Numerical analysis on seismic performance of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites from centrifuge shaking table test

When an underground structure passes through a liquefiable soil layer,the soil liquefaction may pose a significant threat to the structure.A centrifuge shaking table test was performed to research the seismic response of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites,and a valid numerical model was obtained through simulation model test.Finally,the calibrated numerical model was used to perform further research on the influence of various distribution characteristics of liquefiable interlayers on the seismic reaction of underground structures.The key findings are as follows.The structure faces the most unfavorable condition once a liquefiable layer is located in the middle of the underground structure.When a liquefiable layer exists in the middle of the structure,the seismic reactions of both the underground structure and model site will increase with the rise of the thickness of the liquefiable interlayer.The inter-story drift of the structure in the non-liquefiable site is much smaller than that in the liquefiable interlayer site.The inter-story drift of the structure is not only associated with the site displacement and the soil-structure stiffness ratio but also closely associated with the slippage of the soil-structure contact interface under the condition of large deformation of the site.

Shaking Table Model Test of Isolated Structure on Soft Site and Analysis on Its Isolation Efficiency

Adopting a soft site model built on soft interlayer soil foundation,a shaking table test for soft interlayer soil-isolated structure interaction is conducted to investigate the seismic response of isolated structure on soft site,and analyze its isolation effect.Test results show that the test can reflect the earthquake response characteristics of isolated structure on soft site.It is on soft site that the dynamic characteristics of isolated structure,acceleration magnification factor(AMF)of isolated structure and isolation efficiency of the isolation layer differ from those on rigid foundation with an soil-structure interaction(SSI)effect,represented by the reduction in fundamental vibration frequency of isolated structure and the increase of damping ratio with changes of the SSI effect.SSI can either increase or decrease AMF of isolated structure on soft site,depending on the characteristics of earthquake motion input.Furthermore,the isolation efficiency of isolation layer on soft site is decreased with the SSI effect,which is related to the peak ground acceleration(PGA)and the characteristics of earthquake motion input.

Study on soil-pile-structure-TMD interaction system by shaking table model test

The success of the tuned mass damper (TMD) in reducing wind-induced structural vibrations has been well established. However, from most of the recent numerical studies, it appears that for a structure situated on very soft soil, soil-structure interaction (SSI) could render a damper on the structure totally ineffective. In order to experimentally verify the SSI effect on the seismic performance of TMD, a series of shaking table model tests have been conducted and the results are presented in this paper. It has been shown that the TMD is not as effective in controlling the seismic responses of structures built on soft soil sites due to the SSI effect. Some test results also show that a TMD device might have a negative impact if the SSI effect is neglected and the structure is built on a soft soil site. For structures constructed on a soil foundation, this research verifies that the SSI effect must be carefully understood before a TMD control system is designed to determine if the control is necessary and if the SSI effect must be considered when choosing the optimal parameters of the TMD device.

Scaled down model design of shaking table test of Taizhou Bridge

Taizhou Bridge is the first kilometer level three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in the world and the structural complexity has significant effects on the seismic performance of the bridge. Shaking table test of Taizhou Bridge is arranged to investigate the effects of non-uniform ground motion input, collision between main and side spans and optimal seismic structural system. It's very important and difficult to design and manufacture the scaled down model of Taizhou Bridge used during the shaking table test. The key point is that the girder and pylons are very hard to be manufactured if the similarity ratio is strictly followed. Based on the finite element method (FEM) analysis, a simplified scaled down model is designed and the bending stiffness of the girder and pylon are strictly simulated, and the torsion stiffness and axial stiffness are not strictly simulated. The inner forces and displacements of critical sections, points of simplified model and theoretical model are compared by FEM analysis, and it's found out that the difference between the seismic responses is relatively small. So, the simplified model can be used to conduct the shaking table test by the FEM verification.

Shaking table test and numerical analysis of offshore wind turbine tower systems controlled by TLCD

A wind turbine system equipped with a tuned liquid column damper （TLCD） is comprehensively studied via shaking table tests using a 1/13-scaled model. The effects of wind and wave actions are considered by inputting response- equivalent accelerations on the shaking table. The test results show that the control effect of the TLCD system is significant in reducing the responses under both wind-wave equivalent loads and ground motions, but obviously varies for different inputs, Further, a blade-hub-tower integrated numerical model for the wind turbine system is established. The model is capable of considering the rotational effect of blades by combining Kane＇s equation with the finite element method. The responses of the wind tower equipped with TLCD devices are numerically obtained and compared to the test results, showing that under both controlled and uncontrolled conditions with and without blades＇ rotation, the corresponding responses exhibit good agreement. This demonstrates that the proposed numerical model performs well in capturing the wind-wave coupled response of the offshore wind turbine systems under control. Both numerical and experimental results show that the TLCD system can significantly reduce the structural response and thus improve the safety and serviceability of the offshore wind turbine tower systems. Additional issues that require further study are discussed.

Shake table testing of a multi-tower connected hybrid structure

Many single-tower reinforced concrete core wall-steel frame （RCC-SF） buildings have been built in China, but there are no buildings of different-height multi-tower hybrid system. A multi-tower RCC-SF tall building was thus studied because of its structural complexity and irregularity. First, a 1/15 scaled model structure was designed and tested on the shake table under minor, moderate, and major earthquake levels. Then, the dynamic responses of the model structure were interpreted to those of the prototype structure according to the similitude theory. Experimental results demonstrate that, despite the complexity of the structure, the lateral deformation bends as the ＂bending type＂ and the RC core walls contribute more than the steel frames to resist seismic loads. The maximum inter-story drift of the complex building under minor earthquakes is slightly beyond the elastic limitation specified in the Chinese code, and meets code requirements under major earthquakes. From the test results some suggestions are provided that could contribute favorable effect on the seismic behavior and the displacement of the building.

Shaking Table Test of Pile-Water-Pier Superstructure

The model test of seismic simulation shaking table is an important method to study the seismic design of bridge structure. In order to evaluate the seismic response and dynamic characteristics of pile-water-pier system for developing more reliable design procedures, shaking table model tests of a submerged bridge pier system, including pile groups-cap-pier and inertia mass, were conducted. Since different similitude laws corresponding to different test objectives affected the validity of test results, the similitude law with the aim to consider the effect of hydrodynamic pressure was proposed and confirmed through an actual example. Based on the test results, the effect of water around model on seismic response under seismic excitation input was analyzed and the failure level was judged by observing the variation of basic frequency. The test results indicate that the transfer function of analytical model with water is different from that without water, the natural frequency without water is always higher than that with water, and the first modal shapes are various. It is also concluded that the similitude law is suitable for practical application and the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of the structure system can be changed because of the existence of the surrounding water, which should be paid much attention in the further investigation.

Deformation and localisation behaviours of reinforced gravelly backfill using shaking table tests

To understand the deformational behaviours of geosynthetics-reinforced soil retaining walls(GRS RWs),a series of plane-strain shaking table tests was conducted on retaining wall models.The backfill of the models was made of poorly graded gravel.Deformations and strains in the gravelly backfill induced by seismic loading are recorded in real time,which are of importance to understand the seismic strength and stability of the GRS RW systems,as strain localisation development in the backfill and foundation is related to the degree of strength degradation of the system.In the present study,we aimed at quantifying the induced deformations of the GRS RW models due to shaking.Digital image correlation(DIC)technique was then employed to analyse and provide full-field deformation and motion images with the models.It is demonstrated that,unlike conventional contact devices that are yet limited to provide quantities of a singular and fixed location,DIC provides deformation and motion of the area of interests to reveal the evolution of localisation.

基于振动台试验的鱼线固定梅瓶文物响应规律性研究

为了探索鱼线固定梅瓶文物在实际博物馆的地震响应以及抗震效果,首先选取了典型梅瓶文物,并在三层钢筋混凝土框架结构中开展了24种地震工况的振动台试验,然后建立了上述试验所用梅瓶文物的有限元模型,验证了有限元模型的准确性,最后采用增量动力分析法分析了该文物在两种常见直径鱼线保护措施下的运动响应。结果表明:鱼线固定梅瓶文物在地震作用下会产生滑移、摇摆、倾覆以及鱼线断裂等现象;不同楼层下的文物响应差别较大,尤其在大震作用下,高楼层的鱼线固定梅瓶文物易发生倾覆和鱼线断裂破坏,要重视高楼层文物的震前保护措施;在较强的地震作用下,仅依靠增大鱼线直径有时对控制文物的倾覆情况起不到关键性决定作用,需要进一步采取其它措施对文物进行保护。

砂砾土振动体变评价方法与离心机模型试验验证

2008汶川地震出现了砂砾土大范围液化致灾现象,现场震害调查表明砂砾土场地存在砾石效应影响,现有砂土场地的震后沉降评价方法不适用于砂砾土场地。对此,在“张-社本”振动体变评价方法的基础上进一步发展了考虑砾石含量的砂砾土振动体变评价方法,然后开展动三轴试验确定评价方法中的相关参数,最后开展3组典型砾石含量的砂砾土地基离心机振动台模型试验对评价方法的可靠性进行验证。试验结果表明,砾石含量越高,振动引起的场地沉降变形越小;砂砾土振动体变评价方法可以较为准确地预测新近沉积砂砾土场地的震后沉降,但对存在地震历史影响的砂砾土场地,本文提出的评价方法较为保守,建议进一步发展考虑地震历史效应的砂砾土振动体变评价方法。

地震液化离心机振动台模型试验与LEAP研究进展

离心机振动台模型试验是研究地震液化问题的重要手段,一方面可重现场地地震响应和揭示液化致灾规律,为发展工程设计方法提供依据;另一方面可以作为特定边值问题的标准模型试验数据,验证数值方法与土体本构模型及其参数选取的合理性。介绍了离心机振动台模型试验的试验原理,回顾了离心机振动台模型试验在地震液化领域的主要研究进展。围绕由中国、美国、日本和英国等国家高校与研究所联合开展的国际合作项目“液化试验与分析”(LEAP),重点介绍了若干为提高离心机振动台模型试验可重复性而发展的物理模拟新技术,包括离心机振动台的台面振动控制技术、模型土体弹性波速测试技术和基于图像分析的动态位移监测技术等。最后针对地震液化领域的若干工程和研究需求,探讨了离心机振动台模型试验领域的发展趋势。

地震作用下散粮楼房仓仓壁动态侧压力分析

地震作用下贮料对仓壁产生的动态侧压力是影响散粮楼房仓结构安全的一个重要因素。为此,该研究设计制作了缩尺比例为1:25的三层楼房仓试验模型,进行了3条地震波下不同加载等级的振动台试验,分析获得了贮料地震反应特性、仓壁动态侧压力变化规律及超压系数,提出了仓壁动态侧压力计算方法。研究表明:不同楼层同一高度处仓壁动态侧压力达到峰值的时间不同步,沿楼房仓高度方向逐步滞后,且其均滞后于对应楼层仓壁加速度峰值时刻;各楼层仓壁动态侧压力逐层增大,每升高一层,增大约29%,且同一楼层的仓壁动态侧压力沿高度逐渐增大,仓壁上部、中部动态侧压力分别是下部的2.5倍、1.4倍;一、二、三层的超压系数最大值依次为2.9、3.4、4.1,且均位于每层仓壁上部位置;通过试验结果验证了所提出的仓壁动态侧压力计算方法的有效性;散粮楼房仓结构抗震设计,应考虑仓壁动态侧压力的影响与不同楼层的差异性。研究成果可为散粮楼房仓的抗震设计提供参考。

含建筑桩基的顺层岩质边坡桩锚支护体系振动台模型试验研究

基于Bockinghamπ定理,对具有建筑桩基的顺层岩质边坡桩锚支护体系开展振动台模型试验,通过分析预应力锚索、建筑桩基的应变以及边坡坡顶加速度,研究支护体系的动力响应规律。结果表明,预应力锚索的应变在地震波加速度达到峰值时达到最大值,且上排锚索受力大于下排锚索,随着地震幅值的增大,最上排锚索锚固段率先发生滑移破坏失去锚固作用;建筑桩基应变最大值点位于滑动面以下一定深度,且远离边坡坡面的建筑桩基受力大于邻近边坡坡面的建筑桩基;坡顶各点峰值加速度随地震波幅值增大整体表现为线性增大,但在Wenchuan-Wolong波(0.55g)和Sin波(0.4g)工况时,各点峰值加速度相对有所下降,随着地震波幅值增大,各点峰值加速度放大系数在汶川波和正弦波作用下并非单调变化,而是表现为先减小后增大波动变化特点。

大流量斜拉压力输水管桥振动台模型试验研究

为了研究斜拉输水管桥的抗震性能,以某大跨径多塔斜拉输水管桥为对象,根据相似理论设计缩尺比为1∶20的等代试验模型,开展振动台试验研究.从不同地震波、不同台面输入地面峰值加速度以及空满管工况等多个角度探究斜拉输水管桥地震响应与抗震性能.采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统分析大跨径斜拉输水管桥的抗震性能.结果表明,E1地震下结构保持弹性;E2地震下部分钢筋进入屈服,混凝土出现裂缝但结构整体安全.纵桥向地震输入时,考虑流固耦合效应的满管工况相较于空管工况的地震响应增幅小于仅采用附加质量模拟水体时的响应增幅;横桥向地震输入时的结果相反.

崩塌危岩体减震消能复合加固结构抗震性能试验研究

地震区工程建设中崩塌危岩体的加固方式目前主要是锚固和支挡两类结构形式。加固结构与危岩体的连结都采用刚性连结,结构与危岩体之间几乎无变形能力,因此抗震性能较差。在地震作用下,特别是强震作用下极易破坏失效,造成崩塌灾害,在我国西南地震区工程中大量存在此类破坏现象。为解决目前加固结构存在的问题,设计了一种允许地震作用下危岩体能够有限度的变位、可以缓冲危岩体的地震冲击力、具有减震消能功能的崩塌危岩体复合加固结构,结构由锚杆(索)、减震锚头(一级消能)、连梁、支撑桩以及设于连梁与支撑桩之间的作为二级减震消能装置所组成。为验证复合加固结构的功效,除理论分析外,利用振动台进行与同等条件普通锚杆加固结构的物理模型对比试验。试验选用具有地区代表性的不同波形、幅值与频率的地震波作为输入波形。理论分析与试验结果表明:复合加固结构相较于无防护措施的同样崩塌体理论分析,其位移增长速度显著降低,累积位移幅度显著减小;相较于传统锚杆加固结构,所承受的拉力和压力显著减小;峰值加速度放大系数明显降低。证明复合加固结构利用自身的弹塑性变形以及阻尼力,有效抵御由于地震作用在危岩体上产生的动应力,有效转移了危岩体的冲击动能,减震消能作用明显,避免加固结构损坏,从而阻止崩塌灾害的发生,证明复合加固结构能够分层次地削弥小震、中震、大震时产生的地震能峰值。减震消能复合结构为地震区崩塌危岩体的加固提供了一种新的加固方案,对于提升地震区工程中崩塌危岩体的加固技术具有较大的现实意义。

饱和砂土液化Finn模型的关键参数

以闽江中细砂层为对象,开展三因素三水平正交设计的小型振动台试验,定性探讨闽江砂土液化特性;同时基于Finn模型,在FLAC3D数值平台上对典型试验过程开展动力时程数值模拟。结果表明:Finn模型可有效模拟地震动作用下饱和砂土孔压的增长与有效应力的降低,能较为准确地反映饱和砂土的液化效应,Finn模型中的关键参数C_(1)、C_(2)对计算结果影响显著。以超孔压比峰值及超孔压比稳定值为指标,通过大量数值模拟结果与试验结果的对比,对上述关键参数进行标定,建议闽江饱和砂土液化Finn模型的关键参数取值为C_(1)=1.30、C_(2)=0.31。饱和砂土激振过程中呈现出轻微剪胀趋势,大致与液化现象同步出现。

空腹混凝土坝振动响应试验研究

针对平原地区土层条件较差和地形条件有限的情况,提出一种新型坝——空腹混凝土坝。采用振动台模型试验技术,研究加速度峰值、库水位及防渗墙对该新型坝动力响应的影响。结果表明:(1)在自由场坝基中设置结构可以降低坝基的超孔压响应,削减坝基液化程度。(2)非自由场工况中,加速度峰值的增大加强了坝基的振动幅度,加剧液化程度;坝体上游库水位的存在增加了坝基的有效应力从而降低液化程度;坝基中防渗墙的存在增加了孔压的消散从而降低液化程度。总体来说,加速度峰值对液化程度影响最大,库水位影响次之,防渗墙影响最小。(3)库水位的存在增加了坝体的受力程度导致坝体水平位移响应大于空库工况,防渗墙的存在降低了坝基中的水力梯度导致坝体响应低于无防渗墙工况。但在试验过程中坝体并没出现明显的水平位移变化。

厚板转换全框支剪力墙结构振动台试验抽层简化模型设计与分析

为研究厚板转换全框支剪力墙结构的整体抗震性能,并检验该结构转换厚板的有效性,在重庆大学土木工程学院振动台实验室开展了缩尺模型结构的模拟地震振动台试验,试验对象为某36层车辆段上盖建筑。本文阐述了厚板转换全框支剪力墙结构振动台试验中模型的设计过程;介绍了测点布置与加载方案;对比分析了不同抽层简化方案对结构的影响。研究结果表明,对于厚板转换全框支剪力墙结构,抽层后依据刚度与强度等效原则调整构件截面能有效降低简化模型与原型的误差;抽层起始位置应被保证距离试验重点研究楼层不低于3层;连续抽层层数为1层时误差最小,建议选择连续抽层层数为1层。

新型土坯墙建筑地震模拟振动台试验研究

为研究新型土坯墙结构体系的抗震性能。设计制作了一个平面尺寸为3.6 m×3.0 m,层高2.45 m的一层足尺新型土坯墙建筑试验模型进行振动台试验,试验选取El Centro波和云南鲁甸波分别在X、Y向进行单向地震波加载,实测了试验模型在峰值加速度为0.10、0.22、0.40、0.62、0.90 g的地震作用下的频谱特性、加速度反应、位移反应、扭转反应和暗柱钢筋应变反应的规律。研究结果表明:模型仅在超9度罕遇烈度时发生轻微破坏,其他地震激励下未出现明显开裂、破坏现象;随着地震激励增大,模型自振频率无明显变化,加速度放大系数逐渐降低,最大放大系数为屋面处的3.666;层间位移角在峰值加速度为0.62 g时达到最大为1/399;因模型基本均匀对称,其结构整体扭转效应不明显;暗柱钢筋的应变值随地震激励的增大逐渐增加,但钢筋应变值较小,钢筋的性能未能充分发挥。综上所述,该新型土坯墙模型具有良好的抗震性能,研究为扩大土坯建筑应用范围提供了试验依据。

曲面摩擦滑移隔震结构的随机地震可靠度分析

曲面摩擦滑移隔震结构(curved surface sliding isolated structure,CSSIS)是一种具有广泛应用潜力的新技术.但在工程实践中,地震波的选取会显著影响CSSIS的抗震设计和风险评估结果.针对缺乏强震记录的情况,提出一个能够反映特定地区地震特征的随机地震动模型,并通过Monte-Carlo模拟算法,评估CSSIS的抗震可靠指标.通过振动台试验和理论分析确定CSSIS力学模型的关键结构参数,采用随机地震动模型生成地震波,以天津宁河地区为例,基于首次超越概率理论,计算了CSSIS的失稳概率Pf.结果表明,地震震级M和震中距D对CSSIS的抗震性能具有显著影响.随着震中距D的增加,上部结构的失稳概率Pf迅速下降;相反,地震震级M的增加会导致Pf升高.所得研究结果将为CSSIS的广泛应用提供重要的设计参考依据.