Simulation of large-scale numerical substructure in real-time dynamic hybrid testing

A solution scheme is proposed in this paper for an existing RTDHT system to simulate large-scale finite element （FE） numerical substructures. The analysis of the FE numerical substructure is split into response analysis and signal generation tasks, and executed in two different target computers in real-time. One target computer implements the response analysis task, wherein a large time-step is used to solve the FE substructure, and another target computer implements the signal generation task, wherein an interpolation program is used to generate control signals in a small time-step to meet the input demand of the controller. By using this strategy, the scale of the FE numerical substructure simulation may be increased significantly. The proposed scheme is initially verified by two FE numerical substructure models with 98 and 1240 degrees of freedom （DOFs）. Thereafter, RTDHTs of a single frame-foundation structure are implemented where the foundation, considered as the numerical substructure, is simulated by the FE model with 1240 DOFs. Good agreements between the results of the RTDHT and those from the FE analysis in ABAQUS are obtained.

Numerical and theoretical study of large-scale failure of strata overlying sublevel caving mines with steeply dipping discontinuities

The deformation and fracture evolution mechanisms of the strata overlying mines mined using sublevel caving were studied via numerical simulations.Moreover,an expression for the normal force acting on the side face of a steeply dipping superimposed cantilever beam in the surrounding rock was deduced based on limit equilibrium theory.The results show the following:(1)surface displacement above metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities shows significant step characteristics,and(2)the behavior of the strata as they fail exhibits superimposition characteristics.Generally,failure first occurs in certain superimposed strata slightly far from the goaf.Subsequently,with the constant downward excavation of the orebody,the superimposed strata become damaged both upwards away from and downwards toward the goaf.This process continues until the deep part of the steeply dipping superimposed strata forms a large-scale deep fracture plane that connects with the goaf.The deep fracture plane generally makes an angle of 12°-20°with the normal to the steeply dipping discontinuities.The effect of the constant outward transfer of strata movement due to the constant outward failure of the superimposed strata in the metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities causes the scope of the strata movement in these mines to be larger than expected.The strata in the metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities mainly show flexural toppling failure.However,the steeply dipping structural strata near the goaf mainly exhibit shear slipping failure,in which case the mechanical model used to describe them can be simplified by treating them as steeply dipping superimposed cantilever beams.By taking the steeply dipping superimposed cantilever beam that first experiences failure as the key stratum,the failure scope of the strata(and criteria for the stability of metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities mined using sublevel caving)can be obtained via iterative computations from the key stratum,moving downward toward and upwards away from the goaf.

Coupling of Peridynamics and Numerical Substructure Method for Modeling Structures with Local Discontinuities

Peridynamics(PD)is a widely used theory to simulate discontinuities,but its application in real-world structural problems is somewhat limited due to the relatively low-efficiency.The numerical substructure method(NSM)presented by the authors and co-workers provides an efficient approach for modeling structures with local nonlinearities,which is usually restricted in problems of continuum mechanics.In this paper,an approach is presented to couple the PD theory with the NSM for modeling structures with local discontinuities,taking advantage of the powerful capability of the PD for discontinuities simulation and high computational efficiency of the NSM.The structure is simulated using liner elastic finite element(FE)model while the local cracking regions are isolated and simulated using a PD substructure model.A force corrector calculated from the PD model is applied on the FE model to consider the effect of discontinuities.The PD is integrated in the substructure model using interface elements with embedded PD nodes.The equations of motions of both the NSM system and the PD substructure are solved using the central difference method.Three examples of two-dimensional(2D)concrete cantilever beams under the concentrated force are investigated to verify the proposed coupling approach.

Free-Interface Dual-Compatibility Modal Synthesis Substructure Method in Large-Scale Structures

Free-interface dual-compatibility modal synthesis method(compatibility of both force and displacement on interfaces)is introduced to large-scale civil engineering structure to enhance computation efficiency. The basic equations of the method are first set up, and then the mode cut-off principle and the dividing principle are proposed. MATLAB is used for simulation in different frame structures. The simulation results demonstrate the applicability of this substructure method to civil engineering structures and the correctness of the proposed mode cut-off principle. Studies are also conducted on how to divide the whole structure for better computation efficiency while maintaining better precision. It is observed that the geometry and material properties should be considered, and the synthesis results would be more precise when the inflection points of the mode shapes are taken into consideration. Furthermore, the simulation performed on a large-scale high-rise connected structure further proves the feasibility and efficiency of this modal synthesis method compared with the traditional global method. It is also concluded from the simulation results that the fewer number of DOFs in each substructure will result in better computation efficiency, but too many substructures will be time-consuming due to the tedious synthesis procedures. Moreover, the substructures with free interface will introduce errors and reduce the precision dramatically, which should be avoided.

Numerical simulation of flow separation over a backward-facing step with high Reynolds number

Large eddy simulation (LES) explicitly calculates the large-scale vortex field and parameterizes the small-scale vortices.In this study,LES and κ-ε models were developed for a specific geometrical configuration of backward-facing step (BFS).The simulation results were validated with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and direct numerical simulation (DNS).This LES simulation was carried out with a Reynolds number of 9000 in a pressurized water tunnel with an expansion ratio of 2.00.The results indicate that the LES model can reveal largescale vortex motion although with a larger grid-cell size.However,the LES model tends to overestimate the top wall separation and the Reynolds stress components for the BFS flow simulation without a sufficiently fine grid.Overall,LES is a potential tool for simulating separated flow controlled by large-scale vortices.

High temperature thermal behaviour modeling of large-scale fused silica optics for laser facility

High temperature annealing is often used for the stress control of optical materials.However,weight and viscosity at high temperature may destroy the surface morphology,especially for the large-scale,thin and heavy optics used for large laser facilities.It is necessary to understand the thermal behaviour and design proper support systems for large-scale optics at high temperature.In this work,three support systems for fused silica optics are designed and simulated with the finite element method.After the analysis of the thermal behaviours of different support systems,some advantages and disadvantages can be revealed.The results show that the support with the optical surface vertical is optimal because both pollution and deformation of optics could be well controlled during annealing at high temperature.Annealing process of the optics irradiated by CO2 laser is also simulated.It can be concluded that high temperature annealing can effectively reduce the residual stress.However,the effects of annealing on surface morphology of the optics are complex.Annealing creep is closely related to the residual stress and strain distribution.In the region with large residual stress,the creep is too large and probably increases the deformation gradient which may affect the laser beam propagation.

模块化钢结构梁柱子结构抗连续倒塌性能研究

模块化钢结构作为一种高度预制的装配式建筑,具有工业化程度高、绿色节能环保等优点。但是,由于模块化钢结构体系超静定次数较低,其在极端荷载工况下的抗连续倒塌性能应予以特别关注。模块化钢结构梁柱子结构作为主要的传力路径,具有多梁多柱等有别于传统框架梁柱子结构的特点,需对其抗连续倒塌性能开展研究工作。该文针对采用螺栓-角件连接节点的模块化钢结构梁柱子结构进行Pushdown试验及数值模拟,分析了在双柱失效、单柱失效工况下试件的破坏模式和抗连续倒塌机理。结果表明,梁柱子结构在两种工况下的受力机理不同:在双柱失效工况下,梁柱子结构抗力主要由梁机制提供,加载后期抗力提供方式体现出一定的悬链线机制,并随水平连接板厚度的增加而增强;在单柱失效工况下,子结构抗力主要由模块间水平连接抗剪能力提供,由梁机制及悬链线机制提供的抗力较小。

湿式连接装配式混凝土梁柱子结构连续倒塌的精细数值分析

为研究湿式连接预制装配式混凝土梁柱子结构的抗连续倒塌性能,采用LS-DYNA有限元软件对前期工作中的三个试件建立了精细化有限元模型。混凝土采用实体单元和CSCM材料模型模拟,钢筋采用梁单元和分段线性塑性材料模型模拟。在梁柱节点区1.5倍梁高范围内考虑钢筋和混凝土的粘结滑移,利用LS-DYNA提供的单元失效功能模拟钢筋断裂和混凝土开裂。机械套筒连接模拟时考虑钢筋尺寸缩减,锚固板模拟按等面积法在梁柱节点建模内并利用关键字*CBIS定义接触防止穿透。数值模拟所得的承载力与试验之间的误差不超过15%,各试件的受力行为和破坏模式与试验一致。

调谐多液柱阻尼器对浮式风机基础的减摇特性研究

建立调谐多液柱阻尼器(TLMCD)与浮式基础的缩尺模型,在水池内开展试验,研究规则波激励下TLMCD对浮式基础纵摇运动响应的控制效果;同时利用OpenFOAM建立数值模型并进行验证,从流场、水动力载荷、浮体运动姿态和阻尼力做功等方面,分析TLMCD与浮式基础耦合的作用机理。结果表明:TLMCD在共振激励下的减摇效果最佳,2%质量比的液体可以降低浮体在共振激励下最大纵摇响应的10.84%~18.53%,在0.9<T/T0<1.1范围内TLMCD能实现至少7.32%以上的减摇效果;共振条件下液舱晃荡产生的水动力做正功的时间占比为89.52%,液柱内液体的晃荡周期性为浮体提供反向的阻尼力矩。

基于试验子结构恢复力修正的不完整边界条件混合试验方法

相比于传统拟静力和拟动力试验,混合试验通常存在较为复杂的试验子结构边界条件。受到实验室加载条件的限制,子结构的边界条件往往难以完全实现,这将对混合试验的保真度产生很大影响,即混合试验中的不完整边界条件问题。为解决不完整边界条件问题,提出一种基于试验子结构恢复力修正的不完整边界条件混合试验方法。该方法为试验子结构建立两套数值模型,并通过两套数值模型修正试验子结构的不完整恢复力。两套数值模型的区别在于边界条件的设定:第一套数值模型具有完整的边界条件;第二套数值模型具有与试验子结构相同的边界条件,为不完整边界条件。该研究分析了边界自由度耦合程度、数值模型误差对该方法精度的影响,验证了该方法对存在模型误差的数值模型具有较好的鲁棒性;最后,采用所提方法对一座两层两跨抗弯框架结构进行了抗震性能数值分析。结果表明:与常规混合试验方法和弱耦合混合试验方法相比,该方法不仅具有解决不完整边界条件问题的能力,而且也表现出较高的仿真精度。

Numerical quadrature for singular and near-singular integrals of boundary element method and its applications in large-scale acoustic problems

The numerical quadrature methods for dealing with the problems of singular and near-singular integrals caused by Burton-Miller method are proposed, by which the conventional and fast multipole BEMs （boundary element methods） for 3D acoustic problems based on constant elements are improved. To solve the problem of singular integrals, a Hadamard finite-part integral method is presented, which is a simplified combination of the methods proposed by Kirkup and Wolf. The problem of near-singular integrals is overcome by the simple method of polar transformation and the more complex method of PART （Projection and Angular ＆ Radial Transformation）. The effectiveness of these methods for solving the singular and near-singular problems is validated through comparing with the results computed by the analytical method and/or the commercial software LMS Virtual.Lab. In addition, the influence of the near-singular integral problem on the computational precisions is analyzed by computing the errors relative to the exact solution. The computational complexities of the conventional and fast multipole BEM are analyzed and compared through numerical computations. A large-scale acoustic scattering problem, whose degree of freedoms is about 340,000, is implemented successfully. The results show that, the near singularity is primarily introduced by the hyper-singular kernel, and has great influences on the precision of the solution. The precision of fast multipole BEM is the same as conventional BEM, but the computational complexities are much lower.

粘弹性人工边界单元及地震动输入方法比较研究

本文引用一致粘弹性边界的概念,推导了与一致粘弹性边界等效的粘弹性边界单元,得到了粘弹性边界单元的刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵。通过对比粘弹性边界单元阻尼系数不同取值的计算精度,给出了阻尼系数推荐取值。在输入地震动时,采用一种基于局部人工边界的子结构输入方法,实现了和波动法相同的输入效果,并且避免了复杂的应力计算和荷载作用方向判断等问题,应用更加方便。采用自由场的算例,比较了人工边界和不同输入方式的组合在SV波垂直入射时的模拟精度。为了说明边界单元的变形对计算结果的影响,提出了使用底边界输入位移幅值u max和边界单元宽度b的比值ε=u max/b作为变形指标,调节边界单元边长尺寸。通过算例给出了ε的推荐取值。最后,选取合适的ε后建立一个圆形孔洞散射场地模型,对散射场地模型的模拟结果验证了粘弹性边界单元和子结构输入方式应用于散射场地时仍具有较高精度。

爆炸荷载多尺度分析方法在仿真计算中的应用

基于爆源子结构的爆炸荷载多尺度分析方法为复杂工况和大范围场地的爆炸数值计算提供了高效解决途径.该方法虽然理论清晰,计算效率高,但涉及大量空间节点数据的比对和读写,直接在仿真计算中应用可能会存在操作困难等问题.本文简要介绍了该方法的基本理论,研究了该方法在仿真计算中的应用技术,对单爆源和多爆源2种算例进行了对比分析.研究结果表明,爆炸荷载多尺度分析方法可较好地应用于大当量爆炸荷载作用下的大范围工程场地动力响应计算,计算效率显著优于炸药-介质-目标整体计算模型.计算得到的标准化爆炸荷载可快速加载至介质任意位置,避免重复建模和流固耦合计算,大幅提高计算效率.基于Python的自编程序可快速准确比对和读写空间节点坐标和数据信息,极大提高前处理效率.

固定式海上风力机实时混合试验加载方式研究

在传统的海上风力机模型试验中,湍流风载荷在实验室中复现困难,实验室场地的空间限制无法进行大型海上风力机模型试验,上部风力机与下部平台存在的缩尺矛盾也无法深入研究海上风力机全耦合作用机理.随着计算能力的提升、数值积分算法以及控制等关键问题研究取得突破,上述矛盾可由实时混合试验方法解决.本文以美国国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)5 MW固定式海上风力机为研究对象,按照1∶90进行缩尺,制作物理子结构模型,开发AeroDyn程序作为数值子结构,添加UDP/IP通信机制作为数据采集与传输方式,以推杆式作动器为加载装置,搭建了完整的实时混合试验系统,进行无海浪工况下的固定式海上风力机实时混合模型试验.将试验结果与FAST软件结果进行对比分析,结果吻合良好,说明了实时混合模型试验方法的可行性.研究结果为海上风力机实时混合模型试验技术的进一步发展提供了参考,为海上风力机结构设计与安全运行提供技术支撑.

Large-scale model test study on the water pressure resistance of construction joints of karst tunnel linings

Model tests and numerical calculations were adopted based on the New Yuanliangshan tunnel project to investigate the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints in high-pressure and water-rich karst tunnels.A large-scale model test was designed and conducted,innovatively transforming the external water pressure of the lining construction joint into internal water pressure.The effects of the embedded position and waterstop type on the water pressure resistance of the construction joint were analyzed,and the reliability of the model test was verified via numerical calculations.The results show that using waterstops can significantly improve the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The water pressure resistance of the lining construction joint is positively correlated with the lining thickness and embedded depth of the waterstop.In addition,the type of waterstop significantly influences the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The test results show that the water pressure resistance of the embedded transverse reinforced waterstop is similar to that of the steel plate waterstop,and both have more advantages than the rubber waterstop.The water pressure resistance of the construction joint determined via numerical calculations is similar to the model test results,indicating that the model test results have high accuracy and reliability.This study provides a reference for similar projects and has wide applications.

设备-结构-土体系振动台实时子结构试验方法探讨

该文探讨了设备-结构-土体系振动台实时子结构试验方法的可行性,将设备-结构体系作为由振动台加载控制的试验子结构,同时将自由度缩减后的土体作为由仿真软件计算的数值子结构,试验时两者之间进行数据实时交互。首先基于分支模态子结构方法推导了设备-结构-线性土体系运动方程,并对各体系运动方程进行了变换,将其应用于设备-结构-线性土体系振动台实时子结构试验。然后结合土体在强震作用下并非全部进入非线性阶段的特点,提出采用局部非线性土模型作为数值子结构参与振动台实时子结构试验的思路,并应用分支模态子结构法与线性-非线性混合约束模态子结构法推导了设备-结构-局部非线性土体系的运动方程。设计了设备-结构-土相互作用缩尺模型,进行了各地震动作用下的设备-结构-线性土体系振动台实时子结构试验。通过比较振动台实时子结构试验结果与数值计算结果,发现两者之间吻合良好,证明该试验方法是可靠有效的。

基于数值子结构方法的结构弹塑性分析

结合震害调研及数值分析可知,结构最终失效可能仅由部分关键构件破坏引起,大部分构件仍处于弹性或小变形状态。因此为提高计算效率,在结构全过程分析中一致采用非线性单元建模并非必要,同时为准确考虑关键构件的非线性响应,本文提出一种新的数值子结构建模策略。进入弹塑性状态后,针对一般钢构件或钢筋混凝土构件采用动态替换子结构方法在单元或截面层次将其替换成非线性单元或非线性截面,并基于OpenSees平台开发了两类新单元予以实现;针对可能发生严重损伤的关键构件,采用隔离子结构方法将其隔离并建立精细化分析模型,考虑主、子结构间不同尺度边界耦合,并推导了切线刚度的传递关系,采用Client/Server技术在OpenSees平台开发了一类新的接口单元予以实现主、子结构之间的信息传递。为验证新开发单元的合理性,分别以钢及钢筋混凝土平面框架结构为例,采用纤维单元、动态替换子结构方法以及隔离子结构方法建模进行静、动力分析。计算结果表明,采用本文提出的动态替换子结构方法与常规建模方法的计算结果完全吻合并且可大幅缩短计算耗时,随着荷载水平的增大,结构中受到动态替换的构件比例急剧增大,计算效率提高程度略有降低,但仍远高于常规模型;采用本文提出的接口单元可准确传递主、子结构间的界面信息,为隔离数值子结构方法在结构弹塑性分析中的应用提供了基础。

位移控制的子结构地震模拟振动台混合试验方法

为了解决地震模拟振动台承载能力及台面尺寸对大型结构试验的限制,扩展振动台的功能,提出了位移控制子结构地震模拟振动台混合试验方法,包括试验原理、试验过程及数值积分方法,并给出了2种子结构边界条件的模拟形式。通过1个简单框架结构的地震模拟振动台试验和子结构混合加载试验验证了该方法的可行性,并指出了该试验方法的主要技术问题。混合试验方法通过子结构技术和振动台试验相结合,解决了目前的地震模拟振动台试验和拟动力试验在设备规模和加载速度上的局限性。

碰撞激发弹塑性波传播的动态子结构方法

通过建立弹塑性碰撞动态子结构模型,推导了模态坐标下的控制方程,提出了模拟柔性结构碰撞激发弹塑性波传播的动态子结构方法,并对其中的主模态的存在性和主模态截断的收敛性进行了证明.通过对柔性杆纵向碰撞和柔性梁横向碰撞两个算例的计算,并将计算结果与理论解和三维动力有限方法计算结果进行了对比,验证了该方法的数值收敛性和计算碰撞弹塑性波传播的有效性.

MDOF子结构拟动力方法在复杂高层结构抗震试验中的应用研究

研究了实验子结构、计算子结构均为多自由度(MDOF)的子结构拟动力试验方法,并采用该方法对一种新型复杂高层结构——框支配筋砌体剪力墙结构进行了抗震试验研究。分析结果表明,当全结构的实验子结构采用多自由度后,不仅使实验能够得到全结构的地震反应,而且可以较好地反映实验子结构在真实地震作用下的力和位移的分布方式,并且可以得到不同性质楼层(如转换层结构的上部和下部楼层)在地震作用下的层位移-层剪力滞回耗能特性,而后两点是实验子结构采用单自由度的子结构拟动力试验做不到的。试验证明,采用实验子结构、计算子结构均为多自由度的子结构拟动力试验方法进行复杂高层结构的抗震试验能比目前常用的实验子结构采用单自由度的子结构拟动力试验获得更多有效而真实的数据。