Study on the Production Benefit of Large-scale Tobacco Growers

The tobacco growers with the growing area of greater than or equal to 100 mu,have become an important subject of tobacco production in Weng'an County of Guizhou Province. Regulating and developing the production and business activities of large-scale tobacco growers, plays an important role in stabilizing tobacco production,reducing costs and increasing efficiency in Weng'an County. Through the field survey of large-scale growers' production activities,this article analyzes the input and output levels,and explores the key factors influencing benefit, in order to provide a basis for further regulating the tobacco growing practices and improving the flue-cured tobacco production benefit.

Series Design of Large-Scale NC Machine Tool

Product system design is a mature concept in western developed countries. It has been applied in war industry during the last century. However,up until now,functional combination is still the main method for product system de-sign in China. Therefore,in terms of a concept of product generation and product interaction we are in a weak position compared with the requirements of global markets. Today,the idea of serial product design has attracted much attention in the design field and the definition of product generation as well as its parameters has already become the standard in serial product designs. Although the design of a large-scale NC machine tool is complicated,it can be further optimized by the precise exercise of object design by placing the concept of platform establishment firmly into serial product de-sign. The essence of a serial product design has been demonstrated by the design process of a large-scale NC machine tool.

As Could We Assure Safety in Large-Scale Manufacturing of Nanoparticles for the Biomedical Use

Nanoparticles provide great advantages but also great risks. Risks associating with nanoparticles are the problem of all technologies, but they increase in many times in nanotechnologies. Adequate methods of outgoing production inspection are necessary to solve the problem of risks, and the inspection must be based on the safety standard. Existing safety standard results from a principle of “maximum permissible concentrations or MPC”. This principle is not applicable to nanoparticles, but a safety standard reflecting risks inherent in nanoparticles doesn’t exist. Essence of the risks is illustrated by the example from pharmacology, since its safety assurance is conceptually based on MPC and it has already come against this problem. Possible formula of safety standard for nanoparticles is reflected in many publications, but conventional inspection methods cannot provide its realization, and this gap is an obstacle to assumption of similar formulas. Therefore the development of nanoparticle industry as a whole (also development of the pharmacology in particular) is impossible without the creation of an adequate inspection method. There are suggested new inspection methods founded on the new physical principle and satisfying to the adequate safety standard for nanoparticles. These methods demonstrate that creation of the adequate safety standard and the outgoing production inspection in a large-scale manufacturing of nanoparticles are the solvable problems. However there is a great distance between the physical principle and its hardware realization, and a transition from the principle to the hardware demands great intellectual and material costs. Therefore it is desirable to call attention of the public at large to the necessity of urgent expansions of investigations associated with outgoing inspections in nanoparticles technologies. It is necessary also to attract attention, first, of representatives of state structures controlling approvals of the adequate safety standard to this problem, since it is impossible to compel producers providing the safety without the similar standard, and, second, of leaders of pharmacological industry, since their industry already entered into the nanotechnology era, and they have taken an interest in a forthcoming development of inspection methods.

Mercury flows in large-scale gold production and implications for Hg pollution control

Large-scale gold production（LSGP） is one of the five convention-related atmospheric mercury（Hg） emission sources in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. However, field experiments on Hg flows of the whole process of LSGP are limited. To identify the atmospheric Hg emission points and understand Hg emission characteristics of LSGP, Hg flows in two gold smelters were studied. Overall atmospheric Hg emissions accounted for 10%–17% of total Hg outputs and the Hg emission factors for all processes were 7.6–9.6 kg/ton. There were three dominant atmospheric Hg emission points in the studied gold smelters, including the exhaust gas of the roasting process, exhaust gas from the environmental fog collection stack and exhaust gas from the converter of the refining process. Atmospheric Hg emissions from the roasting process only accounted for 16%–29% of total emissions and the rest were emitted from the refining process. The overall Hg speciation profile（gaseous elemental Hg/gaseous oxidized Hg/particulate-bound Hg） for LSGP was 34.1/57.1/8.8. The dominant Hg output byproducts included waste acid, sulfuric acid and cyanide leaching residue. Total Hg outputs from these three byproducts were 80% in smelter A and 84% in smelter B. Our study indicated that previous atmospheric Hg emissions from large-scale gold production might have been overestimated.Hg emission control in LSGP is not especially urgent in China compared to other significant emission sources（e.g., cement plants）. Instead, LSGP is a potential Hg release source due to the high Hg output proportions to acid and sludge.

Vortex‑Inspired Hydrodynamic Drafting Spinning Platform for Large‑Scale Preparation of Hydrogel Fibers

Hydrogel fibers have gained considerable attention,but their large-scale production and industrial application are currently constrained.The key lies in precise diameter control and industrial manufacturing with a straightforward,energy-saving,and efficient strategy.Herein,we introduce a hydrodynamic drafting spinning platform inspired by water vortices.It employs the rotation of a nonsolvent to generate vortices and further facilitate the efficient drafting of hydrogel fibers.Through sup-porting equipment,we have achieved impressive results,including scalable production capabilities(1 h,single channel output of 2×10^(3) m of fibers)and extensive adaptability.Subsequently,by simply regulating the velocity difference between fiber extrusion and fluid vortex,hydrogel fibers can be drafted to any diameter from about 1 mm to 5×10^(-2) mm(for chi-tosan system).Notably,this platform endows hydrogel fibers to carry functional hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs.Equally significant,these delicate hydrogel fibers seamlessly integrate with subsequent manufacturing technologies.This allows the production of various end products,such as fiber bundles,yarns,fabrics,and nonwovens.Furthermore,the immense potential in biomedical applications has been demonstrated after obtaining hydrogel fiber-based nonwoven as wound dress-ings.In summary,the hydrodynamic drafting spinning platform offers an effective solution for the large-scale production of diameter-controllable,multifunctional hydrogel fibers.

Geothermal extraction performance in fractured granite from Gonghe Basin,Qinghai province,China:Long-term injection and production experiment

The efficient exploitation of geothermal energy through enhanced geothermal systems(EGS)has been a relevant topic for hot dry rock(HDR)geothermal resources.When cryogenic fluid is injected into a thermal reservoir,improving heat exchange efficiency is key to achieving the optimal exploitation of HDR.In this paper,granite outcrops from Gonghe Basin were used as the testing sample.The natural fractures in the granite samples were relatively well developed.To simulate long-term injection and production from multi-wells in situ,physical ex-periments were performed in a newly-developed,in-house large-scale true triaxial experimental system.Geothermal extraction performance of an HDR was simulated for long-term injection and production operations.Simultaneously,the mode of one-injection and multiple-production wells was represented.In the paper,the ef-fects of the production-injection well spacing,the number of production wells and the injection rate on the production temperature and flow rate are discussed.The results show that,during long-term injection and pro-duction,there are two stages of production temperature variation,namely stabilization and attenuation.When the number of the production wells is increased,the heat extraction efficiency is accelerated.Moreover,competitive diversion of fluid among fractures occurred due to different conductivities.Furthermore,under different pro-duction modes,the production flow rate contributed differently to the heat extraction.Finally,the effect of the production-injection wells spacing on the heat exchange performance was analyzed;this is mainly reflected in the change of the effective heat exchange area between the rock and the injected fluid.The results emphasize the importance of designing an appropriate production mode and optimizing the injection-production parameters to ensure efficient HDR exploitation.

风电重载齿轮坯组件制造工艺的优化设计路径研究

随着我国风电机组功率的不断提升和布局环境的日益复杂化,人们对重载齿轮坯组件的性能与质量提出了更严格的要求。通过对齿轮坯生产的原料准备、产品制造和成品检测3个阶段的精细化设计和实施,可显著降低齿轮坯中的有害元素含量,使得产品强度、寿命、纯净度等指标均优于标准要求,从而为风电重载齿轮坯组件的国产化提供技术支撑。

关于铝锭铸模生产线激光清理、喷涂、烘烤功能的研究与实用技术

从铝锭铸模生产线和智能生产线几个方面介绍了黄河鑫业有限公司铸造车间装备的发展现状,指出了铝锭铸模生产线自动激光清理、喷涂及烘烤加热三种模式的各自特点,并指明了生产线的发展方向和应用前景。

Comprehensive impact of as-cast microstructure and ordered structures on formability of large-scale Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy ingots

Large-scale Fe-6.5 wt.%Si ingot with excellent formability is required for a pilot line producing sheets through hot/cold rolling.The variation of the as-cast microstructure,ordered structures and the formability of the Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy ingots with the cooling rate during casting was investigated.Under air-cooling condition,inhomogeneous microstructures with a low proportion of equiaxed grains were formed,but the formation of ordered structures was partially inhibited,especially DO3.Homogeneous microstructures with a high proportion of equiaxed grains were observed under the condition of furnace cooling,but the ordered structures were fully generated,and the degree of order is high.It is generally believed that high degree of order is the main factor of brittleness,but the homogeneous microstructure(including grain morphology and size)of the furnace-cooled sample helps to improve the formability.The influence of these two aspects on formability is contradictory.Therefore,the formability is tested through the flow stress during the compression and the microstructure after the compression.The results show that the furnace-cooled sample has better formability.For large-scale ingots,the control of as-cast microstructure becomes more significant than the control of degree of order.Slow cooling during casting is important for the large-scale ingots to have good formability meeting the requirements of direct hot rolling.

降低热镀锌产品锌锭超标耗率的研究

通过对热镀锌产品锌锭超标耗率影响因素研究,着重从锌层厚度控制、锌渣产生控制和工序成材率控制等3个方面进行分析研究,制定有效的应对措施,最终总结形成降低热镀锌产品锌锭超标耗率的控制方法。

2003年中国钛工业发展报告

全面综述了2003年中国钛工业发展现状,从产业结构、市场竞争力以及经济环境等方面分析了钛工业经济运行状况,指出了当前钛工业发展的几个突出问题并重点介绍了2家钛企业。

基于生产物流的LBMA1000盎司标准银锭自动化铸造线的研制

为了提高伦敦金银市场协会(LBMA)1 000盎司标准银锭的生产效率,从生产物流的角度分析了1 000盎司标准银锭的生产工艺,删除了生产物流中的多余动作,优化了物流过程,设计了一套银锭自动化铸造线。研制了铸造线的关键设备:银锭铸造车,它把烘模、7块银锭逐一浇注成型、反馈浇注质量信号、补温缓冷、脱模等物流动作集中在一台单体设备上。通过试生产表明,铸造线能够缩短银锭制造时间36.5%、搬运时间94%、搬运距离91.6%,减少操作人员40%,提高成品率5.33%,生产出符合LBMA要求的1 000盎司标准银锭。

6万t/a热镀锌合金大型铸锭生产线开发

介绍了热镀锌合金大型铸锭生产的国内外情况、工艺流程布局、主要设备、生产控制,给出了项目的优势。

42CrMo4钢39t锭真空浇铸和凝固过程数值模拟和生产实践

用Anycasting铸造软件对42CrMo4钢（/%：0.38~0.45C,0.90~1.20Cr~,0.025Mo）39 t锭真空浇铸和凝固过程进行计算机模拟,确定浇铸钢水温度1527℃,过热度40℃C时39 t钢锭充型时间18.78 min,其中锭身10min,帽口8.78 min,预判缩孔仅出现在帽口中心处。现场生产实践表明,铸锭锻造后的模块经Ⅱ级超声波探伤合格,成材率从工艺改进前的65%提高至71.35%。

XZJ-10新型全自动锌及锌合金锭连续铸造机组的研制

针对目前我国电解锌工业发展现状和锌及锌合金锭连续铸造机组的技术水平,介绍了一种新型、性价比高,接近国际先进水平的XZJ-10型全自动锌及锌合金锭连续铸造机组,并就该机组的总体方案设计,关键技术及工作特点进行了分析讨论。这种机组同样也适用于铅等其他有色金属的铸造工作,实现了一机多用。

多晶硅铸锭炉加热室的设计

加热室是多晶硅铸锭炉的关键部件之一。多晶硅锭的生长工艺过程都要通过加热室的调整来实现。着重介绍了多晶硅铸锭炉加热室的结构设计。

渤海湾:铝铸锭热轧概况

中国渤海湾(山东省、河北省、辽宁省、北京市、天津市、吉林省辽源市、内蒙古通辽市的霍林郭勒)是世界铝工业最完整、最密集与最大的地区,也是世界最先进装备聚集之一,因为都是近些年建设的,集当今先进技术之大成。本地区铝铸锭热轧板带材生产能力6880 kt/a,约占全国总产能的35%。本地区已成为全球高精板带材“一站式供应基地”。天津忠旺铝业有限公司、南山集团轻合金有限公司、魏桥铝电有限公司是三大世界级铝铸锭热轧企业。

浅谈铸造车间铝锭在线计量系统的设计

本文主要通过对电解铝行业的铸造车间工艺流程和生产设备的分析,在成品输送机第四垛位下方增加带有升降结构的称重平台,实现铝锭在线自动计量。通过该系统,可以提高车间工人的操作效率,避免重复劳动,提高铸造车间的生产效率,具有很大的经济效益。

SGE15 kg标准银锭生产物流的系统优化

15 kg标准银锭是上海黄金交易所(SGE)实物交割的主要品种之一,通过分析银锭的生产工艺,构建了生产物流结构图并进行了系统优化:银锭凝固后,以工业机器人为物理核心,将后续的生产工艺串联起来,形成生产物流闭环。实践表明:每次浇铸10块银锭,制造时间缩短36.26%,搬运时间缩短76.12%,搬运距离缩短88.37%,操作人员减少60%,产量提高了33.33%。

钢锭、坯、材的热循环新工艺

总结了冶金厂钢锭，钢坯，钢材的去应力退火，去氢退火，球化退火，正火等热处理新工艺及环形炉，均热炉，步进式炉的钢锭和钢坯加热新工艺。