Effect of annealing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Zr-Nd alloy with large final rolling deformation

In this study,the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-χNd(χ=0,0.6)alloys were subjected to final rolling treatment with large deformation of 50%.The impact of annealing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated.The rolled Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 386 MPa,a yield strength of 361 MPa,and an elongation of 7.1%.Annealing at different temperatures resulted in reduced strength and obviously increased elongation for both alloys.Optimal mechanical properties for the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy were achieved after annealing at 200℃,with an ultimate tensile strength of 287 MPa,a yield strength of 235 MPa,and an elongation of 26.1%.The numerous deformed microstructures,twins,and precipitated phases in the rolled alloy could impede the deformation at room temperature and increase the work hardening rate.After annealing,a decrease in the work hardening effect and an increase in the dynamic recovery effect were obtained due to the formation of fine equiaxed grains,and the increased volume fraction of precipitated phases,which significantly improved the elongation of the alloy.Additionally,the addition of Nd element could enhance the annealing recrystallization rate,reduce the Schmid factor difference between basal and prismatic slip systems,facilitate multi-system slip initiation and improve the alloy plasticity.

Topology Optimization of Metamaterial Microstructures for Negative Poisson’s Ratio under Large Deformation Using a Gradient-Free Method

Negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)metamaterials are attractive for their unique mechanical behaviors and potential applications in deformation control and energy absorption.However,when subjected to significant stretching,NPR metamaterials designed under small strain assumption may experience a rapid degradation in NPR performance.To address this issue,this study aims to design metamaterials maintaining a targeted NPR under large deformation by taking advantage of the geometry nonlinearity mechanism.A representative periodic unit cell is modeled considering geometry nonlinearity,and its topology is designed using a gradient-free method.The unit cell microstructural topologies are described with the material-field series-expansion(MFSE)method.The MFSE method assumes spatial correlation of the material distribution,which greatly reduces the number of required design variables.To conveniently design metamaterials with desired NPR under large deformation,we propose a two-stage gradient-free metamaterial topology optimization method,which fully takes advantage of the dimension reduction benefits of the MFSE method and the Kriging surrogate model technique.Initially,we use homogenization to find a preliminary NPR design under a small deformation assumption.In the second stage,we begin with this preliminary design and minimize deviations in NPR from a targeted value under large deformation.Using this strategy and solution technique,we successfully obtain a group of NPR metamaterials that can sustain different desired NPRs in the range of[−0.8,−0.1]under uniaxial stretching up to 20% strain.Furthermore,typical microstructure designs are fabricated and tested through experiments.The experimental results show good consistency with our numerical results,demonstrating the effectiveness of the present gradientfree NPR metamaterial design strategy.

Microstructure and texture evolution of AZ31 magnesium alloy during large strain hot rolling

Commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets were rolled by nearly 70% thickness reduction in one rolling pass at 823 K. The results show that ultrafine grains are distributed in both shear bands and surfaces of the rolled sheets. The grain size of the refined grain in the shear bands is 0.4-1 μm. The outstanding grain refinement is attained by dynamic recrystallization due to flow localization. The texture in middle layer of the sheet is basal texture with little change in intensity throughout the rolling process, while the texture on surface becomes a double-peak texture with basal poles splitting in the transverse direction（TD）. The relative intensity of the double-peak texture is 26.6, which is quite higher than that of the texture in the middle layer. The inhomogeneous strain distribution is responsible for the exceptional grain refinement and texture evolution.

Microstructure evolution in a large-grained TiAl alloy

Microstructure evolution during superplastic deformation of a large grained TiAl alloys with near γ microstructure was characterized by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In OIM, significant grain refinement is observed at different strain levels with an increase in the density of low angle grain boundaries and high angle grain boundaries. A direct evidence of dynamic formation of grain boundaries with misorientation of 15°～30° during deformation is found, which is a result of subboundary evolution. The formation of subboundaries by intersecting dislocations, and the evidence of dislocation glide in the interior of grains are revealed by TEM observations. A continuous recovery and recrystallization process similar to that in FeAl and Fe 3Al is proposed as superplastic deformation mechanism in the large grained TiAl alloy.

Microstructure and properties of 35 kg large aluminum alloy flywheel housing components formed by squeeze casting with local pressure compensation

The squeeze casting method with local pressure compensation was proposed to form a flywheel housing component with a weight of 35 kg.The numerical simulation,microstructure observation and phase characterization were performed,and the influence of local pressure compensation on feeding of thick-wall position,microstructure and mechanical properties of the formed components were discussed.Results show that the molten metal keeps a good fluidity and the filling is complete during the filling process.Although the solidification at thick-wall positions of the mounting ports is slow,the local pressure compensation effectively realizes the local forced feeding,significantly eliminating the shrinkage cavity defects.In the microstructure of AlSi9Mg alloy,α-Al primarily consists of fragmented dendrites and rosette grains,while eutectic Si predominantly comprises needles and short rods.The impact of local pressure compensation on strength is relatively minimal,yet its influence on elongation is considerable.Following local pressure compensation,the average elongation at the compensated areas is 9.18%,which represents a 44.90%higher than that before compensation.The average tensile strength is 209.1 MPa,and the average yield strength is 100.6 MPa.The local pressure compensation can significantly reduce or even eliminate the internal defects in the 35 kg large-weight components formed by squeeze casting.

Microstructure evolution in large billet during reduction pretreatment based on laboratory experiments

The reduction pretreatment process has been proposed to improve the center quality of large billet and reduce the rolling ratio.The microstructure evolution during the reduction pretreatment was further understood.The austenite grains were refined after the reduction pretreatment experiment,especially those at the center of the billet.The effects of strain and strain rate on the average grain size were dependent on the deformation temperature.At a strain rate of 0.01 s-1 and 1200°C,the newly formed strain-free austenite grains grew very fast as the strain continued to increase,which resulted in the coarsening of austenite grains.The calculation results of the microstructure evolution model showed that at the same deformation temperature,the evolution curves of average grain size with different strain rates had the intersection points.With the increase in temperature,the position of intersection point moved to the downward direction of strain.The simulation results showed that when the reduction amount increased to 20%,the average grain size at the center was smaller than that near the surface.It could be inferred that when the reduction amount greatly exceeded 20%,the dynamic recrystallization at the center was mostly completed,and the austenite grain growth would become the main mechanism.

热处理工艺对大规格TC17钛合金棒材组织与力学性能的影响

研究了固溶温度、冷却方式、保温时间及取样方向对两相区锻造的大规格TC17钛合金棒材显微组织和力学性能的影响,并根据实验结果选择最佳热处理制度。结果表明:TC17钛合金棒材的最佳热处理工艺为800℃/2h/WQ+630℃/8h/AC;固溶温度在两相区时,随着固溶温度的升高,合金强度升高,塑性降低;固溶空冷+时效的合金较相同温度固溶水冷+时效的合金强度高、塑性低;在相同温度固溶水冷条件下,缩短固溶保温时间,可改善合金的塑性;锻造后的TC17钛合金大规格棒材存在各向异性。

大壁厚NiCrMoV钢的窄间隙焊接工艺与接头性能

针对电站设备转子用大壁厚NiCrMoV钢,分析了材料焊接性,采用窄间隙埋弧焊工艺获得了完整的焊接接头,分析了焊接接头的组织、硬度、拉伸与弯曲性能。结果表明,整个焊接接头为完全冶金结合,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷;焊缝组织为回火贝氏体+少量回火马氏体,热影响区中的粗晶区和细晶区均为回火马氏体组织和沿晶界分布的少量碳化物,母材为回火贝氏体+回火马氏体的混合组织;接头热影响区硬度最高,焊缝硬度略低于母材;焊接接头的抗拉强度随着温度的升高逐渐降低,均满足设计要求;焊接接头经过180°弯曲性能测试均未发现微裂纹,表明接头的延展性良好。

反应烧结制备镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷研究新进展

镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷具有高透过率、高强度、高热导率、耐环境侵蚀和低介电常数等优点,在透明装甲、红外窗口、基片衬底等军民用领域具有广泛的应用前景。经过五十多年的研究,镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷已经发展出成熟的制备工艺路线(粉体制备-陶瓷成型-烧结),但该路线严重依赖于高纯度、高活性的镁铝尖晶石商业粉体。本文简要介绍了镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的国内外研究现状,重点介绍了本文作者团队采用反应烧结法制备镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷方面所做的工作。分析了原料晶型、组分、烧结工艺和烧结助剂等因素对材料微观结构演变和性能的影响规律,为材料性能优化提供理论指导。同时针对不同领域应用需求,首次报道了大尺寸平板和超半球等镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的研究进展,为推动材料制备工艺发展和应用提供参考。

基于热模拟试验机的大试样平面应变技术

使用热模拟试验机对大试样低碳钢进行了平面应变压缩热模拟试验,并对其各道次应力-应变曲线及相变温度进行分析,获得了低碳钢变形区的显微组织演变规律。通过调整热模拟试验机的参数,确保大试样在升温、保温和降温过程中保持温度稳定。结果表明:在保温阶段,试样的均温区尺寸(长度×宽度×高度)为30 mm×30 mm×20 mm,温差约为20℃,满足平面应变压缩试验对试样均温性的要求;压缩变形后试样的宽展较小,试样中间区域的显微组织相对均匀,力学性能较稳定。采用热模拟试验机的平面应变技术可以较好地模拟低碳钢压缩变形时的平面应变状态,实现同时分析材料的显微组织和力学性能。

大应变切削中切削速度对纯铜纳米晶切屑微结构及性能的影响

大应变切削通过使工件材料受到刀刃的剪切和前刀面的挤压产生剧烈塑性变形从而形成高强度的超细晶切屑。采用有限元软件Deform-3D对纯铜进行大应变切削模拟,分析20°与-20°刀具前角下,切削速度对等效应变、等效应变速率和切削温度的影响规律。通过大应变切削试验,借助电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术和维氏硬度检测等手段,对不同切削速度下纯铜切屑微观组织和力学性能进行了研究。实验结果表明:在正负前角下,随着切削速度增大,等效应变降低,等效应变速率和切削温度上升,且等效应变速率和切削温度受切削速度的影响更大;-20°刀具下得到的切屑晶粒尺寸主要分布在0.35μm以下,位错密度有明显下降趋势,硬度值由162.8HV减少至114.8HV,20°刀具下得到的晶粒尺寸主要分布在(0.2~0.6)μm之间,位错密度变化较小。硬度值由163.8HV减少至146.8HV;相比正前角,切削速度对负前角刀具制备的超细晶切屑在晶粒尺寸、位错密度和硬度方面具有更加剧烈的影响。

大型阀门环形焊缝变姿态焊接路径规划

针对大型阀门环形焊缝,采用等高圆弧填充路径规划策略,建立了基于坡口尺寸和焊接道次、焊枪碰撞验证、焊枪角度修正的多层多道路径规划方法。通过将焊缝拟合成扇形焊缝、等腰圆弧梯形焊缝与扇环焊缝,计算出每一道焊缝的焊枪位置、焊枪角度、摆动幅度,对焊缝干涉判断,确定焊枪偏转角,实现机器人阀门变姿态焊接的离线编程,避免了焊接过程中的机器人干涉碰撞。最终实现了大型蝶阀的焊接,焊接接头表面平面,无裂纹、未熔合的缺陷,经过超声探伤,无内部缺陷,焊缝合格率为100%。焊接接头组织由珠光体和铁素体组成,晶粒细小均匀,其抗拉强度为536 MPa,屈服强度为468 MPa,断后伸长率为14%,0℃冲击吸收能量为54 J。

坡度X70管线钢全自动外焊接头组织与性能

采用全自动外焊工艺对坡度为25°的X70管线钢进行焊接,利用光学显微镜和背散射电子衍射(EBSD)对焊接接头组织进行观察,并对焊接接头进行拉伸、弯曲、硬度、冲击和裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)等试验。结果表明:上下坡口的粗晶区宽度和焊接残余应力不同,上坡口粗晶区宽、残余应力大;焊接位置明显影响内表面熔合线冲击功,平焊和立焊位置内表面熔合线冲击功远低于仰焊位置,是接头的韧性薄弱区;焊缝冲击功较高而CTOD值较低,建议评定焊接接头韧性应同时考虑冲击功和CTOD值;根焊区是焊接接头的危险区,易引起环焊缝失效,建议采用等强或高强匹配,焊接工艺评定应区分山区和平原地区,对山区条件下接头进行焊接工艺评定时一定要重点关注根焊区。

弯曲参数对304不锈钢管材大曲率无芯弯曲成形性的影响

针对管材无芯弯曲多缺陷耦合的成形问题,以管材壁厚变化率及截面短轴变化率作为成形指标,在不同弯曲参数下进行304不锈钢管材大曲率无芯弯曲试验,结合硬度测试及微观组织表征,研究了弯曲参数对弯曲成形及微观组织演变的影响规律。结果表明:随着弯曲速度、弯曲角度及相对管径的增大,壁厚变化率呈增加趋势,且壁厚增厚率始终大于壁厚减薄率,同时,弯管截面畸变程度加剧。在各弯曲参数下,管材弯曲内外侧均发生奥氏体向马氏体转变,马氏体组织含量及硬度与壁厚变化率呈正相关关系,中性层几乎不存在马氏体。通过选择合适的工艺,最终弯制出相对弯曲半径为1.4的合格弯管。

Microstructural evolution of(TiAl)+Nb+W+B alloy

A newly designed TiAl alloy containing W,Nb,and B was produced through magnetic-flotation-melting method.Mass production of this TiAl-based alloy,15 kg ingot size,which is quite different from the 0.05 kg small ingot produced by arc-melting,has a large effect on the metallurgical properties,such as the grain size and the phase structures of the alloy.Heat treatments were carefully designed in order to reduce the amount of the high-temperature remaining β phase in the alloy,and to obtain optimal microstructures for mechanical behavior studies.A room-temperature ductility of 1.9% was obtained in the cast TiAl-based alloy after the appropriate heat treatment.The mechanical behavior of the large ingot through mass production of the TiAl-based alloy was largely improved by the alloy design and subsequent heat treatments.

纳米CaCO_(3)改性大掺量沸石粉混凝土性能研究

为研究纳米CaCO_(3)对大掺量沸石粉混凝土的性能优化作用,分别以单掺沸石粉和复掺沸石粉、纳米CaCO_(3)(NC)改性的方式制备高性能混凝土(HPC),并测试其工作性能、力学性能、抗氯离子渗透性及微观结构,研究NC对大掺量沸石粉混凝土的性能影响及作用机理。结果表明,大掺量沸石粉会降低混凝土工作性能和早期力学性能,但能够提高抗氯离子渗透性能和后期力学性能,当沸石粉掺量为20%时,HPC的7 d、28 d、90 d抗压强度分别为基准组的89.52%、97.60%、101.07%,劈裂抗拉强度为基准组的92.65%、99.85%、102.62%,抗氯离子渗透性能较基准组提高5.64%;在此基础上复掺NC后,沸石粉混凝土的负面影响得到改善,抗氯离子渗透性进一步增强。当NC掺量为1.0%时,HPC 7 d、28 d、90 d抗压强度分别较未掺NC时提高12.34%、8.90%、5.91%,劈裂抗拉强度提高14.76%、11.30%、7.95%,抗氯离子渗透性能提高20.92%。NC能够促进沸石粉水泥体系水化反应,优化水化产物形态,细化浆体孔隙结构,提高混凝土的致密性。当沸石粉掺量为20%,NC掺量为1.0%时,大掺量沸石粉混凝土的各项性能达到较优水平。

Influence of Ti on Weld Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Large Heat Input Welding of High Strength Low Alloy Steels

The influence of Ti on weld microstructure and mechanical properties in large heat input welding of high strength low alloy steels is investigated. The results indicate that a moderate amount of Ti is still effective for grain refinement even under larger heat input and a large amount of acicular ferrite （AF） is formed in the weld metal when Ti content is within 0. 028%--0. 038%. With increasing Ti content, proeutectoid ferrite in the weld metal decreases, whereas bainite and M-A constituent increase. The type of inclusion in the welds varies from Mn-Si-AI-O to Ti-Mn- A1-O and finally to Ti-A1-O as Ti content increases from 0 up to 0. 064%. As for adding 0. 028%--0. 038% Ti, high weld toughness could be attained since most inclusions less than 2 tim which contain Ti20s provide the effective nu- clei for aeicular ferrite formation. However, the toughness of the weld metals severely reduces when Ti content is over the optimum ranRe of 0. 028%--0. 038%.

Influence of initial microstructure and grain size on transformation of bainite to austenite in large size forgings

The kinetics of austenite formation in the surface and center regions of a 40 t forged ingot of a high-strength medium- carbon low-alloy steel was studied using high-resolution dilatometry. The starting microstructures from the surface or center regions had different proportions of bainite and residual austenite as well as different prior austenite grain sizes. Two heating rates representing the actual heating rates in the surface （5℃ s -1） and center regions （0.5℃ s -1） of large size forged blocks were utilized. Dilatometric curves revealed only one transformation step of austenite formation at both heating rates independent of grain size or proportion of phases. Optical microscopy, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to study microstructure evolution and confirm the results obtained by dilatometry. The kinetic parameters for austenite formation were determined from the dilatometry data by Johnson-Mehl- Avrami-Kolmogorov （JMAK） equation. The JMAK coefficients were determined for each condition of the investigated steels. The calculations indicated that the nucleation and growth of austenite in the surface region were accelerated more than 10,000 times due to a significantly smaller average prior austenite grain size, stability of initial retained austenite, and accumulation of coarse carbides at the surface. The results were discussed in the framework of classical nucleation and growth theories using the kinetic parameters for austenite formation.

Zn中间层对大直径铝/钢连续驱动摩擦焊摩擦扭矩及接头界面微观组织的影响

大截面铝/钢复合结构件在连续驱动摩擦焊焊接过程中需要长时间的摩擦才能使界面金属从弹塑性转变为粘塑性状态,长时间的摩擦会导致构件焊缝处产生厚且不均匀的脆性Fe-Al金属间化合物,影响接头的整体性能。摩擦焊过程中铝/钢界面的预置中间层相当于物理扩散屏障,阻碍Fe、Al原子的互扩散,抑制脆性Fe-Al金属间化合物的形成。采用钢侧焊接面添加/未添加Zn中间层的Q235低碳钢棒和1060纯铝棒进行连续驱动摩擦焊接,对比分析焊接过程中的摩擦扭矩、温度以及焊后界面微观组织。结果表明:Zn中间层可以降低焊接过程中的初始峰值扭矩和峰值温度,减小中心区域金属间化合物厚度。添加Zn中间层的接头局部最大抗拉强度提高7.8%,平均抗拉强度提高7%。中心区域的Zn中间层在焊接过程中被摩擦压力挤压到外缘,距中心R/2的区域形成韧性较好的Fe_(2)Al_(5)Zn_(0.4),距中心2 R/3的区域存在Zn元素偏聚现象。

退火温度对纳米晶Incoloy800合金组织及力学性能的影响

通过95%大变形轧制制备了纳米晶Incoloy800合金,研究了退火温度对该合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Incoloy800合金经过95%冷轧大变形后微观组织得到了显著细化,经500和600℃退火后晶粒尺寸在100 nm以内,经过700℃退火后晶粒尺寸在2μm以内。Incoloy800合金具有良好的组织稳定性。大变形轧制后Incoloy800合金强度显著提高,经过500和600℃退火后仍具有较高的强度,经过700℃退火后,其强度降低,但是塑性显著提高。强度的提高和良好的组织稳定性主要归因于大变形轧制后Incoloy800合金在退火过程中析出了大量均匀弥散分布的TiC和Cr23C6。