Among all the renewable energy sources,the installed capacity of solar power generation is the fastest growing in recent years,so photovoltaic(PV)power generation still has great market potential.Compared with low-pow...Among all the renewable energy sources,the installed capacity of solar power generation is the fastest growing in recent years,so photovoltaic(PV)power generation still has great market potential.Compared with low-power systems,large-scale PV systems are more commercially attractive,because they can reduce the cost of the system per watt.The PV inverters with centralized and string structure have been applied in large-scale PV plant,but it is difficult to further increase the voltage and power levels for a single converter.In addition,the line-frequency isolation transformer requires a large amount of materials and has a large volume and weight.Therefore,it is a current trend for large-scale PV system to increase the voltage and power levels to directly connect to the medium-voltage power grid.Based on this,this paper investigates and compares several topologies of PV inverters without line-frequency transformer,including the MMC structure and the three-phase cascaded H-bridge(CHB)structure,which are able to directly connect to the 35kV medium-voltage power grid,and can not only make the voltage and power levels higher,but also further reduce the cost and volume of the whole system.展开更多
In winter, the safe operation and the water transfer efficiency of an inverted siphon are big concerns for water diversion projects in a high latitude area. This paper takes the Tanghe inverted siphon of the Middle Ro...In winter, the safe operation and the water transfer efficiency of an inverted siphon are big concerns for water diversion projects in a high latitude area. This paper takes the Tanghe inverted siphon of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China as an example, and carries out experimental studies under the real ice condition with different water levels, flow discharges and submerged depths. The ice accumulation process and the ice jam thickness distribution before the inverted siphon are tested and measured. The characteristics of the ice jam distribution and the relationship between ti /H （ratio of ice jam thickness tt to total water level H ） and Fr, （Froude number under ice jam） are analyzed. An equation for the ice jam thickness calculation before the inverted siphon is put forward. Analysis results might help the thickness prediction and the ice jam prevention of similar water diversion projects during ice period.展开更多
Sixteen inverted siphons are in operation at the Beijing-Shijiazhuang section in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Their safe operation is closely related to the safety and the water dive...Sixteen inverted siphons are in operation at the Beijing-Shijiazhuang section in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Their safe operation is closely related to the safety and the water diversion efficiency of the whole project during an ice period. The ice accumulation process at the inlet of the inverted siphon is modeled under a real ice condition, and then the hydraulic conditions of the ice jam prevention are confirmed. According to the experimental results and the design sizes of the inverted siphons, the detailed safe water diversion discharge and the operational water level are studied. Analysis results of these inverted siphons provide references for the safe operation and the reasonable regulations during the ice period.展开更多
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51937003).
文摘Among all the renewable energy sources,the installed capacity of solar power generation is the fastest growing in recent years,so photovoltaic(PV)power generation still has great market potential.Compared with low-power systems,large-scale PV systems are more commercially attractive,because they can reduce the cost of the system per watt.The PV inverters with centralized and string structure have been applied in large-scale PV plant,but it is difficult to further increase the voltage and power levels for a single converter.In addition,the line-frequency isolation transformer requires a large amount of materials and has a large volume and weight.Therefore,it is a current trend for large-scale PV system to increase the voltage and power levels to directly connect to the medium-voltage power grid.Based on this,this paper investigates and compares several topologies of PV inverters without line-frequency transformer,including the MMC structure and the three-phase cascaded H-bridge(CHB)structure,which are able to directly connect to the 35kV medium-voltage power grid,and can not only make the voltage and power levels higher,but also further reduce the cost and volume of the whole system.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant No.51679263)the Special Scientific Research Fund of Public Welfare Profession of China(Grant No.201501025)the Research Fund of State Key Labora-tory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin(Grant No.2015TS04)
文摘In winter, the safe operation and the water transfer efficiency of an inverted siphon are big concerns for water diversion projects in a high latitude area. This paper takes the Tanghe inverted siphon of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China as an example, and carries out experimental studies under the real ice condition with different water levels, flow discharges and submerged depths. The ice accumulation process and the ice jam thickness distribution before the inverted siphon are tested and measured. The characteristics of the ice jam distribution and the relationship between ti /H （ratio of ice jam thickness tt to total water level H ） and Fr, （Froude number under ice jam） are analyzed. An equation for the ice jam thickness calculation before the inverted siphon is put forward. Analysis results might help the thickness prediction and the ice jam prevention of similar water diversion projects during ice period.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51209233,51179209)the Special Scientific Research Fund of Public Welfare Profession of China(Grant No.1261530110135)the National Basic Research Development Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2013CB036405)
文摘Sixteen inverted siphons are in operation at the Beijing-Shijiazhuang section in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Their safe operation is closely related to the safety and the water diversion efficiency of the whole project during an ice period. The ice accumulation process at the inlet of the inverted siphon is modeled under a real ice condition, and then the hydraulic conditions of the ice jam prevention are confirmed. According to the experimental results and the design sizes of the inverted siphons, the detailed safe water diversion discharge and the operational water level are studied. Analysis results of these inverted siphons provide references for the safe operation and the reasonable regulations during the ice period.
