Integrated Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine Planting and Tourist Commodities: A Case Study of Green Handmade Soap Development in Shandong Province

Combining current situations of Chinese herbal medicine planting industry in Shandong,in line with existing problems of Chinese herbal medicine planting industry,this paper analyzed development prospect of tourist commodity industry in Shandong Province,and came up with actual selection and recommendations for integrated development of Chinese herbal medicine planting and tourist commodities.

Potential efficacy and mechanism of medicinal plants on chronic kidney disease-associated vascular calcification:a review

Vascular calcification is a crucial risk factor that affects the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease patients.Modern medicine relies on calcium-phosphorus binding agents,calcium mimetics,active vitamin D,and hemodialysis to prevent and treat vascular calcification,however,their efficacy is unsatisfactory and adverse reactions often occur.Medical plant therapy can act as an integrative regulator in patients with chronic kidney disease-associated vascular calcification,which can significantly improve patients’symptoms,but its specific mechanism has not been fully elucidated yet.In this paper,we reviewed the domestic and international theoretical studies on the pathogenesis mechanism of chronic kidney disease-associated vascular calcification in recent years,summarized eight active ingredients of medicinal plants as well as four compound formulas for improving chronic kidney disease-associated vascular calcification,and explored the mechanism of action of herbal medicine,which will provide a new strategy for promoting the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification.

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants traded in herbal markets of Kahramanmaras¸

Most people in the world still use medicinal plants to treat and prevent disease.In Anatolia,studies have shown that people have used plants for centuries to treat many diseases.Herbal markets play an important role in the supply of medicinal plants and the transmission of cultural heritage.In this study,we investigated the traditional uses of medicinal plants traded in Kahramanmaras¸herbal markets.We also analyzed the threats that may arise from the use of medicinal plants and the measures that can be taken to protect these plants.For these purposes,ethnomedicinal data were collected using semistructured and open-ended questionnaires of herbalists and local people.Ethnobotanical indices(e.g.,Relative Frequency of Citation,Use Value,Relative Importance,and Informant Consensus Factor)were used to quantify the use and cultural importance of medicinal plants sold at Kahramanmaras¸herbal markets.We identified 62 taxa(11 imported)of plants that are used in traditional folk medicines.The top three plant taxa sold per year by herbalists at Kahramanmaras¸herbal markets are Licorice(Glycyrrhiza glabra;140 kg),Thyme(Thymus sp.;109 kg),and Carob(Ceratonia siliqua;106.5 kg).The plant parts and mode of utilization used most are leaves(28 reports)and infusion(36 reports),respectively.The highest ICF value was detected for endocrine system ailments(0.78),and the next highest two values were lymphatic system(0.75)and respiratory system ailments(0.72).We determined that Urtica dioica,G.glabra,Thymus sp.,Mentha x piperita have widely traditional uses,with high ethnobotanical index values and use reports.In addition,according to IUCN criteria,26 of 62 taxa identified in the research are under threat to various degrees on a global scale.

Recognition and quality mapping of traditional herbal drugs:way forward towards artificial intelligence

The use of traditional herbal drugs derived from natural sources is on the rise due to their minimal side effects and numerous health benefits.However,a major limitation is the lack of standardized knowledge for identifying and mapping the quality of these herbal medicines.This article aims to provide practical insights into the application of artificial intelligence for quality-based commercialization of raw herbal drugs.It focuses on feature extraction methods,image processing techniques,and the preparation of herbal images for compatibility with machine learning models.The article discusses commonly used image processing tools such as normalization,slicing,cropping,and augmentation to prepare images for artificial intelligence-based models.It also provides an overview of global herbal image databases and the models employed for herbal plant/drug identification.Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the potential application of various machine learning models,including artificial neural networks and convolutional neural networks.The article delves into suitable validation parameters like true positive rates,accuracy,precision,and more for the development of artificial intelligence-based identification and authentication techniques for herbal drugs.This article offers valuable insights and a conclusive platform for the further exploration of artificial intelligence in the field of herbal drugs,paving the way for smarter identification and authentication methods.

Herbal medicine in treatment of dysmenorrhea:a systematic review

Objective:Herbal medicine has been a standard treatment for primary dysmenorrhea in different cultures and countries,and multiple studies have shown its possible positive effect on pain relief.This systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess different types of herbal medicine used to treat primary dysmenorrhea and evaluate the effectiveness of these medicines.Methods:This study systematically reviewed published articles on herbal medicine treating primary dysmenorrhea for 10 years(2011-2021),using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines.In February 2022,international credible scholarly databases were searched.Also,the references of selected articles were hand searched to find relevant studies.Based on the search syntax,the search guideline was first defined for the PubMed database and was later revised according to each database’s specific framework of search method.The studies were included if they were either clinical trials or Quasi-Experimental,published in English or Persian between 2011 to 2021.Grey literature,unfinished studies,and studies without well-defined primary dysmenorrheal participants were excluded.Results:Seventy-three studies investigated the effectiveness of a total of 44 plants and plant combinations(35 single plants and 9 combinations of plants)on primary dysmenorrhea of which only one study did not report a significant positive effect.Ginger was the most investigated plant.Eight studies assessed the effects of ginger alone,and four studied the combination of ginger with other plants,all of them showed significant effects but one study.Nine studies investigated the effects of either fennel or its combination,five studies were on chamomile and three studies were related to lavender.Overall,all of them,except one,reported the positive effect of herbal medicine on primary dysmenorrhea.Conclusions:Different herbal medicine has been used to treat primary dysmenorrhea,significantly reducing pain intensity or duration or bleeding severity or duration.

Folk Medicinal Plants Used by Local Herbalists in and around Rajshahi Metropolitan City,Bangladesh

Folk medicinal plants used by local herbalists in and around Rajshahi metropolitan city were recorded.The study include 111 medicinal plants used to cure various diseases such as diarrhea,diabetes,toothache,fever,worm,snake-bite,blood disease,cough,menstrual disease,wound,itches,chicken pox,constipation,dysentery,eczema,piles,sex problems,skin diseases,headache,anemia,burning sensation,bronchitis,paralysis,jaundice,asthma,etc.Finally,this study shows that traditional medicine really contributes to the health care of the population and deserves to be accompanied.The identified medicinal plants will guide future research into natural substances for the development of improved traditional medicines.

A review of the efficacy of traditional Iranian medicine forinflammatory bowel disease

The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is not yet known,but many factors such as defects in the immune system,oxidative stress,microbial content in the gastrointestinal tract,nuclear factor(NF)-κB,nitric oxide(NO),cyclooxygenase-2(Cox-2),and leukotriene B4(LB4) are thought to play a role in its pathogenesis.In traditional Iranian medicine(TIM),several medicinal plants are thought to be effective for the treatment of IBD.In this study,information on all of these remedies were derived from all available old sources such as documents or notes and books and were added to the information derived from modern medical databases covering all in vitro,in vivo and clinical trials.For some of these plants,only one or two mechanisms of action have been found such as in Cassia fistula,Lepidium sativum,and Bunium persicum.However,for some plants various mechanisms of action are known.For example,Commiphora mukul is effective in IBD due to its immunomodulatory,antioxidant,and antibacterial properties and it decreases NF-κB,NO and Cox-2.Another herb,Plantago ovata,has immunomodulatory,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities and decreases NO and LB4.Considering the mechanisms of action of these plants,the combination of some of them may be useful because of their many mechanisms of action such as Pistacia lentiscus,Bunium persicum,Solanum nigrum,Plantago ovata,Boswellia,Solanum nigrum,Plantago ovata and Commiphora mukul.For some of the herbal products used in TIM such as oleogum resin from Commiphora myrrha,seeds of Ocimum basilicum,seeds of Linum usitatissimum,gum resin of Dracaena cinnabari,seeds of Plantago major,seeds of Lallementia royleana,and seeds of Allium porrum,there is no or not enough studies to confirm their benefits in IBD.It is suggested that an evaluation of the effects of these plants on different aspects of IBD should be performed.

An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8%of the world's population and is anticipated to cross 5.4%by the year 2025.Since long back herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore,they have become a growing part of modern,high-tech medicine.In view of the above aspects the present review provides profiles of plants(65 species) with hypoglycaemic properties,available through literature source from various database with proper categorization according to the parts used,mode of reduction in blood glucose(insulinomimetic or insulin secretagugues activity) and active phyloconsliluents having insulin mimetics activity.From the review it was suggested that,plant showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belongs to the family Leguminoseae,Lamiaceae,Liliaceae,Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae,Moraceae,Rosaceae and Araliaceae.The most active plants are Allium sativum. Gymnema sylvestre,Citrullus colocynthis,Trigonella foenum greacum,Momordica charantia and Ficuts bengalensis.The review describes some new bioactive drugs and isolated compounds from plants such as roseoside,epigallocatechin gallate,beta-pyrazol-1-ylalanine,cinchonain Ib,leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside,leucopelargonidin-3- O-alpha-L rhamuoside,glycyrrhetinic acid,dehydrotrametenolic acid,strictinin,isostrictinin,pedunculagin, epicatechin and christinin-A showing significant insulinomimetic and antidiabetic activity with more efficacy than conventional hypoglycaemic agents.Thus,from the review majorly,the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols,flavonoida, terpenoids,coumarins and other constituents which show reduction in blood glucose levels.The review also discusses the management aspect of diabetes mellitus using these plants and their active principles.

Some medicinal plants with antiasthmatic potential:a current status

Asthma is a common disease that is rising in prevalence worldwide with the highest prevalence in industrialized countries.Asthma affect about 300 million people worldwide and it has been estimated that a further 100 million will be affected by 2023.Since the ancient times,plants have been exemplary sources of medicine.Current asthma therapy lack satisfactory success due to adverse effect,hence patients are seeking complementary and alternative medicine to treat their asthma.Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in various human ailments.India has about 43 000 plant species and among them several thousand are claimed to possess medicinal properties.Researches conducted in the last few decades on the plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for asthma have shown antiasthmatic,antihistaminic and antiallergic activity.This review reveals that some plants and their extract have antiasthmatic,antihistaminic,anticholinergic and antiallergic activity.

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Medicinal Plants Collected from Environmentally Different Sites

Objective To estimate the heavy metal content in soil and selected medicinal plants procured from environmentally different sites of the same city. Methods Soil and plant samples of Abutilon indicum, Calotropis procera, Euphorbia hirta, Peristrophe bycaliculata, and Tinospora cordifolia were collected from 3 environmentally different sites of the city： heavy traffic area （HTA）, industrial area （IA）, and residential area （RA）. Pb by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and compared Cd, Cr, and Ni were estimated in soil and plant samples Results The level of heavy metal was higher in soil than in plant parts studied. Accumulation of heavy metals varied from plant to plant. Pb was the highest in Calotropis procera root from HTA site and the lowest in Peristrophe bycaliculata whole plant from IA site. It was also lower in residential area than in heavy traffic area. Conclusion The level of heavy metal content differed in the same medicinal plant collected from environmentally different sites of the same city. Thus, it reiterates our belief that every medicinal plant sample should be tested for contaminant load before processing it further for medication.

Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Southwestern High-altitude Mountainous Areas of China——A Case Study of Industrial Poverty Alleviation of Xueshan Township in Luquan County of Yunnan Province through Planting Codonopsis pilosula

Due to the severe restrictions of natural conditions and ecological environment,high-altitude mountainous areas usually become the " hard bones" in the battle against poverty. Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province,located in the alpine valley of Jinsha River,is a major township with wide and deep poverty,and the incidence of poverty is up to 45. 00%. In recent years,Xueshan Township has insisted on the battle against poverty,made effort to develop the Codonopsis pilosula industry,and successfully developed a road to poverty alleviation through C. pilosula industry,and formed a unique industrial poverty alleviation model by the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty dropped to 0. 74%. Based on field survey and interview,this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific practices,main results,practical experience and promotion and application measures of the poverty alleviation model of C. pilosula planting industry in Xueshan Township,in the hope of providing certain reference for the targeted poverty alleviation in similar areas in Yunnan Province and other provinces of China.

Traditional medicines and their in-vitro proof against Staphylococcus aureus in Pakistan

Objective:To gather the fragmented literature on ethnobotany,phytochemistry and in-vitro activities of medicinal plants of Pakistan being used against common infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Methods:A large number of published and unpublished research studies related to the ethnomedicinal,phytochemical and anti-S.aureus activity of medicinal flora of Pakistan published from 1990-2018 were reviewed using online bibliographic databases such as PubMed,Web of Science,Science Direct,ResearchGate and libraries.Results:S.aureus can cause many human ailments including endocarditis,staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome,septic arthritis,respiratory problems with an estimated infection rate of 25%-35%across the globe.This review comprised of 86 medicinal plants.Data showed that people mostly used leaves(50%)for the preparation of traditional medicines.Correlation analysis on the reviewed data revealed that methanolic extract concentrations of medicinal plants was highly significantly positive correlated(r=0.8;P<0.01)with the S.aureus zone of inhibitions.S.aureus reportedly showed complete resistant to the commonly used antibiotic erythromycin.Isolated compounds like altheahexacosanyl lactone,cinnamaldehyde,niloticane,gobicusin A,asparacosin A,muzanzagenin,isoagatharesinol,friedelin,inophynone and eugenol were active against S.aureus.This study provided in-vitro proof for the flora of Pakistan used against different infections caused by S.aureus.Conclusions:Antibacterial agents from natural sources could be more effective against bacterial pathogens and will be helpful in minimizing the adverse effects of synthetic drugs,and hence provides a base for the pharmaceutical industries.

Plant diversity in herbal tea and its traditional knowledge in Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province, China

Herbal teas composed of locally occurring plant species have long been used as the primary form of health care in Qingtian County,Zhejiang Province,China.However,large-scale emigration overseas and an aging population threaten the conservation of traditional knowledge of these herbal teas.Traditional knowledge about the plants used for these herbal teas is not well documented in Qingtian,despite their widespread use.The aim of this study was to assess the plant-cultural diversity of plants used as herbal teas,and to point out the prospective value of herbal teas used by Qingtian people.This study was conducted using semi-structured interviews,as well as field and market surveys.Forty-three local informants were interviewed.We recorded plant resources,plant parts used,local names,and medicinal uses.Quantitative ethnobotanical indices,including cognitive salience(CS),frequency of citation(FC),index of informant consensus(Fic)and use value(UV),were calculated to analyze the level of representativeness and relative importance of plants used in herbal teas.One hundred and twenty-nine species belonging to 75 families and 113 genera were reported to be used in herbal tea,with Compositae being the richest family.Whole plants are most commonly used to make herbal teas(66.7%).In this study,informants reported that 92.2%of plant species used in herbal teas are wild.The most utilized herbal preparation form is dry/fresh.Informants reported that herbal teas are used to treat 31 ailments.Our results show that the highest representativeness,based on CS and FC,was recorded for species Actinidia eriantha.Based on UV,the top five most used species are Goodyera schlechtendaliana,Plantago asiatica,Prunella vulgaris,Lophatherum gracile and Leonurus japonicus.The highest Fic was cited for dental medicine.This study helps document the status of current herbal teas in Qingtian.The use value and traditional knowledge of herbal teas have provided basic data for further research focused on bioactivity studies and sustainable utilization of the most important species.

Medicinal Plant Use in Ghana: Advancement and Challenges

In Ghana, the use of medicinal plants is a known and an acceptable practice common to all the regions and ethnic groups, with about 60% to 70% of Ghanaians depending on traditional medicine for their healthcare needs. Even though medicinal plants are all over the country and are of great benefits to a lot of Ghanaians, there is little or no proper documentation on medicinal plants use in Ghana;how it all started and where it is today, as well as what is being done to promote its use and some challenges being faced with its use as a country. This paper therefore sought to assess and compile generally, Medicinal plants use in Ghana;focusing on the use of some plant medicine, development and advancement in the herbal medicine practice, as well as associated challenges. Available literature and information on medicinal plants use in Ghana were compiled by searching through electronic database such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science direct, SciFinder and other relevant websites, as well as books and reports. A brief history, measures taken to develop and advance plant medicine use and some specific challenges facing plant medicine practice and use in the county have been discussed in detail in this write-up. This compilation is believed to bring to book the value of some medicinal plants in Ghana and the efforts being made to promote herbal drugs to complement orthodox medication.

An Overview of the Use of Medicinal Plants in Regenerative Dentistry

Aim: The oral cavity has the particularity to host multiple hard and soft tissues, in this paper, we will discuss the current therapies that lead to cell differentiation by regenerative therapies and the future alternatives proposed by medicinal plants and all the regenerative potential of these different tissues. Material and Methods: A detailed review of the literature through the various search engines: Scopus, PubMed, google scholar, Cochrane, etc., uses the selected keywords to explore the effect of the regenerative potential of several medicinal plants. Results: Through our research, we have proceeded to sort different medicinal plants, according to their repairing and regenerative potential on the different tissues of the oral cavity. Conclusion: Future studies are conceivable to explore the opportunities and potential provided by medicinal plants in the field of regenerative dentistry.

Insite into Herbal Medicinal Practices among the Students of Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morroco: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: This study sought to investigate the prevalence and determine factors for predicting the use of herbal medicine, among Sultan Moulay Slimane University students. Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study from March 1st, 2017 to April 13th, 2017. Four hundred seventy-six university students were interviewed using a questionnaire including a socio-demographic scale and herbal self-therapy knowledge and behaviors. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft 2016). Results: The frequency of herbal self-therapy among Sultan Moulay Slimane University students has reached 65%. 26.07% of the participants reported that the first reason for using herbal self-therapy was a lack of money. Meanwhile, the most common conditions that prompted them to use these plants on their own were cough and cold (36.48%), and abdominal pain due to heartburn or peptic ulcer (24.41%). The most frequent self-administered plants were Thymus vulgaris (43.7%). Family, seniors, or classmates were a source of information for herbal self-therapy. Conclusion: The region of Beni Mellal, Morocco has important floristic biodiversity of medicinal plants that are used in traditional medicine practice. The present paper represents significant ethnobotanical information on medical plants, which provides baseline data for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies. Therefore, there is a need to establish effective herbal medicine policies and health education programs to discuss the benefits and risks of herbal medicine use with the aim of maximizing patient-desired therapeutic outcomes.

Constituents of the anti-asthma herbal formula ASHMI^(TM) synergistically inhibit IL-4 and IL-5 secretion by murine Th2 memory cells,and eotaxin by human lung fibroblasts in vitro

OBJECTIVE： Anti-asthma herbal medicine intervention （ASHMITM）, a combination of three tradi- tional Chinese medicinal herbs developed in our laboratory, has demonstrated efficacy in both mouse models of allergic asthma, and a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with asthma. This study was designed to determine if the anti-inflammatory effects of individual herbal constituents of ASHMITM exhibited synergy. METHODS： Effects of ASHMI and its components aqueous extracts of Lingzhi （Ganoderma lucidum）, Kushen （Sophora flavescens） and Gancao （Glycyrrhiza uralensis）, on Th2 cytokine secretion by murine memory Th2 cells （D10.G4.1） and eotaxin-1 secretion by human lung fibroblast （HLF-1） cells were determined by measuring levels in culture supernatants by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay. Potential synergistic effects were determined by computing interaction indices from concentration-effect curve parameters. RESULTS： Individual Lingzhi, Kushen and Gancao extracts and ASHMI （the combination of individual extracts） inhibited production of interleukin （IL）-4 and IL-5 by murine memory Th2 cells and eotaxin-1 production by HLF-1 cells. The mean 25%-inhibitory-concentration （IC2s） values （mg/mL） forASHMI, Lingzhi, Kushen and Gancao for IL-4 production were 30.9, 79.4, 123, and 64.6, respectively; for IL-5 production were 30.2, 263, 123.2 and 100, respectively; for eotaxin-1 were 13.2, 16.2, 30.2, and 25.1, respectively. The IC50values （mg/mL） for ASHMI, Lingzhi, Kushen and Gancao for IL-4 production were 158.5, 239.9, 446.7, and 281.8, respectively; for eotaxin-1 were 38.1, 33.1, 100, and 158.5, respectively. The interaction indices of ASHMI constituents at IC25 were 0.35 for IL-4, 0.21 for IL-5 and 0.59 for eotaxin-l. The interaction indices at IC^0 values were 0.50 for IL-4 and 0.62 for eotaxin-1 inhibition. Inhibition of IL-5 did not reach IC^0 values. All interaction indices were below 1 which indicated synergy. CONCLUSION： By comparing the interaction index values, we find that constituents in ASHMITM synergistically inhibited eotaxin-1 production as well as Th2 cytokine production.

Review Article: Herbal Approach for Obesity Management

Obesity, a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Usage of herbs for the management of obesity in the recent times is attracting attention. A web and manual based literature survey was conducted to assess the amount of information available on the herbal products for weight management. Traditional literature, PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar databases were screened up to February 2012. The search words were “obesity', 'herbal medicine/products/extracts”, 'medicinal plants', 'traditional medicine', 'Ayurvedic medicine' without narrowing/limiting searching words or elements. Publications only with abstracts/full articles and books were reviewed in the search. Based on the available literature, for many of the herbal and weight loss products, there is little published information and there have been no clinical trials or the level of evidence is limited. Our literature survey also indicated that these herbal products fall under an acceptable level of evidence or with no scientific background at all, or they have a scientific rational but not to an acceptance level. Attempts were made in the review to define the features of possible herbal weight loss product. An ideal herbal anti obesity product should reduce the weight by 10% over placebo of treatment by showing an evidence of improvement of bio markers like blood pressure, lipids and glycemia without any side effects.

Seed Germination and Production of Erythrina mulungu and Erythrina velutina Plantlets

Species of the genus Erythrina are frequently used as ornamental plants and in projects to restore degraded areas. Also, extracts from its shoots and stems are popularly used as a herbal medicine with validated activity on the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to evaluate E. mulungu and E. velutina seed germination and seedling development potential aiming commercial scale production of those species. Seeds stored for one or twelve months at 10°C ± 2°C were sown in sand, soil or Plantmax? substrates and evaluated for germination and seedling development. Subsequently, seedlings sprouted in Plantmax? were transferred to polyethylene bags and kept in greenhouse, under direct sunlight for plant development (plant height, stem diameter and root length pivoting) evaluations. Four-month-old plantlets were transplanted to the field and after a period of one year the collar diameter and shoot height (of each plant were measured. Seed germination rates of both species grown in soil and in Plantmax? were significantly high (over 80%). Storing seeds for 1 month did not inhibit germination. However, seeds stored for twelve months had germination reduced by more than a quarter. The development of plants in greenhouse and in the field was satisfactory, indicating the viability of producing E. mulungu and E. velutina on a commercial scale, in order to meet the expanding market demand for herbal medicines.

中药材机械化种植装备现状及发展趋势

中药材是我国特色产业之一,种植面积、产量都居世界首位,机械化种植是中药材机械化生产中的关键环节。当前,国内中药材机械化种植率低,现有机械化种植装备存在造价高、通用性低、种植损耗高等问题。基于中药材的农业种植现状,综述了当前国内外机械化种植的主要模式以及当前中药材机械化种植的研究进展,指出中药材机械化种植存在的问题,对其机械化种植的发展趋势进行展望。以期为中药材种植机械的研究提供参考,促进中药材种植机械化水平的提高。