Distribution of large-scale detachment faults on mid-ocean ridges in relation to spreading rates

Large-scale detachment faults on mid-ocean ridges （MORs） provide a window into the deeper earth. They have megamullion on their corrugated surfaces, with exposed lower crustal and upper mantle rocks, rela- tively high residual Bouguer gravity anomaly and P-wave velocity, and are commonly associated with ocean- ic core complex. According to 30 detachment faults identified on MORs, we found that their distances to the axis mostly range from 5 to 50 km, half-spreading rates range from 6.8 to 17 mm/a, and activity time ranges from recent to 3 Ma. Most of the detachment faults are developed on the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge （MAR） and ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge （SWIRl, with the dominant half-spreading rates of 7-13 mm/a, especially 10-13 mm/a. Furthermore, they mostly occur at the inside corner of one segment end and result in an asymmetric seafloor spreading. The detachment faults on MORs are mainly controlled by the tectonism and influenced by the magmatism. Long-lived detachment faults tend to be formed where the ridge magma supply is at a moderate level, although the tectonism is a first-order controlling factor. At the slow spreading ridges, detachment faults tend to occur where local magma supply is relatively low, whilst at the ultra-slow spreading ridges, they normally occur where local magma supply is relatively high. These faults are accompanied by hydrothermal activities, with their relationships being useful in the study of hydrothermal polymetallic sulfides and their origin.

Characterising the nature, evolution and origin of detachment fault in central depression belt, Qiongdongnan Basin of South China Sea: evidence from seismic reflection data

Using regional geological, newly acquired 2D and 3D seismic, drilling and well log data, especially 2D long cable seismic profiles, the structure and stratigraphy in the deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin are interpreted. The geometry of No.2 fault system is also re-defined, which is an important fault in the central depression belt of the deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin by employing the quantitative analysis techniques of fault activity and backstripping. Furthermore, the dynamical evolution of the No.2 fault sys-tem and its controls on the central depression belt are analyzed. This study indicates that the Qiongdongnan Basin was strongly influenced by the NW-trending tensile stress field during the Late Eocene. At this time, No.2 fault system initiated and was characterized by several discontinuous fault segments, which controlled a series small NE-trending fault basins. During the Oligocene, the regional extensional stress field changed from NW-SE to SN with the oceanic spreading of South China Sea, the early small faults started to grow along their strikes, eventually connected and merged as the listric shape of the No.2 fault system as ob-served today. No.2 fault detaches along the crustal Moho surface in the deep domain of the seismic profiles as a large-scale detachment fault. A large-scale rollover anticline formed in hanging wall of the detachment fault. There are a series of small fault basins in both limbs of the rollover anticline, showing that the early small basins were involved into fold deformation of the rollover anticline. Structurally, from west to east, the central depression belt is characterized by alternatively arranged graben and half-graben. The central depression belt of the Qiongdongnan Basin lies at the extension zone of the tip of the V-shaped northwest-ern ocean sub-basin of the South China Sea, its activity period is the same as the development period of the northwestern ocean sub-basin, furthermore the emplacement and eruption of magma that originated from the mantle below the Moho surface occurred at the region between Songnan-Baodao and Changchang sags, from east to west with the early-stage spreading of the South China Sea. Therefore, this study not only helps in depicting the structural features and evolution of the deep-water basin in the Qiongdongnan Basin, but also provides the geological and structural evidence for establishing a unified model of continental margin extension and oceanic spreading.

Transmission line fault-cause identification method for large-scale new energy grid connection scenarios

The accurate fault-cause identification for overhead transmission lines supports the operation and maintenance personnel in formulating targeted maintenance strategies and shortening the time of inspecting faulty lines.With the goal of achieving“carbon peak and carbon neutrality”,the schemes for clean energy generation have rapidly developed.Moreover,new energy-consuming equipment has been widely connected to the power grid,and the operating characteristics of the power system have significantly changed.Consequently,these have impacted traditional fault identification methods.Based on the time-frequency characteristics of the fault waveform,new energy-related parameters,and deep learning model,this study proposes a fault identification method suitable for scenarios where a high proportion of new energy is connected to the power grid.Ten parameters related to the causes of transmission line fault and new energy connection scenarios are selected as model characteristic parameters.Further,a fault identification model based on adaptive deep belief networks was constructed,and its effect was verified by field data.

DETACHMENT FAULT IN DINGGYE AREA IN THE MIDDLE PART OF THE HIMALAYAN OROGEN

Dinggye lies in the middle part of the Himalayan Orogen. A lot of low angle extension detachment faults have been developed in Dinggye area and some of them make up the main body of the South Tibet Detachment System. On the whole, the extension direction of all the detachment faults is perpendicular to the strike of the Himalayan Orogen. Each detachment fault has its distinct characteristics. Mylonite was extensively developed in the detachment faults and can be divided into a variety of types such as siliceous mylonite, felsic mylonite, granite mylonite, protomylonite, crystallization mylonite and so on. On the basis of our field survey works, these detachment faults can be classified according to their locations into three units listed as follows: (1) In the northern part of the study area, the detachment faults occur on large scale and in orbicular shape, and form the middle layer of the metamorphic core complexes. (2) In the southern part of the study area, the detachment faults occur in linear shape that is parallel to the Himalayan Orogen and has a stable attitude, and have undergone two phases of development. In the first phase, the Rouqiechun Group rocks were formed and make up the hanging wall, while in the second phase the Jiachun Group rocks were formed and make up the hanging wall. (3) In the southeastern part of the study area, the detachment faults strike nearly along southeast direction in a stable way and some of these detachment faults were distorted by the late-formed faults and folds. Furthermore, in the southwestern part of the study area, the ductile shear zones are parallel to the detachment faults.

Structural Styles of Fronts of Thrust-Detachment Faults in Petroleum-bearing Areas of Western China

The front of a thrust-detachment fault may have various styles such as decoupling, fold, forethrust and backthrust ones because of differences in magnitude, direction and time of the forces exerted on the fault and the inhomogeneity of rock mechanical properties. They have different characteristics and are usually associated with gravity structure, inverse structure and diapir structure. These structures exist together in the same thrust-detachment fault and can influence, compensate for and convert into each other. They provide important grounds not only for the study of the dynamic state, propagation mode, evolutionary process and formation mechanism but also for the analysis of the petroleum generation, migration, accumulation and preservation and arrangement of drill holes in foreland basins.

Petroleum geology controlled by extensive detachment thinning of continental margin crust: A case study of Baiyun sag in the deep-water area of northern South China Sea

The relationships between crustal stretching and thinning,basin structure and petroleum geology in Baiyun deep-water area were analyzed using large area 3D seismic,gravity,magnetic,ocean bottom seismic(OBS),deep-water exploration wells and integrated ocean drilling program(IODP).During the early syn-rifting period,deep-water area was a half-graben controlled by high angle faults influenced by the brittle extension of upper crust.In the mid syn-rifting period,this area was a broad-deep fault depression controlled by detachment faults undergone brittle-ductile deformation and differentiated extension in the crust.In the late syn-rifting period,this area experienced fault-sag transition due to saucer-shaped rheology change dominated by crustal ductile deformation.A broad-deep fault depression controlled by the large detachment faults penetrating through the crust is an important feature of deep-water basin.The study suggests that the broad-deep Baiyun sag provides great accommodation space for the development of massive deltaic-lacustrine deposition system and hydrocarbon source rocks.The differentiated lithospheric thinning also resulted in the different thermal subsidence during post-rifting period,and then controlled the development of continental shelf break and deep-water reservoir sedimentary environment.The high heat flow background caused by the strong thinning of lithosphere and the rise of mantle source resulted in particularities in the reservoir diagenesis,hydrocarbon generation process and accumulation of deep-water area in northern South China Sea.

藏南拆离系活动与淡色花岗岩就位——以希夏邦马峰地区为例

藏南拆离系是世界上最大的拆离断层系统,也是喜马拉雅造山带的重要构造边界,对喜马拉雅造山过程起着重要的控制作用。在拆离断层内部和断层下盘的高喜马拉雅单元,出露了大量的同构造淡色花岗岩;近期研究工作发现,这些淡色花岗岩具有良好的稀有金属成矿潜力,因此,研究藏南拆离系的活动历史和淡色花岗岩的就位过程,对理解拆离断层变形和演化过程、熔体-断层相互作用和成矿有着重要的启示意义。针对该问题,本文选择喜马拉雅造山带中段希夏邦马峰附近的两条经典剖面——吉隆和聂拉木,开展系统的构造地质学研究,就藏南拆离系的演化过程和淡色花岗岩的同构造迁移-就位机制进行初步探讨。研究表明,吉隆地区的拆离断层厚度数十米到上百米,影响范围小,下盘吉隆岩体和高喜马拉雅的向北拆离变形较弱;聂拉木拆离断层为藏南拆离系深部构造层次,拆离断层厚度达数千米,强烈的构造变形导致肉切村群和高喜马拉雅顶部发生强烈的糜棱岩化,韧性剪切后的淡色花岗岩以平行拆离断层的岩席或岩脉产出;由此,我们认为吉隆和聂拉木的拆离断层分别代表了藏南拆离系的不同构造层次,受控于后期不均一的构造隆升剥露过程,进而可以解释两个地区不同的构造特征。综合前人的研究工作,我们提出藏南拆离系内部拆离断层活动存在逐渐向上迁移现象,而淡色花岗岩的侵位对该过程有着重要的促进作用。早期藏南拆离系的主拆离断层层次较深,控制了淡色花岗岩的顺层迁移和就位;而晚期熔体向更浅层次的运移,也促使藏南拆离系的主拆离断层也向上部迁移。

近断层地震动引起的公路桥梁车桥分离现象的统计分析

近年来,随着我国人均汽车保有量的增加,国内交通密度增大,交通拥堵加剧,再加上重卡超载现象越来越严重,机动车辆荷载对中小跨径桥梁的影响显著增大,也提高了地震发生时桥上有车的概率;另一方面,近断层地震动具有显著的竖向效应,已有震害表明车辆与桥梁在较强的竖向地震动作用下容易产生车桥分离或碰撞的现象。因此,考虑近断层地震动作用下车辆对桥梁动力响应的影响将有助于准确评估桥梁的抗震性能。文章以一座典型的3跨连续梁桥为工程背景,采用考虑车辆与桥面动态接触或分离的模型对实际近断层地震动作用下的车桥耦合系统的动力响应进行统计分析,研究车辆对桥梁的动力放大作用、车桥分离现象及其影响规律。结果表明,在车桥不分离的情况下,考虑车辆影响在80%的工况下会减小桥梁的竖向位移响应,但随着竖向PGA的增大,车辆对桥梁的动力作用逐渐趋于不利;其次,车桥之间的动力相互作用可能导致不止一次的车桥分离,最大接触力在大多数情况下发生在首次分离与二次分离之间,最大可能达到车辆重量的7.9倍,会对桥面局部受力产生极其不利的影响,且车桥分离的时间随着车辆竖向频率的增大而增加,但这种现象与地震动的竖向PGA没有直接关系,对桥梁的竖向位移响应影响也不大。

三门峡断陷盆地及邻区深部结构及成因——来自深地震反射与大地电磁测深的证据

近年来,围绕三门峡断陷盆地中的油气、地热资源做了大量的工作,成因机制研究较少,严重制约了矿产资源的勘探开发。本文在前人研究工作基础上,结合野外地质调查并利用高精度深反射地震剖面、大地电磁(MT)、重磁等地球物理探测技术,对三门峡盆地进行综合研究。发现三门峡盆地主要由东、西2个负花状构造构成,西花状构造体大于东花状构造体;盆地东部边缘以观音堂隆起与洛阳凹陷相邻,观音堂隆起发育有壳内透镜状低速体,其东、西两侧均发育有规模较大的隐伏逆断层。研究区内莫霍面为大约5 km厚度滑脱层,在深反射地震剖面上表现为蚯蚓状反射特征,指示滑脱层为西向运动。莫霍面滑脱层上部与下部新发现多条弧形断层。地质与地球物理资料综合研究表明,莫霍面滑脱层的解耦作用是三门峡断陷盆地花状构造形成的主因;在不同时空构造力系作用下,形成研究区新生代全地壳旋转花状构造盆地。

断裂构造变形作用下的页岩气差异富集响应——以川东阳春沟断裂为例

阳春沟地区是我国川东页岩气勘探的重点接替区域,阳春沟断裂为影响研究区页岩气成藏的重要构造,但研究程度整体较低。为明确阳春沟断裂构造变形特征及其对页岩气差异富集的地质意义,本文基于最新的三维地震资料解释,刻画了阳春沟断裂的几何学特征,结合断层性质及活动时期分析了成因机制,探讨了阳春沟断裂与遵义断裂的关系以及对页岩气成藏的影响。研究表明:(1)阳春沟断裂主要为自东向西逆冲构造,具有左行压扭特征,纵向上表现为沿志留系、寒武系发生滑脱的多条叠置、近乎平行的逆冲滑脱断层带,控制了中浅层形变层的断展背斜;(2)阳春沟断裂不属于遵义断裂的一部分,二者变形特征差异巨大,具有完全不同的构造样式;(3)阳春沟断裂形成于雪峰造山导致遵义断层左行逆冲走滑和晚期弧形褶皱过程中,经历了晚侏罗世—晚白垩世的不均匀收缩和晚白垩世自东向西逆冲滑脱;(4)阳春沟断层形成了阳春沟背斜和复杂缝网,其中阳春沟背斜降低了页岩埋深、减缓了页岩热演化,复杂缝网增加了储集空间,但未严重破坏保存条件,二者有利于页岩气运移和聚集成藏,而地层高陡和压扭断层的发育则对页岩气藏起破坏作用。研究结果对认识盆山耦合过程及页岩气勘探提供了参考。

四川盆地西南部多期叠加变形构造解析:以自流井背斜为例

四川盆地西南部地区由于受到周缘造山带构造隆升及变形扩展作用的影响,构造变形样式复杂,演化期次缺乏准确的时间约束。为了进一步探究该地区的构造演化过程,本次研究选取构造变形幅度相对较小的自流井背斜为研究对象,基于高品质地震反射资料,依据断层相关褶皱理论,精细解析其构造几何样式和运动学特征。研究结果表明,区内构造变形分层特征明显,深部以寒武系膏盐层为滑脱层,发育断层传播褶皱和滑脱褶皱,中部逆冲褶皱变形主要限制在志留系泥页岩顶界不整合面和下三叠统膏盐岩滑脱层之间,而浅部主要在上三叠统及以上地层发育宽缓褶皱和局部小位移断层。其中,深部寒武系滑脱层对区域构造样式控制起到关键作用。识别出的生长地层及构造平衡恢复结果揭示,自流井背斜带主要经历了加里东期、印支期,以及燕山期—喜马拉雅期3期主要挤压构造变形。而上三叠统中发育的北西向断裂指示后期在不同方向构造应力场下发生了叠加变形,可能是受到青藏高原东缘往东向四川盆地扩展作用的影响。

渤海海域印支期构造变形分带性及其特征的数值模拟研究

印支运动为现今渤海海域构造格局的形成奠定了基础,导致渤海海域内部发育3个主要逆冲带。渤海基底内部的先存断层与滑脱层在此过程中可能起到了极为重要的作用,但其如何影响渤海海域印支期的构造变形与分带特征的机制尚不清楚。为了解决上述问题,本文基于地震剖面数据,结合二维热力学数值模拟代码LaMEM对渤海海域印支期的构造变形展开了详细研究。模拟结果揭示,在先存断层存在的条件下,当基底内部无滑脱层或未呈阶梯式在渤海海域分布时,渤海海域内部不会形成相应的逆冲中心;而当基底内部的滑脱层呈阶梯状分布在渤海海域西南部、渤中坳陷以及辽东坳陷3个区域时,应力通过滑脱层在基底内部进行传导,使海域形成了3个逆冲中心,并导致渤海内部大规模的逆冲断层与褶皱变形的发育,与地震剖面具有较好的一致性。数值模拟实验结果证实,基底内部的先存断层与滑脱层是控制渤海海域构造分带性及构造变形特征的重要因素。同时,多逆冲中心演化模式也为解释现今龙门山和四川盆地的形成与演化过程提供了重要的借鉴。

Discovery and petroleum geological significance of delta in the third member of Oligocene Lingshui Formation in southern Baodao Sag,Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea

Based on the 3D seismic data and the analysis and test data of lithology,electricity,thin sections and chronology obtained from drilling of the Qiongdongnan Basin,the characteristics and the quantitative analysis of the source-sink system are studied of the third member of the Upper Oligocene Lingshui Formation(Ling 3 Member)in the southern fault step zone of the Baodao Sag.First,the YL10 denudation area of the Ling 3 Member mainly developed two fluvial systems in the east and west,resulting in the formation of two dominant sand transport channels and two delta lobes in southern Baodao Sag,which are generally large in the west and small in the east.The evolution of the delta has experienced four stages:initiation,prosperity,intermittence and rejuvenation.Second,the source-sink coupled quantitative calculation is performed depending on the parameters of the delta sand bodies,including development phases,distribution area,flattening thickness,area of different parent rocks,and sand-forming coefficient,showing that the study area has the material basis for the formation of large-scale reservoir.Third,the drilling reveals that the delta of the Ling 3 Member is dominated by fine sandstone,with total sandstone thickness of 109-138 m,maximum single-layer sandstone thickness of 15.5-30.0 m,and sand-to-strata ratio of 43.7%-73.0%,but the physical properties are different among the fault steps.Fourth,the large delta development model of the small source area in the step fault zone with multi-stage uplift is established.It suggests that the episodic uplift provides sufficient sediments,the fluvial system and watershed area control the scale of the sand body,the multi-step active fault steps dominate the sand body transport channel,and local fault troughs decide the lateral propulsion direction of the sand body.The delta of the Ling 3 Member is coupled with fault blocks to form diverse traps,which are critical exploration targets in southern Baodao Sag.

南大西洋赤狐热液区硫化物特征及成矿机制

赤狐热液区是中国科研人员在南大西洋中脊首次发现的拆离断层型热液区。该区位于拆离断层的下盘,目前发现2个热液点,围岩类型为基性玄武岩。利用ICP-OES、ICP-MS、LA-ICP-MS等方法对2019年获得赤狐热液区硫化物样品开展详细的矿物学和地球化学研究,结果显示该区包括块状、角砾状、浸染状三类硫化物。与其他拆离断层型热液区相比,赤狐热液区上2个热液点具有明显不同的化学特征;全岩的主微量、黄铁矿的微量元素以及热液区硫化物的硫同位素特征明显指示,赤狐热液区可能受到基性与超基性岩的共同影响。热液区2个热液点的差异指示了同一个热液系统不同时期产出硫化物有差异及遭受后期改造的不同。

柴达木盆地英中地区下干柴沟组盐间复杂断裂识别

柴达木盆地英中地区地表及地下地质条件复杂,基于常规叠前深度偏移资料难以准确刻画下干柴沟组盐间断裂系统。基于多方位网格层析速度优化后的叠前深度偏移资料能够对下干柴沟组盐间复杂断裂进行准确识别,结合分方位倾角扫描属性分析,厘清断裂体系的平面展布特征,为英中地区有利区带划分和优选提供了依据。结果表明:①基于多方位网格层析速度优化后的叠前深度偏移资料较好地解决了英中地区下干柴沟组地层产状成像不准、断裂成像不清的问题,通过对新处理地震资料重新解释,发现在XI号断裂和IV号断裂相交形成的“夹角区”内,下干柴沟组盐间地层存在多个小型滑脱断层,与盐下地层发育的叠瓦冲断断裂分属不同断裂体系;②基于新的叠前深度偏移资料提取分方位倾角扫描属性,揭示盐间小型滑脱断层在平面上呈反“S”形展布,与北北东向的区域挤压构造应力背景吻合,发育时期为上新世晚期—第四纪强烈挤压定型阶段;③下干柴沟组盐间断裂对局部构造控制作用明显,目前在“夹角区”内识别了六个有利圈闭,部分井已获得高产,是下一步勘探的重点有利区带。

SOTEM技术在豫西地区银多金属矿深部找矿中的应用

在豫西地区银多金属矿深部找矿工作中,采用电性源短偏移距瞬变电磁法(SOTEM),结合地质构造和物性特征,对豫西地区的银多金属矿进行了深部探测。通过对龙门店矿区和申家窑矿区的工程实例分析,结果表明SOTEM技术能够有效探测高阻和低阻地质体,尤其是在山区大探测深度的需求下,相较于传统的AMT技术,SOTEM技术施工更简单、勘探深度更大。在龙门店矿区,SOTEM技术成功揭示了与银铅矿体相关的高阻异常体;在申家窑矿区,SOTEM技术与AMT技术相互验证,均能有效探测层间拆离破碎带,但SOTEM技术在深部探测能力上更优。

基于深度学习的列车设备螺栓脱落故障检测研究

随着深度学习技术的快速发展,利用深度学习技术对列车故障进行检测已成为智能运维领域的重要研究方向。文章介绍一种基于深度学习模型的列车设备螺栓脱落故障检测方法,它可让自动巡检装置对采集到的列车设备螺栓照片进行判别,输出异常检测结果。文章从训练数据处理、故障检测模型搭建、模型训练、模型应用等方面进行说明。

NORMAL-SLIP ALONG THE NORTHERN ALTYN TAGH FAULT, NORTH TIBET

The east\|west striking Northern Altyn Tagh Fault, about 240km long between Bashkaogong (90°E, 39°25′N) and Lapeiquan (92°15′E, 39°25′N), was previously mapped as a north\|dipping thrust, juxtaposing late Archean\|Mesoproterozoic gneisses in the hanging wall over Paleozoic volcanics, plutons, turbidite, and melange complexes in the footwall. In order to estimate the total magnitude of slip along the Cenozoic Altyn Tagh fault, we conducted geologic mapping along four traverses across the Jinyan Shan where the fault lies. Our field observations suggest that the fault is south\|dipping, with dip angles varying from <25° in the east to about 40° in the west. The eastern fault zone exhibits mylonitic fabrics, whereas the western fault zone is characterized by cataclastic deformation. Kinematic indicators in the ductily deformed mylonitic shear zone consistently show a top\|to\|the\|south sense of shear, suggesting that the Northern Altyn Tagh fault is a south\|dipping normal fault, not a north\|dipping thrust.. The ductile shear zone is typically 30～40m thick, consisting of highly sheared metasediments (pelite and marble), granites, and granitic veins.The latter are systematically cut by small\|scale, south\|dipping ductile normal faults with displacements between 10s of cm to several meters, forming spectacular asymmetric boudinages in the sheared meta\|pelite matrix.The minimum displacement along the detachment is about 20km, as measured by the north\|south width of the exposed footwall gneisses. We renamed the Northern Altyn Tagh Fault in the Jinyan Shan region as the Lapeiquan detachment fault to avoid confusion with other east\|west trending Cenozoic faults to the west along the northern edge of the Altyn Tagh range (e.g., the Cenozoic Jianglisai fault near Qiemo), collectively known as the Northern Altyn Tagh fault system (see Cowgill et al., Geology,in press). The lower age bound of the Lapeiquan fault is Ordovician, as the fault cuts Ordovician volcanics and plutons in its hanging wall. As the Ordovician volcanic rocks are folded together with Carboniferous marbles and Jurassic sedimentary strata, it is likely that normal faulting along the Lapeiquan detachment postdates the Jurassic. The Lapeiquan detachment fault is covered by Quaternary sediments of the Tarim basin in the west, and is apparently truncated by the Cenozoic left\|slip Altyn Tagh fault to the east as indicated by regional geologic maps. If true, this relationship implies that the Lapeiquan fault predates the Cenozoic Altyn Tagh fault. The apparent truncational relationship between the Lapeiquan fault and the Altyn Tagh fault posses an important question: where is the counterpart of the Lapeiquan fault south of the Altyn Tagh fault? Preliminary mapping in the Yema Nan Shan south of the Altyn Tagh fault reveals a fragment of a low\|angle mylonitic shear zone, which is interpreted as a detachment fault because it puts lower\|grade meta\|pelite over higher\|grade mylonitic quartzite. The correlation of detachment faults in the Yema Nan Shan and the Lapeiquan area would imply an amount of about 280～300km left slip along the Altyn Tagh fault. Alternatively, movement along the Lapeiquan detachment fault could have been synchronous with the development of the Cenozoic Altyn Tagh fault. This interpretation requires no counterpart of the Lapeiquan fault south of the Altyn Tagh fault. Instead, it implies that a major topographic collapse event occurred in the Cenozoic along the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau during movement along the Altyn Tagh fault. On\|going thermochronologic analysis will provide constraints on the age of the detachment fault and a test for the two distinctive hypotheses.

The hydrochemical characteristics and its significance of geothermal water in both sides of large fault: Taking northern section of the Liaokao fault in north China as an example

Based on comparative analysis on hydrochemical characteristics of geothermal water in the north part of Liaokao fault,this research focuses on studying the indicative significance of hydrochemical characteristics for the formation of geothermal water.The result shows that:(1)There is no obvious hydraulic connection between the karst geothermal water(occurred in the east part of the Liaokao fault)and the sandstone geothermal water(occurred in the west part of Liaokao fault).(2)In a close hydrological environment,caused by tectonic activities,geothermal water remains longer time in reservoir,hence the water-rock interaction is more complete,with high degree of concentrations,whereas the renewable capacity of the water is weaker.(3)There is no high temperature mantle source fluid mixed in the geothermal water.Karst geothermal water occurred deep circulatory convection along Liaokao fault and its secondary fault,therefore there is deep crust source fluid added into the geothermal water,closer to the Liaokao fault,the greater affected by the deep crust fluid.However,sandstone geothermal water has weak deep circulatory convection.

Active Probing Based Method for Fault Diagnosis Using Bayesian Network

Fault diagnosis on large-scale and complex networks is a challenging task, as it requires efficient and accurate inference from huge data volumes. Active probing is a cost-efficient tool for fault diagnosis. However almost all existing probing-based techniques face the following problems: 1) performing inaccurately in noisy networks; 2) generating additional traffic to the network; 3) high cost computation. To address these problems, we propose an efficient probe selection algorithm for fault diagnosis based on Bayesian network. Moreover, two approaches which could significantly reduce the computational complexity of the probe selection process are provided. Finally, we implement the new proposed algorithm and a former representative probing-based algorithm (BPEA algorithm) on different settings of networks. The results show that, the new algorithm performs much faster than BPEA does without sacrificing the diagnostic quality, especially in large, noisy and multiple-fault networks.