamic-range readout method using a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM) and multiphotodiode(PD) with different active areas has been proposed. A prototype readout system that adopts multichannel charge measurement ASICs was also developed to read out the combined system of SiPMs and PDs. Preliminary tests confirmed the feasibility of the readout scheme, which is expected to have a dynamic range close to 10~6.

Similar simulation study on the deformation and failure of surrounding rock of a large section chamber group under dynamic loading

Large and super-large section chamber groups in coal mines are frequently affected by dynamic loads resulting from production activities such as roadway driving and blasting.The stability of the surrounding rock is poor,and it is difficult to control.In this paper,a similar simulation test was used to study the deformation and evolution laws of the surrounding rock of a triangle-shaped chamber group under different dynamic loads.The results showed that under dynamic loading,the vertical stress of the surrounding rock of the chamber group increased in an oscillatory form.The maximum stress concentration coefficient reached 4.09.The damage degree of the roof was greater than that of the two sides.The deformation of the roof was approximately 1.2 times that of the two sides.For the chamber closer to the power source,the stress oscillation amplitude of the surrounding rock was larger,and the failure was more serious.The force of the anchorage structure showed a phased increasing characteristic;additionally,the force of the anchorage structure on the adjacent side of the chambers was greater than that on the other side.This study reveals the deformation and failure evolution laws of the surrounding rock of large section chamber groups under dynamic loading.

ENTROPY CONSISTENCY OF LARGE TIME STEP SCHEMES FOR ISENTROPIC EQUATIONS OF GAS DYNAMICS

In this paper, We show for isentropic equations of gas dynamics with adiabatic exponent gamma=3 that approximations of weak solutions generated by large time step Godunov's scheme or Glimm's scheme give entropy solution in the limit if Courant number is less than or equal to 1.

Design and evaluation of prototype readout electronics for nuclide detector in Very Large Area Space Telescope

China plans to develop the next generation dark matter particle explorer satellite,referred to as the Very Large Area Space Telescope(VLAST).As an essential step in this process,the prototype design of detectors and electronics for the VLAST is currently underway.The nuclide detector is a core detector in the VLAST.It mainly measures nuclides’charges and distinguishes high-energy gamma rays and electrons.This paper will discuss the prototype readout electronics for the VLAST’s nuclide detector,which accurately measures the charge signal of the photomultiplier tubes using the VATA160 applicationspecific integrated circuit chip;furthermore,we consider a series of critical problems,including radiation-hardening and environment monitoring.The test results show that the system exhibits stable operation,good performance,and good technical indicators.Furthermore,each electronic channel achieves a dynamic range of 0-12.5 pC,the random noise level exceeds 1.6 fC,and the integral nonlinearity exceeds 0.35%.

Dynamic modeling and simulation for the flexible spacecraft with dynamic stiffening

A rigid flexible coupling physical model which can represent a flexible spacecraft is investigated in this paper. By applying the mechanics theory in a non-inertial coordinate system,the rigid flexible coupling dynamic model with dynamic stiffening is established via the subsystemmodeling framework. It is clearly elucidated for the first time that,dynamic stiffening is produced by the coupling effect of the centrifugal inertial load distributed on the beamand the transverse vibration deformation of the beam. The modeling approach in this paper successfully avoids problems which are caused by other popular modeling methods nowadays： the derivation process is too complex by using only one dynamic principle; a clearly theoretical explanation for dynamic stiffening can＇t be provided. First,the continuous dynamic models of the flexible beamand the central rigid body are established via structural dynamics and angular momentumtheory respectively. Then,based on the conclusions of orthogonalization about the normal constrained modes,the finite dimensional dynamic model suitable for controller design is obtained. The numerical simulation validations showthat： dynamic stiffening is successfully incorporated into the dynamic characteristics of the first-order model established in this paper,which can indicate the dynamic responses of the rigid flexible coupling system with large overall motion accurately,and has a clear modeling mechanism,concise expressions and a good convergence.

A novel videogrammetry-based full-field dynamic deformation monitoring method for variable-sweep wings

The measurement of wing dynamic deformation in morphing aircraft is crucial for achieving closed-loop control and evaluating structural safety.For variable-sweep wings with active large deformation,this paper proposes a novel videogrammetric method for full-field dynamic deformation measurement.A stereo matching method based on epipolar geometry constraint and topological constraint is presented to find the corresponding targets between stereo images.In addition,a new method based on affine transformation combined with adjacent closest point matching is developed,aiming to achieve fast and automatic tracking of targets in time-series images with large deformation.A calculation model for dynamic deformation parameters is established to obtain the displacement,sweep variable angle,and span variation.To verify the proposed method,a dynamic deformation measurement experiment is conducted on a variable-sweep wing model.The results indicate that the actual accuracy of the proposed method is approximately 0.02%of the measured area(e.g.,0.32 mm in a 1.6 m scale).During one morphing course,the sweep variable angle,the span variation and the displacement increase gradually,and then decrease.The maximum sweep variable angle is 36.6°,and the span variation is up to 101.13 mm.The overall configuration of the wing surface is effectively reconstructed under different morphing states.

THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF THE SOLID-LIKE CONFINED LIQUID FILMS:A LARGE SCALE MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION APPROACH

The properties of the confined liquid are dramatically different from those of the bulk state, which were reviewed in the present work. We performed large-scale molecular dynamics simulations and full-atom nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the shear response of the confined simple liquid as well as the n-hexadecane ultrathin films. The shear viscosity of the confined simple liquid increases with the decrease of the film thickness. Apart from the well-known ordered structure, the confined n-hexaxiecane exhibited a transition from 7 layers to 6 in our simulations while undergoing an increasing shear velocity. Various slip regimes of the confined n-hexadecane were obtained. Viscosity coefficients of individual layers were examined and the results revealed that the local viscosity＇coefficient varies with the distance from the wall. The individual n-hexadecane layers showed the shear-thinning behaviors which can be correlated with the occurrence of the slip. This study aimed at elucidating the detailed shear response of the confined liquid and may be used in the design and application of microand nano-devices.

Microwave dynamic large signal waveform characterization of advanced InGaP HBT for power amplifiers

In wireless mobile communications and wireless local area networks （WLAN）, advanced InGaP HBT with power amplifiers are key components. In this paper, the microwave large signal dynamic waveform characteristics of an advanced InGaP HBT are investigated experimentally for 5.8 GHz power amplifier applications. The microwave large signal waveform distortions at various input power levels, especially at large signal level, are investigated and the reasons are analyzed. The output power saturation is also explained. These analyses will be useful for power amplifier designs.

The microwave large signal load line of an InGaP HBT

The microwave dynamic load line characteristics of an advanced InGaP HBT are investigated experimentally and analyzed at small signal level and at large signal level for microwave power amplification. Investigation results show that the dynamic load curves are not always like an elliptic curve, and the current extreme points do not locate at voltage extreme points. The dynamic load curve current extreme point lines sit at the small signal load line up to the P-3dB point, and the lines show a constant slope from a small signal up to the saturation power point. A method to calculate the realistically delivered power to load is presented which fits the test result well.

An ASIC design for LHAASO

The ASIC is widely used in the field of high energy physics. Astroparticle experiments benefit from high integration, smallsize and low power consumption. In this paper an analog chip named ARCHGARD (Analog Readout Chip for High energyGamma Ray Detector) for high energy physics experiment is introduced. ARCHGARD is a readout chip, in chartered 0.35 mSiGe technology, for photomultipliers (PMT) array readout. The chip is designed for the Large High Altitude Air Shower Ob-servatory (LHAASO) project. The ASIC integrates 16 independent and auto-triggered channels with variable gain and variableshaping time. It provides analog output for charge measurement, which is performed from 1 up to 3000 photo-electrons (p.e.).The integral nonlinearity of the whole input range is less than 1% and the equivalent input noise is less than 1/10 p.e. Eachchannel has a trigger output for time measurement.

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SECONDARY FLOWS AND SEDIMENTATIONS BEHIND A SPUR DIKE

For a physical model of the approach navigation channel of Three Gorges Project（TGP）, flow patterns around a non-submerged spur dike placed as a mountain in a long rectangular glass flume were experimentally investigated with and without ＂sucking-spouting＂ water respectively. Based on rigid lid assumption and Dynamic Smagorinsky Model, all these vortex flows around the spur dike were numerically simulated and analyzed, which probably affect the whole flow field and then probably lead to sedimentations for silt-laden two-phase flows. Meanwhile, silt-laden flows were also investigated experimentally. Both the secondary flow region and the silt sedimentations downstream of the spur dike decrease greatly with ＂sucking-spouting＂ water compared to those ones without ＂sucking-spouting＂ water. The Finite Volume Method （FVM） was used to discretize the governing equations together with a staggered grid system, where the second order difference is employed for the diffusion terms and the source terms while the upwind difference QUICK is used for the convection terms. The computational results are all in fairly good agreement with the experimental data.

Light Space Cascaded Shadow Maps Algorithm for Real Time Rendering

Owing to its generality and efficiency, Cascaded Shadow Maps （CSMs） has an important role in real-time shadow rendering in large scale and complex virtual environments. However, CSMs suffers from redundant rendering problem -- objects are rendered undesirably to different shadow map textures when view direction and light direction are not perpendicular. In this paper, we present a light space cascaded shadow maps algorithm. The algorithm splits a scene into non-intersecting layers in light space, and generates one shadow map for each layer through irregular frustum clipping and scene organization, ensuring that any shadow sample point never appears in multiple shadow maps. A succinct shadow determination method is given to choose the optimal shadow map when rendering scenes. We also combine the algorithm with stable cascaded shadow maps and soft shadow algorithm to avoid shadow flicking and produce soft shadows. The results show that the algorithm effectively improves the efficiency and shadow quality of CSMs by avoiding redundant rendering, and can produce high-quality shadow rendering in large scale dynamic environments with real-time performance.