Large-scale model testing of high-pressure grouting reinforcement for bedding slope with rapid-setting polyurethane

Bedding slope is a typical heterogeneous slope consisting of different soil/rock layers and is likely to slide along the weakest interface.Conventional slope protection methods for bedding slopes,such as retaining walls,stabilizing piles,and anchors,are time-consuming and labor-and energy-intensive.This study proposes an innovative polymer grout method to improve the bearing capacity and reduce the displacement of bedding slopes.A series of large-scale model tests were carried out to verify the effectiveness of polymer grout in protecting bedding slopes.Specifically,load-displacement relationships and failure patterns were analyzed for different testing slopes with various dosages of polymer.Results show the great potential of polymer grout in improving bearing capacity,reducing settlement,and protecting slopes from being crushed under shearing.The polymer-treated slopes remained structurally intact,while the untreated slope exhibited considerable damage when subjected to loads surpassing the bearing capacity.It is also found that polymer-cemented soils concentrate around the injection pipe,forming a fan-shaped sheet-like structure.This study proves the improvement of polymer grouting for bedding slope treatment and will contribute to the development of a fast method to protect bedding slopes from landslides.

Assessing cutter-rock interaction during TBM tunnelling in granite:Large-scale standing rotary cutting tests and 3D DEM simulations

The widespread utilisation of tunnel boring machines(TBMs)in underground construction engineering requires a detailed investigation of the cutter-rock interaction.In this paper,we conduct a series of largescale standing rotary cutting tests on granite in conjunction with high-fidelity numerical simulations based on a particle-type discrete element method(DEM)to explore the effects of key cutting parameters on the TBM cutter performance and the distribution of cutter-rock contact stresses.The assessment results of cutter performance obtained from the cutting tests and numerical simulations reveal similar dependencies on the key cutting parameters.More specifically,the normal and rolling forces exhibit a positive correlation with penetration but are slightly influenced by the cutting radius.In contrast,the side force decreases as the cutting radius increases.Additionally,the side force shows a positive relationship with the penetration for smaller cutting radii but tends to become negative as the cutting radius increases.The cutter's relative effectiveness in rock breaking is significantly impacted by the penetration but shows little dependency on the cutting radius.Consequently,an optimal penetration is identified,leading to a low boreability index and specific energy.A combined Hertz-Weibull function is developed to fit the cutter-rock contact stress distribution obtained in DEM simulations,whereby an improved CSM(Colorado School of Mines)model is proposed by replacing the original monotonic cutting force distribution with this combined Hertz-Weibull model.The proposed model outperforms the original CSM model as demonstrated by a comparison of the estimated cutting forces with those from the tests/simulations.The findings from this work that advance our understanding of TBM cutter performance have important implications for improving the efficiency and reliability of TBM tunnelling in granite.

Intermittent disturbance mechanical behavior and fractional deterioration mechanical model of rock under complex true triaxial stress paths

Mechanical excavation,blasting,adjacent rockburst and fracture slip that occur during mining excavation impose dynamic loads on the rock mass,leading to further fracture of damaged surrounding rock in three-dimensional high-stress and even causing disasters.Therefore,a novel complex true triaxial static-dynamic combined loading method reflecting underground excavation damage and then frequent intermittent disturbance failure is proposed.True triaxial static compression and intermittent disturbance tests are carried out on monzogabbro.The effects of intermediate principal stress and amplitude on the strength characteristics,deformation characteristics,failure characteristics,and precursors of monzogabbro are analyzed,intermediate principal stress and amplitude increase monzogabbro strength and tensile fracture mechanism.Rapid increases in microseismic parameters during rock loading can be precursors for intermittent rock disturbance.Based on the experimental result,the new damage fractional elements and method with considering crack initiation stress and crack unstable stress as initiation and acceleration condition of intermittent disturbance irreversible deformation are proposed.A novel three-dimensional disturbance fractional deterioration model considering the intermediate principal stress effect and intermittent disturbance damage effect is established,and the model predicted results align well with the experimental results.The sensitivity of stress states and model parameters is further explored,and the intermittent disturbance behaviors at different f are predicted.This study provides valuable theoretical bases for the stability analysis of deep mining engineering under dynamic loads.

Fuzzy Model Free Adaptive Control for Rotor Blade Full-Scale Static Testing

To eliminate the node traction coupling during wind turbine blade full-scale static testing,a model free adaptive control algorithm is presented based on fuzzy control performance function compensation. Based on the universal model theory,the fuzzy model free adaptive control( FMFAC) algorithm is designed by configuring the spot static testing experiences as compensation function F( ·). Then the algorithm implementation process is provided and its quick convergence is proved. Using software to establish static load coupling model of multi-nodes,simulate and verify the validity of FMFAC algorithm,which is applied to wind turbines blade full-scale static testing. The results show that the adaptive decoupling ability of FMFAC is better. The traction of four load points can stay steady and change coordinately. Process error is not over ± 6 k N. The error rate is lower than 1% in special phase.This algorithm effectively eliminates the traction coupling of the static testing process,and makes wind turbine blade testing steadily.

Large-scale model test study on the water pressure resistance of construction joints of karst tunnel linings

Model tests and numerical calculations were adopted based on the New Yuanliangshan tunnel project to investigate the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints in high-pressure and water-rich karst tunnels.A large-scale model test was designed and conducted,innovatively transforming the external water pressure of the lining construction joint into internal water pressure.The effects of the embedded position and waterstop type on the water pressure resistance of the construction joint were analyzed,and the reliability of the model test was verified via numerical calculations.The results show that using waterstops can significantly improve the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The water pressure resistance of the lining construction joint is positively correlated with the lining thickness and embedded depth of the waterstop.In addition,the type of waterstop significantly influences the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The test results show that the water pressure resistance of the embedded transverse reinforced waterstop is similar to that of the steel plate waterstop,and both have more advantages than the rubber waterstop.The water pressure resistance of the construction joint determined via numerical calculations is similar to the model test results,indicating that the model test results have high accuracy and reliability.This study provides a reference for similar projects and has wide applications.

3-D Modelling of the Confederation Bridge Using Data of Full Scale Tests

Long-span bridges are special structures that require advanced analysis techniques to examine their performance. This paper presents a procedure developed to model the Confederation Bridge using 3-D beam elements. The model was validated using the data collected before the opening of the bridge to the public. The bridge was instrumented to conduct fullscale static and dynamic tests. The static tests were to measure the deflection of the bridge pier while the dynamic tests to measure the free vibrations of the pier due to a sudden release of the static load. Confederation Bridge is one of the longest reinforced concrete bridges in the world. It connects the province of Prince Edward Island and the province of New Brunswick in Canada. Due to its strategic location and vital role as a transportation link between these two provinces, it was designed using higher safety factors than those for typical highway bridges. After validating the present numerical model, a procedure was developed to evaluate the performance of similar bridges subjected to traffic and seismic loads. It is of interest to note that the foundation stiffness and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete have significant effects on the structural responses of the Confederation Bridge.

PPC斜拉桥主梁多状态疲劳及疲劳后静力性能试验研究

为研究大跨径部分预应力混凝土(PPC)斜拉桥主梁的抗疲劳性能,进一步探究混凝土斜拉桥主梁采用部分预应力设计的可行性及合理性,制作了斜拉桥缩尺节段模型,并对主梁采用部分预应力设计,开展4轮共4×250万次主梁具有不同初始损伤及带裂缝工作状态下的疲劳试验;疲劳试验结束后,以4种不同主梁裂缝宽度(0.1mm、0.2mm、0.3mm和0.5mm)为控制工序,反复加载一定倍数的等效活载至主梁裂缝宽度逐步达到0.5mm,以全面研究PPC斜拉桥主梁多状态疲劳后的受力性能。试验结果表明:在等效设计疲劳荷载作用下,主梁无初始损伤时,体系刚度基本无退化,主梁最大裂缝宽度预损伤分别为0.1mm、0.2mm时,跨中截面体系刚度下降量仅为3.35%、4.44%,且未发现裂缝张开;主梁带裂缝工作状态下,跨中截面体系刚度平缓下降7.46%,上峰值静载下,裂缝数量及高度略有增加,但卸载后裂缝均闭合,说明PPC斜拉桥具有良好的抗疲劳性能;疲劳后主梁大损伤静载试验中,主梁裂缝平稳发展,各工序反复加载过程中,主梁挠度、裂缝状态及斜拉索索力均具有较好的恢复能力,当主梁最大裂缝宽度为0.5mm时,荷载达到了7.49倍活载,斜拉桥体系仍然具有较大的剩余承载力。该文试验研究结果表明混凝土斜拉桥主梁采用部分预应力设计具有工程应用的可行性。

超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验及其等效静力风荷载

为研究超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验方法及其等效静力风荷载,根据某实际工程中的超高桥塔建立了有限元模型,进行了动力特性计算,进而设计了相应的气弹模型,并开展了风洞试验。在此基础上,开展了超高桥塔风致振动的非线性时程计算,并基于阵风荷载因子法,对比了以位移、内力和应力为单一目标的超高桥塔的等效静力风荷载。结果表明:斜风作用下的桥塔风致振动比较显著,其影响随着风速的增大而愈加明显;当风向角为75°~90°时,超高桥塔将在风速为35~50 m·s^(-1)的区间发生顺桥向的侧弯涡振,但幅值较小;基于应力的阵风荷载因子比基于位移或内力的阵风荷载因子更加稳定,这使得基于应力的等效静力风荷载要优于基于位移或内力的等效静力风荷载,比较适合于超高桥塔。

不同嵌岩深度下抗拔桩承载特性研究

以广东省江门市某工程为例,通过有限元分析软件ABAQUS,结合地勘报告及现场对桩基进行抗拔静载试验得出的荷载–位移曲线图,建立抗拔桩三维有限元模型进行数值模拟计算分析,研究不同嵌岩深度增量下抗拔桩的承载特性。研究成果表明:增加嵌岩深度可在一定程度上提高桩基抗拔承载力,但二者之间并非呈线性增长关系。当嵌岩深度增量为3D时,相较于原试桩的桩顶位移量减小54.2%,抗拔承载力提高105.2%,对桩基抗拔承载力的提高效果尤为显著。

航空座椅垫集中参数模型研究

为解决航空座椅垫由于变形较大,易导致航空座椅有限元模型冲击模拟中出现负体积和计算时间过长的问题,本文提出一种由并联的非线性弹簧和线性阻尼构成的航空座椅垫集中参数模型。首先,开展了航空座椅垫材料的静动态压缩试验,分别建立了航空座椅垫有限元模型和集中参数模型;其次,根据有限元仿真结果拟合了集中参数模型的弹簧阻尼参数,并对比两种模型在14、16、19 g三角脉冲下的动力学响应。结果表明,两种模型的一致性较好,本文建立的航空座椅垫集中参数模型可为含座椅垫的复杂有限元模型简化提供支持。

静力试验中水载荷控制过程建模与仿真

针对结构静力试验中极小载荷多点协调程控加载的需求,提出了以慢速比例阀为执行结构、水箱内液体重力为控制目标的试验方法,建立了水载荷控制模型。为提高试验控制系统的响应速度,设计了直接数字量控制算法并与经典PID控制算法进行了对比。仿真结果表明,该试验方法能够实现静力试验中极小载荷闭环控制,直接数字量控制算法优于经典PID控制算法。

考虑结合面特性影响的机床整机有限元静力学分析模型

针对机床数字化设计中典型结合面建模精度误差较大的问题,提出了一种采用虚拟材料等效结合面静力学特性的方法,建立了考虑结合面特性影响的机床整机有限元静力学分析模型,并完成了相应的静刚度测试实验。首先,综合考虑了弹塑性变形机制和摩擦力的影响,提出了一种新的结合面法向和切向刚度的分析模型;其次,根据不同类型结合面的特点,采用虚拟材料模拟结合面的刚度特性,建立了刚度特性与虚拟材料弹性模量和泊松比的关系,并将其应用于精密数控机床整机的静刚度分析;最后,开展了整机工艺系统的静刚度测试实验,得到了主轴末端X、Y、Z三个方向的刚度分别为26.60 N/μm、41.87 N/μm和40.17 N/μm,并将其与仿真数据进行了对比。研究结果表明:不考虑结合面影响的模型相对误差将近17%,而考虑结合面影响的模型相对误差在5%以内,验证了考虑结合面特性影响的机床整机有限元静力学分析模型的有效性;采用虚拟材料等效结合面静力学特性的方法可作为机床数字化设计的一种可行的方法。

可兼容四种March系列算法的PMBIST电路设计

存储器是系统级芯片(System on chip,SoC)中最重要的组成部分之一,也是最容易出现故障的部件。存储器故障可能会导致整个SoC失效,对存储器进行充分的测试和验证是至关重要的。目前,主流的存储器测试方法是采用存储器内建自测试(Memory build-in-self test,MBIST)技术,传统的可测性技术采用单一的测试算法进行测试,为了满足不同类型存储器的测试需求以及不同工艺制造阶段的测试强度,需要使用不同类型的测试算法进行测试。结合存储器常见的故障模型以及多种测试算法,设计了具有较高灵活性和可扩展性的可编程存储器内建自测试(Programmable memory built-in-self test,PMBIST)电路,可兼容四种不同的March系列算法进行存储器内建自测试,采用寄存器传输语言(Reigster transfer language,RTL)级代码的编写方式,针对静态随机存储器(Static random-access memory,SRAM)采用不同March系列测试算法进行仿真,并以常用的March C+算法为例进行说明。仿真结果表明,所设计的PMBIST电路可对四种不同的March算法进行测试,满足不同类型存储器的内建自测试需求。

碰撞测试假人在儿童生活领域的应用

针对市面上广泛存在的儿童生活领域消费品安全稳定性问题,将目前成熟的人体假人技术应用于安全稳定性分析,借助L S-Dyna与HyperMesh有限元软件,选择碰撞测试P系列假人,搭建假人与消费品的虚拟场景,进行过程模拟与稳定性分析。从仿真动画与数据可知,仿真结果与试验数据保持一致,证明碰撞测试假人应用于消费品稳定性分析的可信性。此外,对儿童攀爬柜类家具的物理模型进行公式推导与静力平衡分析,得出重心与倾覆力矩,对比仿真分析,验证了碰撞测试假人应用于消费品安全稳定性分析的可信性。

基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的机翼风洞模型静强度试验加载方案优化设计

针对机翼风洞模型的静强度试验,提出一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法试验加载方案的优化设计方法,包括加载布局的设计和试验载荷的多目标优化设计。加载布局的设计中引入控制剖面的设置,并在此基础上建立试验载荷的多目标优化设计模型,以控制剖面内的剪力、弯矩和转矩误差为优化目标,以静力等效原则和误差最小要求为约束条件,并以CHN-T1标模为例,基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行多目标优化模型的求解,算法采用可行性法则处理约束条件。最终求解出最优的试验加载方案并进行方案的有限元仿真验证。结果表明:试验方案与流固耦合下的理想试验的最大等效应力、应变值和变形位移的误差均小于6%,经优化设计的加载方案较好地模拟了气动载荷。

静力模型优化分析简支T梁桥横向分布系数与刚度

鉴于桥梁荷载试验成本高且对试验人员专业性要求较高,为了能为桥梁监测提供更为贴合实况的理论数据,提出一种基于结构静力学试验测试结果修正理论参数的方法。该方法能考虑T梁间的剪切变形,比铰接T梁法更贴合梁间实际联系状况,提高了分析精度,降低了对试验人员专业性要求,并将该方法应用于有机玻璃铰接T梁桥模型的横向分布系数与刚度分析。结果表明:不考虑梁间剪力影响,在简化分析模型分析计算下,荷载横向分布影响线的计算结果与铰接T梁法一致,确保了所提简化模型与分析结果的准确性;该方法得到的荷载横向分布系数与实况契合度优于铰接T梁法,更能准确反映桥梁实际刚度;以有机玻璃模型静力实测响应值为基准,识别简化分析模型的关键控制参数,基于实测数据、修正后的理论模型及采用软件提取值计算得到的横向分布系数差异性较小,从而证实该方法能更好地反应桥梁实际刚度,为桥梁监测提供更为贴合实况的理论数据。可见静力模型优化分析简支T梁桥,在最不利荷载作用下的梁体下挠量优化率达27.71%,在3种工况下,下挠量最大梁体影响线数值优化率分别达到34.82%、13.07%和5.46%。

新型柱间可更换耗能节点的全装配RC柱抗震性能试验

为提高装配式结构的工业化程度和可修复能力,提出一种新型全装配钢筋混凝土(RC)柱间可更换耗能节点(RECJ),并将其应用到框架结构的底层柱。对两个采用RECJ连接的装配柱试件和一个整体现浇柱对比试件进行拟静力加载试验,长榫头试件在加载至1/25的层间位移角后更换受损的连接板,在同条件下进行加载,分析各试件的破坏形态、滞回曲线及骨架曲线特征、刚度及承载力的退化特征、延性及耗能能力、连接钢板及柱内钢筋应变变化等性能。结果表明:新型全装配框架底层柱的损伤及破坏主要集中在RECJ的连接钢板上,试件其他部位基本保持弹性;其滞回曲线呈梭形,形状饱满,耗能、延性及刚度退化性能明显优于全现浇对比柱;榫头长度较长的试件总体性能优于榫头较短试件,表现出更好的抗震性能,且具有与现浇柱等效的初始刚度和承载能力。RECJ在大震下可通过更换受损的连接板使结构快速恢复抗震性能。对RECJ的受力机制进行分析,并提出RECJ屈服阶段和峰值阶段的受弯承载力公式和转角变形,基于推导的公式得到骨架曲线模型。

GFRP筋混杂纤维混凝土隧道管片力学性能研究

为研究GFRP筋混杂纤维混凝土隧道管片的力学性能,进行了三个不同GFRP筋配筋率的钢-聚丙烯纤维混凝土管片静力受弯试验,获得了试件的破坏形态、承载力及裂缝扩展模式。考虑GFRP筋与混杂纤维混凝土的界面黏结,采用ABAQUS建立了GFRP筋混杂纤维混凝土管片的有限元模型,分析了不同混杂纤维掺量和配筋率对管片受弯承载力的影响。研究结果表明:GFRP筋混杂纤维混凝土管片的破坏主要是由跨中主裂缝贯穿和GFRP筋材断裂导致;在纤维体积掺量不变的情况下,提高纵向受拉GFRP筋的配筋率,可以有效提高管片的受弯承载力;在数值计算中,考虑GFRP筋与混杂纤维混凝土的界面黏结滑移的有限元模型能更准确地模拟试件的开裂荷载、极限荷载和弯曲刚度;在承载力不变的情况下,增加混杂纤维的体积分数能有效减少管片的配筋率,并且提高管片的抗变形能力;通过回归分析,提出了纤维掺量与配筋率关系的计算式,理论计算结果与数值结果符合较好。

钢企口连接的预制叠合主次梁节点受力性能试验研究

为研究采用钢企口连接的预制叠合主次梁节点受力性能,设计了一个钢企口连接的预制叠合主次梁节点试件和一个整浇主次梁节点试件,进行静力加载试验,考察两试件的破坏模式、承载力、变形能力、荷载-悬臂端挠度关系、钢筋应变和钢企口栓钉应变等。研究结果表明:钢企口连接的预制叠合次梁的裂缝主要集中在主次梁交界面、次梁固端至钢企口范围内和次梁底部,表现为次梁固端弯曲破坏;钢企口连接的预制叠合次梁的开裂荷载和屈服荷载可基本等同整浇次梁,正截面受弯承载力比整浇次梁提高约100%;梁端荷载小于80kN时,钢企口近端栓钉受压、远端栓钉受拉,梁端荷载大于80kN时,钢企口各栓钉应力突增;钢企口连接的预制叠合次梁的正截面受弯承载力实测值与《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2010)(2015年版)计算值的比值为109,可按规范计算值预测其正截面受弯承载力;拉-压杆模型计算得出钢企口连接的预制叠合次梁的破坏模式为拉杆破坏(受弯破坏)。