Study on the Production Benefit of Large-scale Tobacco Growers

The tobacco growers with the growing area of greater than or equal to 100 mu,have become an important subject of tobacco production in Weng'an County of Guizhou Province. Regulating and developing the production and business activities of large-scale tobacco growers, plays an important role in stabilizing tobacco production,reducing costs and increasing efficiency in Weng'an County. Through the field survey of large-scale growers' production activities,this article analyzes the input and output levels,and explores the key factors influencing benefit, in order to provide a basis for further regulating the tobacco growing practices and improving the flue-cured tobacco production benefit.

Reducing Sharp Fluctuations in Body Temperature and Optimizing Production Index of Broilers Using Dietary Electrolytes

A degree centigrade fall or rise in body temperature of broiler chickens is sufficient to reduce performance, alter sound physiological state and divert nutritional metabolism in quest for ensuring thermal balance. Thermoregulatory mechanisms of newly hatched chicks are poorly developed, and fluctuations in brooding temperature coupled with severe environmental temperatures in the tropics could threaten the survivability, production and economic integrity of fast-growing strains of broilers. However, information on the effect of sharp fluctuations in body temperature on nutrient intake and European production index (EPI) of broilers fed dietary electrolytes is scanty and thus investigated. Using a total of 300, one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks (Arbor Acre) that were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments (T1-210, T2-240, T3270, T4-300, T5-330 and T6-360 mEq/kg electrolyte balance), data on performance characteristics and their correlations with body temperature and EPI at prestarter, starter and finisher phases were determined using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α = 0.05. At prestarter phase, feed intake (FI) had a strong and positive relationship with protein intake (r = 1.00;p < 0.01), EPI (r = 0.96;p < 0.01) and potassium (K) intake (r = 0.66;p < 0.01), but was negatively correlated with temperature change (r = ?0.39;p < 0.05). However, FI was not significantly correlated with body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), sodium (Na) and water intake. At starter phase, EPI was positively correlated to K intake (r = 0.38;p < 0.05), but not Na and chloride (Cl) intake. European production index of starter chicks could be enhanced by increasing the level of K intake through dietary supplementation up to 1.02%. Weight gain was adversely affected by sharp changes in temperature at finisher phase. Increase in water intake may not be a remedial tool in lowering sharp fluctuations in body temperature. However, sharp fluctuation in body temperature of broilers was reduced with DEB of 330, 270 and 240 mEq/kg at prestarter, starter and finisher phases, respectively.

Research Advance on Application of Microbial Fermented Fodder in Broilers Production: A Short Review

Recently, interest in animal production and poultry production in particular has increased, because poultry meat and eggs and their products are more widely consumed than other products. Human health is also considered one of the priorities. Nowadays, the fermentation industry has become very popular due to its great benefits in the pharmaceutical industry, the improvement of foodstuffs and the animal feed industry and its improvement. Moreover, microbial fermentation can enhance the content and digestibility of nutrients in nontraditional diets while decreasing the quantity of crude fiber and anti-nutritional elements such as tannins. The functional components (organic acids, bioactive peptides, lactic acid bacteria) found in microbial fermented feed can increase meat production in cattle, pigs, and sheep, and broiler productivity, carcass quality, intestinal health, immunological function, and so on. This paper examines the application study of microbial fermented feed in broiler production and serves as a resource for microbial fermented feed promotion and use in broiler production.

Production Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed with Silkworm Pupa （Bombyx mon~

The production performance of broilers fed with silkworm pupa （Bombyx mori） was studied by focusing on growth, feed utilization, carcass composition and meat quality. There were two difference sources of silkworm pupa： （1） silkworm pupa from spun silk industry （SSP） and （2） silkworm pupa from silk yam reeling industry （RSP） were mixed into five isonitrogenous （20% CP） and isocaloric （ME = 3,150 kcal/kg feed） diet. The 195 chickens at three weeks old were equally distributed to 15 pens in the closed housing. The experiment was divided into five dietary treatments （three replications each）： treatment 1 （10% fishmeal, FM and 0% silkworm pupae） （control））, treatment 2 （0% FM and 10% SSP）, treatment 3 （0% FM and 20% SSP）, treatment 4 （0% FM and 5% SSP ＋ 5% RSP）, and treatment 5 （0% FM and 10% SSP ＋ 10% RSP）. Daily weight gain was 0.069, 0.060, 0.051, 0.065 and 0.061 kg/chick in treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. It is indicated that replacing fishmeal with silkworm pupa （5%SSP ＋ 5%RSP） performed the same daily weight gain as control but exhibited the higher feed conversion ratio （1.87） than control （1.68）. Carcass muscle of control treatment 1 （58.26%） was the highest （P 〈 0.05） and closed to treatment 4 and 5 （57.62% and 57.83%, respectively）. Sensory evaluation was not significantly differences （P 〉 0.05）. Therefore, treatment 4 （5%SSP ＋ 5%RSP） could be substituted FM with little adverse effect on broiler growth but without any adverse effect on percentage of muscle and sensory test. However, further supplemental silkworm pupa performed reduction in dietary utilization and carcass muscle.

Effects of Non-starch Polysaccharide Enzyme Products on Meat Performance in Broilers

[ Objective] To investigate the effects of non-starch polysaccharide （NSP） enzyme products on meat performance of broilers and thus to provide a scientific basis for their rational use. [Method] Two hundred 21-day-old Ross broilers were assigned to five groups. The broilers in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were fed positive control diet and negative control diet, respectively, which were slightly different. The broilers in group Ⅲ, Ⅳ and V were fed the negative control diet respectively supplemented with different commercial NSP enzyme products. The broilers were slaughtered at 56 days old, and their meat yield was determined. [ Result] The percentage of carcass yield and percentage of abdominal fat were significantly higher in the group Ⅲ than in the group Ⅱ （P 〈 0.05）. The percentage of small intestine weight in slaughter weight was lower in the group Ⅱ than in other groups. [ Conclusion] Diets supplemented broad-rang and highly active NSP enzyme products can promote absorption of routine feed ingredients, increase meat yield, and improve meat performance.

Effect of dietary arginine to lysine ratios on productive performance,meat quality,plasma and muscle metabolomics profile in fast-growing broiler chickens

Background: Due to the important functions of arginine in poultry,it should be questioned whether the currently adopted dietary Arg:Lys ratios are sufficient to meet the modern broiler requirement in arginine.The present study aimed,therefore,to evaluate the effects of the dietary supplementation of L-arginine in a commercial broiler diet on productive performance,breast meat quality attributes,incidence and severity of breast muscle myopathies and foot pad dermatitis(FPD),and plasma and muscle metabolomics profile in fast-growing broilers.Results: A total of 1,170 1-day-old Ross 308 male chicks was divided into two experimental groups of 9 replicates each fed either a commercial basal diet(CON,digestible Arg:Lys ratio of 1.05,1.05,1.06 and 1.07 in each feeding phase,respectively) or the same basal diet supplemented on-top with crystalline L-arginine(ARG,digestible Arg:Lys ratio of 1.15,1.15,1.16 and 1.17,respectively).Productive parameters were determined at the end of each feeding phase(12,22,33,43 d).At slaughter(43 d),incidence and severity of FPD and breast myopathies were assessed,while plasma and breast muscle samples were collected and analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy.The dietary supplementation of arginine significantly reduced cumulative feed conversion ratio compared to the control diet at 12 d(1.352 vs.1.401,P < 0.05),22 d(1.398 vs.1.420; P < 0.01) and 33 d(1.494 vs.1.524; P < 0.05),and also tended to improve it in the overall period of trial(1.646 vs.1.675; P = 0.09).Body weight was significantly increased in ARG compared to CON group at 33 d(1,884 vs.1,829 g; P < 0.05).No significant effect was observed on meat quality attributes,breast myopathies and FPD occurrence.ARG birds showed significantly higher plasma concentration of arginine and leucine,and lower of acetoacetate,glutamate,adenosine and proline.Arginine and acetate concentrations were higher,whereas acetone and inosine levels were lower in the breast of ARG birds(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Taken together,these data showed that increased digestible Arg:Lys ratio had positive effects on feed efficiency in broiler chickens probably via modulation of metabolites that play key roles in energy and protein metabolism.

Series Design of Large-Scale NC Machine Tool

Product system design is a mature concept in western developed countries. It has been applied in war industry during the last century. However,up until now,functional combination is still the main method for product system de-sign in China. Therefore,in terms of a concept of product generation and product interaction we are in a weak position compared with the requirements of global markets. Today,the idea of serial product design has attracted much attention in the design field and the definition of product generation as well as its parameters has already become the standard in serial product designs. Although the design of a large-scale NC machine tool is complicated,it can be further optimized by the precise exercise of object design by placing the concept of platform establishment firmly into serial product de-sign. The essence of a serial product design has been demonstrated by the design process of a large-scale NC machine tool.

As Could We Assure Safety in Large-Scale Manufacturing of Nanoparticles for the Biomedical Use

Nanoparticles provide great advantages but also great risks. Risks associating with nanoparticles are the problem of all technologies, but they increase in many times in nanotechnologies. Adequate methods of outgoing production inspection are necessary to solve the problem of risks, and the inspection must be based on the safety standard. Existing safety standard results from a principle of “maximum permissible concentrations or MPC”. This principle is not applicable to nanoparticles, but a safety standard reflecting risks inherent in nanoparticles doesn’t exist. Essence of the risks is illustrated by the example from pharmacology, since its safety assurance is conceptually based on MPC and it has already come against this problem. Possible formula of safety standard for nanoparticles is reflected in many publications, but conventional inspection methods cannot provide its realization, and this gap is an obstacle to assumption of similar formulas. Therefore the development of nanoparticle industry as a whole (also development of the pharmacology in particular) is impossible without the creation of an adequate inspection method. There are suggested new inspection methods founded on the new physical principle and satisfying to the adequate safety standard for nanoparticles. These methods demonstrate that creation of the adequate safety standard and the outgoing production inspection in a large-scale manufacturing of nanoparticles are the solvable problems. However there is a great distance between the physical principle and its hardware realization, and a transition from the principle to the hardware demands great intellectual and material costs. Therefore it is desirable to call attention of the public at large to the necessity of urgent expansions of investigations associated with outgoing inspections in nanoparticles technologies. It is necessary also to attract attention, first, of representatives of state structures controlling approvals of the adequate safety standard to this problem, since it is impossible to compel producers providing the safety without the similar standard, and, second, of leaders of pharmacological industry, since their industry already entered into the nanotechnology era, and they have taken an interest in a forthcoming development of inspection methods.

Effect of deffrent level of ZnMet on performance and immunity of broilers

试验采用完全随机试验设计，将1日龄的罗斯308肉鸡360只分成6组，每组3个重复，每个重复20只鸡，研究蛋氨酸锌（ZnMet）对肉鸡平均日增重（ADG）、平均日采食量（ADFI）和料重比（F／G）以及免疫器官指数和ND抗体效价的影响。目粮处理组为在不添加锌的玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮基础上分别添加20、40、60、80和100mg／kg水平的蛋氨酸锌（以锌计），结果表明，饲粮中添加蛋氨酸锌能提高肉鸡的平均日增重，改善料重比和免疫功能，60～80mg／kg为适宜添加量。

Light demand characteristics,production performance,and changes in the feeding patterns of broilers

Poultry is a light-sensitive animal and the light environment has an important influence on the growth and development of these animals.Previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of the light environment on various physiological indicators of poultry but seldom explored the light demand characteristics of broilers under free selection.This experiment mainly studied the light demand characteristics of broilers under a yellow LED light environment and the influence of different breeding densities[low-density(2.5 broilers/m^(2)),high-density(7.5 broilers/m^(2))]on the production performance and diet characteristics of broilers.Studies showed that the production performance indexes of low-density groups are higher than those of high-density groups.The feed and water consumption in the light area of the two experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the dark area,which means that the broilers showed a great preference for the light area.However,as the age of the broilers increased,the food and water consumption of the broilers decreased,indicating that broilers had a lower preference for light in the middle and late stages of growth.The statistical results for the residence frequency distribution characteristics showed that broiler chickens had different light requirements at different growth stages under the condition of active selection:1)low-density breeding environment:23.8L(light):0.2D(dark)for chicks and 22.3L:1.7D for adult broilers;2)high-density breeding environment:22.6L:1.4D for chicks and 15.0L:9.0D for adult broilers.This study will provide a reference for the optimization and control of light environment in broiler breeding.

Mercury flows in large-scale gold production and implications for Hg pollution control

Large-scale gold production（LSGP） is one of the five convention-related atmospheric mercury（Hg） emission sources in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. However, field experiments on Hg flows of the whole process of LSGP are limited. To identify the atmospheric Hg emission points and understand Hg emission characteristics of LSGP, Hg flows in two gold smelters were studied. Overall atmospheric Hg emissions accounted for 10%–17% of total Hg outputs and the Hg emission factors for all processes were 7.6–9.6 kg/ton. There were three dominant atmospheric Hg emission points in the studied gold smelters, including the exhaust gas of the roasting process, exhaust gas from the environmental fog collection stack and exhaust gas from the converter of the refining process. Atmospheric Hg emissions from the roasting process only accounted for 16%–29% of total emissions and the rest were emitted from the refining process. The overall Hg speciation profile（gaseous elemental Hg/gaseous oxidized Hg/particulate-bound Hg） for LSGP was 34.1/57.1/8.8. The dominant Hg output byproducts included waste acid, sulfuric acid and cyanide leaching residue. Total Hg outputs from these three byproducts were 80% in smelter A and 84% in smelter B. Our study indicated that previous atmospheric Hg emissions from large-scale gold production might have been overestimated.Hg emission control in LSGP is not especially urgent in China compared to other significant emission sources（e.g., cement plants）. Instead, LSGP is a potential Hg release source due to the high Hg output proportions to acid and sludge.

Effects of Replacing Maize with Dioscarea bulbifera Flour on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

The present study was designed to evaluate Dioscarea bulbifera flour as potential feed ingredient in broilers diets. For this purpose, 256-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks, were divided into 4 groups replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. A control ration (R0) containing maize as the main energy source was compared to three other rations in which 50%, 75% and 100% maize were substituted with Dioscarea bulbifera flour. The main results showed that, the increasing rate of Dioscarea bulbifera flour had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the digestibility of feed components. Feed intake was higher with 50% and 75% Dioscarea bulbifera flour inclusion levels. As compared to the control ration, a significant (p < 0.05) drop in live weight and weight gain was recorded with 50% substitution while feed conversion ratio increased significantly with increasing level of Dioscarea bulbifera flour in the ration. Dioscarea bulbifera flour induced a linear and significant (p < 0.05) increase in the relative weight of the gizzard, liver and production cost. It was concluded that, substituting 50% maize with Dioscarea bulbifera flour could be a sustainable solution to palliate the growing inflation of maize as animal feed ingredient. However, the incorporation level of Dioscarea bulbifera as feed ingredient in substitution of maize must not exceed 50% at the risk of depreciating growth performance of broilers.

The Effect of the Supplemental Different Levels of Anise Seeds （Pimpinella anisum） in Diet on Broiler Performance

This experiment was conducted at the poultry farm, poultry research station, state board of agriculture research, ministry of agriculture to study the effect of supplemental anise seed on broiler diets. A total of 640 of one-day old unsexed broiler chicks （Cobb） were used in this study. They were randomly distributed to four treatments. Anise seeds were supplemented at the levels of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% compared with the control group for 49 days. The results showed： there was a significant （P 〈 0.05） increase in the rate of body weight for the two treatments 0.6% and 0.4% of the anise seeds compared with 0.2% and control treatments, body weight gain take the same direction, like in body weight, the highest treatment was 0.6% followed by treatment 0.4% as well as the feed consumption has increased in these treatments than in 0.2% and control treatments, so about feed conversion ratio the treatment 0.6% of the anise seeds recorded the best feed conversion ratio compared with other treatments. Significant decreased in mortality and significant increased in production index by increasing the level of anise seeds in feed. Dressing percentage increased significantly for all treatments using anise seeds and treatment 0.6% recorded highest dressing percentage, from the other hand percentage of abdominal fat decreased significantly by increasing anise seed levels and no significant difference in the percentages of liver, gizzard and heart were recorded in this study. About carcass cuts, the weights of primary cuts （thigh, drum stick, breast） relative to body weight recorded significant increase in the treatments using anise seeds at the expense of secondary cuts （neck, wings, back）. There was a significant decline （P 〈 0.05） for total bacterial （E. coli and Staphylococci） in small intestine in all level of anise seeds （0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%） in ration while the decline of two types of bacteria in colon recorded in 0.4% and 0.6% treatments compared with 0.2~/0 and control treatments. Conclude from this study the possibility of using anise seeds at all levels used in the experiment and the best level that can be used to get the best performance of the positive results of broiler chickens is 0.6%.

科宝500和AA白羽肉鸡生产性能比较分析

文章旨在探讨科宝500和爱拔益加(AA)白羽肉鸡生产性能的差异。试验以科宝500和爱拔益加(AA)白羽肉鸡为研究对象,测定1~6周龄两个品种的平均采食量、平均体重、平均日增重、料重比、死淘率以及欧洲效益指数,分析比较两品种间生产性能的差异变化。结果表明:(1)科宝500肉鸡平均采食量前期变化较大,2周龄时显著高于AA肉鸡(P<0.05),但3周龄显著低于AA白羽肉鸡(P<0.05),整个试验期(1~6周龄),科宝500肉鸡平均采食量高于AA肉鸡,但差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)7和35日龄时,科宝500肉鸡平均体重显著大于AA肉鸡(P<0.05),5周龄时,科宝500肉鸡平均日增重显著高于AA肉鸡(P<0.05),而其他周龄及整个试验期(1~6周龄),科宝500肉鸡平均体重和平均日增重均高于AA肉鸡,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);(3)各周龄及整个试验期(1~6周龄)科宝500肉鸡料重比均低于AA肉鸡,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);(4)4周龄时,科宝500肉鸡死淘率显著高于AA肉鸡(P<0.05),而其他周龄及整个试验期(1~6周龄),科宝500肉鸡死淘率高于AA肉鸡,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);(5)欧洲效益指数(EPI)方面,科宝500肉鸡高于AA肉鸡,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析,科宝500肉鸡生产性能及养殖效益优于AA肉鸡。

热应激对肉鸡的生理危害与缓解措施

环境温度超过动物机体等热区中的舒适温度上限后会产生热应激现象。肉鸡体毛丰厚、生长速度较快、无汗腺,受饲养密度的影响,在高温环境下易出现热应激现象。热应激容易造成肉鸡采食量减少、生长速度减缓,降低肉鸡免疫防御功能,抑制免疫器官的生长发育,增加组织炎性细胞因子表达。热应激能够降低肠道绒毛高度,增加隐窝深度,使肠道结构受损,肠道微生物菌群的数量发生改变。热应激轻则导致肉鸡生理功能紊乱,严重时会导致肉鸡死亡,造成经济损失。文章总结了热应激对肉鸡生产性能、免疫性能、肠道形态和肠道屏障方面的影响以及预防和缓解热应激的措施,为生产实践中预防和缓解热应激提供参考。

Effects of One Generation Divergent Selection for Plasma very Low Density Lipoprotein Concentration and Interaction between Genotype and Nutrition on Broiler Chickens

After 1500 male and female broiler chickens from a pure line were selected on the basis of plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentration at 8 weeks of age,abdominal fat(AF),liver fat,body weight,meat traits and plasma lipids were determined,and effects of interaction between genotype and nutrition on AF and its correlated traits were studied.1) It was efficient to select against AF on the basis of plasma VLDL concentration.The indirect response of gizzard fat was the greatest,and that of liver fat was the second.AF was decreased,whereas liver fat was increased,feed conversion efficiency during growing period were improved, body weight and meat traits were both not influenced by selecting for low plasma VLDL concentration.2) Nutrition had significant effect on fat deposition and growth performance.Interaction between line and diet had evident effect on AF and its correlated traits.In general,diet had greater effect on H-VLDL line than L-VLDL line,namely chickens of L-VLDL line were less sensitive to diet than those of H-VLDL line.3) Due to high coefficients of variation of plasma VLDL and AF in H-VLDL and L-VLDL lines in the first generation.It will be possible that plasma VLDL is to be selected continuously to breed low fat line of broiler chickens of which the feed conversion efficiency is much better.Moreover,family combined with individual selection should be adopted during future generation selection and breeding because of significant family difference in plasma VLDL concentration.

棉粕源菌酶协同发酵饲料在肉种鸡生产中的应用研究

本研究旨在探讨棉粕源菌酶协同发酵饲料对产蛋后期肉种鸡生产性能与氮磷排泄率的影响。试验选择42周龄罗斯(Ross)308肉种鸡群,随机分为对照组和试验组。试验预试期1周,正试期16周。在试验过程中,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验组用8%的棉粕源菌酶协同发酵饲料代替等量的基础日粮。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组肉种鸡的产蛋率、合格种蛋数显著提高(P<0.05),死淘率显著降低(P<0.05),种蛋受精率有提高的趋势(P=0.057),氮排泄率显著下降(P<0.05),磷排泄率有下降的趋势(P=0.072)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,用8%的棉粕源菌酶协同发酵饲料代替等量的基础日粮可以显著提高肉种鸡生产的经济效益与社会生态效益。

饮水型罗勒油-柠檬酸复合制剂对肉鸡的生产性能和肠道菌群的影响

该试验目的在于研究饮水型罗勒油-柠檬酸复合制剂对肉鸡的生产性能和肠道菌群的作用。选用3周龄处州三黄肉鸡150羽,随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复25只。对照组饮用清水;试验组的饮用水中在第1周和第5周全程添加0.1%罗勒油-柠檬酸复合制剂,其余时间段则不添加。两组都饲喂肉用仔鸡中期全价配合饲料。试验期共计7周。结果表明,饮水中添加0.1%罗勒油-柠檬酸复合制剂能够明显提高肉鸡的平均体重和平均日增重,增加第3周时粪便中乳酸杆菌数量,降低大肠埃希氏菌数量;但是第7周时对盲肠菌群数量没有影响。表明饮水中添加0.1%罗勒油-柠檬酸复合制剂能够明显提高肉鸡的生产性能。

养殖密度对肉鸡的影响研究进展

高养殖密度可以降低生产成本,但同时也会造成肉鸡应激,对其生产性能、免疫功能、肠道菌群、动物福利等带来负面影响。本文综述了养殖密度对肉鸡生产性能、氧化应激、免疫功能、肠道微生物、经济效益等影响的研究进展,并从饲养管理和营养调控的角度总结了解决高密度养殖带来的负面影响的方法,为在生产中确定适宜肉鸡养殖的密度,保障动物福利提供参考。

青蒿素在肉鸡生产中的应用研究进展

青蒿素是从黄花蒿叶片中分离出来具有过氧基团的新型倍半萜内酯类的一种物质,也是青蒿发挥药理学功能的最主要活性成分。青蒿素作为饲料添加剂具有促进生长、抗菌消炎、抗球虫病、保护肠道健康和缓解热应激等作用。文章综述了青蒿素的理化性质、生物学功能、作用机理及其在肉鸡养殖中使用方法和使用量,为进一步将青蒿素作为新型饲料添加剂在肉鸡生产中的应用提供参考,从而推动肉鸡养殖业的绿色健康发展。