Experimental studies on gas-phase mercury oxidation removal and denitration of coal combustion with NH_4 Br addition

In order to remove gas-phase mercury and NOx from flue gas, experimental studies on flue gas mercury oxidation removal and denitration of Guizhou anthracite combustion with NH4Br addition were carried out. The influence of NH4Br addition on the ignition temperature and combustion characteristics was studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The effects of the NHaBr addition amount on gas-phase mercury oxidation and removal were investigated in a bench scale of 6 kW fluidized bed combustor （FBC）. Mercury concentrations in flue gas were determined by the Ontario hydro method （OHM） and the mercury mass balance was obtained. Results show that the NH4Br addition has little influence on the ignition temperature of Guizhou anthracite. With the mercury mass balance of 95.47%, the proportion of particulate mercury Hg^p, gaseous mercury Hg^0 and Hg^2＋ are 75.28%, 11.60% and 13. 12%, respectively, as raw coal combustion. The high particulate mercury Hg^p in flue gas is caused by the high unburned carbon content in fly ash. When the NH4Br addition amount increases from 0 to 0. 3%, the concentration of gaseous Hg^0 and Hg^2＋ in flue gas decreases continuously, leading to the Hg^p increase accordingly. The oxidation rate of Hg^0 is positively correlated to the Br addition amount. It demonstrates that coal combustion with NH4Br addition can promote Hg^0 oxidation and removal. NOx concentration in flue gas exhibits a descending trend with the NHaBr addition and the removal rate reaches 17.31% with the addition amount of 0.3%. Adding NH4Br to coal also plays a synergistic role in denitration.

Dust removal efficiency of high pressure atomization in underground coal mine

To master theoretical calculation for dust removal efficiency of high pressure atomization in an underground coal mine, the corresponding atomization characteristics and dust removal efficiency were both comprehensively studied in theory by virtue of related theories of hydromechanics and aerosol.According to actual measurements of flow coefficients and atomization angles of X-type swirl nozzle,computational formula was derived for atomized particle sizes of such a nozzle in conjunction with relevant empirical equation. Moreover, a mathematical model for applying high pressure atomization to dust removal in underground coal mine was also established to deduce theoretical computation formula of fractional efficiency. Then, Matlab was adopted to portray the relation curve between fractional efficiency and influence factors. In addition, a theoretical formula was also set up for removal efficiency of respirable dust and total coal dust based on dust size and frequency distribution equations. In the end,impacts of dust characteristic parameters on various dust removal efficiencies were analyzed.

THE STUDY OF THE BASIC THEORY AND THE APPLICATION OF REMOVAL PYRITE AND ASH FROM FINE COAL WITH ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATOR

The effect of removing pyrite and ash ffom fine coal with electrostatic separator is determined by the electric property of coal, the distribution of corona ion and etectrostatic field, and the disperse and even feed. The dielectric constant of coal and mineral matter is studied in this paper and the amendment has been made to survey theory. The oscillogram is adopted to study the distribution of corona ion and electrostatic field.The paper details the study of remoing pyrite and ash from fine coal, and the test results demonstrate the high efficiency of removing pyrite and ash with electrostatic separator.

Removal of sulfur in coke oven gas by mixing ZnO-based additive into coal

A new technology for recycling EAF dust and removal of sulfur from coking oven gas was investigated. The new technology does not need to set up special equipment to treat COG (coke oven gas), and it is only acquired by mixing the ZnO base additive into the coke coal. In the stage of pyrolysis of the coal volatile, ZnO of the additive combines with H 2S, CS 2, COS and C 2H 2SH of coal gas, forming ZnS in coal char. In the stage of coking of the coal char, Zn is gasified with S, then the gas Zn react with H 2S, CS 2, COS and C 2H 2SH, forming ZnS in coal gas and depositing as dust. After the collected ZnS dust was regenerated, it can be recycling as the additive again. The sulfur in coal gas can be completely removed if the mole ratio of the added Zn to the volatilized S is more than 1, and the sulfur in coke is also slightly decreased comparing with the coke without the additive. The EAF dust containing ZnO and Fe 2O 3 can be the base material of the desulfurizing additive.

Study on the removal of Hg^0 from flue gas by coal dry powder gasification coarse slag

The prevention and treatment of mercury in coal-fired power plants has always been the focus and difficulty.How to control the pollution of mercury to human body and ecological environment quickly and effectively is a hot research topic nowadays.As a low cost and potential adsorbent,there is a huge space for the development of coal dry powder gasification coarse slag.In this paper,Mercury osmotic tubes are heated by water bath tank as mercury source,and the scavenging effect of adsorbent on Mercury monomer under different influence conditions is explored.The adsorbent plays an important role in adsorption of mercury monomer because of its special active sites on the surface.The reason is that the adsorbent surface is rich in carboxyl group,hydroxyl functional group,combined with mercury to form complexes.This shows that chemical adsorption facilitates the adsorption process.

Removal of heavy metals from mine water by cyanobacterial calcification

The influence of different illumination intensities on cyanobacterial calcification induced removal of heavy metals from contaminated mine water was studied. Cyanobacterial calcification experiments were performed using a growth medium intended to simulate contaminated mine water. The results indicate that calcification can promote the removal of heavy metal ions. As the illumination intensity became stronger calcification rates increased and the removal of Zn2+ and Cd2+ became more obvious. When the illumination intensity was 10000 lux the removal of Pb2+ was the largest observed: stronger or weaker illumination reduced the amount of lead removed. The removal of three different heavy metals complies with an index function. For identical illumination intensities different ions were removed to different degrees.

Theoretical and numerical analysis of coal dust separated by centrifugal force for working and heading faces

In order to meet engineering needs of Chinese underground coal mines,a new dust-collecting fan,a device of dust separated by centrifugal force in driven cyclone passageway(DCCP)was designed.In centrifugal dust removal section(CDRS)of DCCP,a general equation is derived from the principle of force equilibrium.According to CDRS structure parameters and fan running parameters,the general equation is simplified,and the simplest equation is calculated numerically by MATLAB.The calculation results illustrate that increasing quantity of air current is against dust removal,but it is beneficial to dust removal by increasing the radius of driven spiral blade and increasing the particle diameter of coal dust.The conclusions show that the dust-collecting structure parameters coupled with the fan running parameters is a novel optimization approach to dust-collection fan for working and heading faces,which is especially suitable for Chinese underground mines.

Mechanism of micro-wetting of highly hydrophobic coal dust in underground mining and new wetting agent development

The internal mechanism of the high hydrophobicity of the coal samples from the Pingdingshan mining area was studied through industrial,element,and surface functional group analysis.Laboratory testing and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to study the impact of three types of surfactants on the surface adsorption properties and wettability of highly hydrophobic bituminous coal.The results show that the surface of highly hydrophobic bituminous coal is compact,rich in inorganic minerals,and poorly wettable and that coal molecules are dominated by hydrophobic functional groups of aromatic rings and aliphatic structures.The wetting performance of surfactants as the intermediate carrier to connect coal and water molecules is largely determined by the interaction force between surfactants and coal(Fs-c)and the interaction force between surfactants and water(Fs-w),which effectively improve the wettability of modified coal dust via modifying its surface electrical properties and surface energy.A new type of wetting agent with a dust removal rate of 89%has been developed through discovery of a compound wetting agent solution with optimal wetting and settling performance.This paper provides theoretical and technical support for removing highly hydrophobic bituminous coal dust in underground mining.

Distribution and occurrence of trace elements in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine

Optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersed X-ray spectrometry （SEM-EDX）, have been used to study the minerals and the concentrations of 12 trace elements in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine, Inner Mongolia China. The distribution, affinity and removability of the trace elements were studied by float-sink experiments and petrological methods. A high mineral content, dominated by clay minerals, was found in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine. The concentrations of As, Sb and Hg are relatively high compared to the average values for Chinese coals. As, Cr, Hg, Li, Mn, Pb are mainly associated with the minerals while Cd, Co, Ni, Sb, and Se are evenly distributed between the minerals and the organic matter. Be and Ba are mainly distributed in the minerals with a minor proportion in the organic matter. Most elements have a low organic affinity, although Sb, Se, Co, Cd, Ni are closely integrated with the organic matter. High theoretical removabilities are indicated for most trace elements. So it may be possible to lower the concentrations of trace elements during coal preparation.

Development of new technology for coal gasification purification and research on the formation mechanism of pollutants

Coal-fired power generation is the main source of CO_(2)emission in China.To solve the problems of declined efficiency and increased costs caused by CO_(2)capture in coal-fired power systems,an integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC)power generation technology was developed.The interaction mechanisms among coal gasification and purification,fuel cell and other components were further studied for IGFCs.Towards the direction of coal gasification and purification,we studied gasification reaction characteristics of ultrafine coal particles,ash melting characteristics and their effects on coal gasification reactions,the formation mechanism of pollutants.We further develop an elevated temperature/pressure swing adsorption rig for simultaneous H_(2)S and CO_(2)removals.The results show the validity of the Miura-Maki model to describe the gasification of Shenhua bituminous coal with a good fit between the predicted DTG curves and experimental data.The designed 8–6–1 cycle procedure can effectively remove CO_(2)and H_(2)S simultaneously with removal rate over 99.9%.In addition,transition metal oxides used as mercury removal adsorbents in coal gasified syngas were shown with great potential.The techniques presented in this paper can improve the gasification efficiency and reduce the formation of pollutants in IGFCs.

Study on the influence of crown ether on arsenic behavior during coal pyrolysis

The influence of crown ether on behaviors of arsenic at different temperatures and residence time was investigated during the pyrolysis of Tuanbo （TB） coal. The modes of occurrence of arsenic were determined by sequential chemical extraction, density fractionation and demineralization. The results indicated that at the same temperature and residence time, the arsenic removal adding dibenzo-18-crown-6 was higher than that adding 18-crown-6, and were all higher than that of TB coal during pyrolysis. When temperature was 850 ℃ and residence time was 30 min, the arsenic removal of TB coal was 30.63%; at the same condition, the arsenic removal while adding 18-crown-6 was 33.21%, higher than that of TB coal; and the arsenic removal while adding dibenzo-18-crown-6 was 67.41%, significantly higher than that of TB coal. From the results, we can see that adding crown ether can improve the arsenic removal during coal pyrolysis, and especially be conducive to the arsenic which is mainly associated with sulfates ＆ monosulfides and that in stable forms.

Application of High-pressure Flat Membranes in Coal Chemical Wastewater Treatment

In the process of using high-pressure flat membranes to treat coal chemical wastewater,the effects of high-pressure flat membranes on the concentration of salt ions and the removal of pollutants were studied under the conditions of different concentrations of influent TDS,COD and silicon dioxide.The results showed that when the concentration of influent TDS was 35 000-55 000 mg/L,the economic benefit of high-pressure flat membrane operation was the best,and the concentration ratio of high-pressure flat membranes was stable,varying from 3.3 to 3.6.As the concentration of influent organic matter ranged from 100 to 1 800 mg/L,the removal rate of organic matter ranged from 60% to 79%.In addition,the retention rate of high-pressure flat membranes to silicon dioxide was more than 90%.

Experimental study of the dust-removal performance of a wet scrubber

A variety of dust control methods are often applied in coal mines,among which the application of wet scrubbers has proven to be an efficient technology for the removal of dust in airstreams,rather than diluting or confining the dust.In this paper,a wet scrubber design was developed.Based on a self-designed experimental test platform,the total dust concentration,respirable dust concentration,air volume,and average pressure drops of wet scrubbers with 12,16,20,and 24 blades were measured under different water intake conditions.The results show that the different water intake levels have only minimal effects on the air volume of the wet scrubbers.However,increased water intake had improved the dust removal efficiency of the wet scrubbers with the same number of blades.The wet scrubber with 16 blades was found to have the best dust removal efficiency at a water intake level of 1.35 m^(3)/h.Its total dust and respirable dust removal efficiency reached 96.81%and 95.59%,respectively.The air volume was 200.4 m^(3)/min,and the average pressure drop was determined to be 169.4 Pa.In addition,when the wet scrubber with 16 blades was applied in a coal preparation plant in China's Shanxi Province,it was observed that the total dust concentration had fallen below 8.1 mg/m^(3),and the respirable dust concentration had fallen below 5.9 mg/m^(3).Therefore,the results obtained in this research investigation provide important references for the use of wet scrubbers to improve coal production environmental conditions.

Effect of Calcium on the Vanadium Extraction from High Calcium Type Stone Coal

The high calcium type stone coal from Hubei province was leached by water and dilute acid separately after being roasted with different dosage of Na Cl. The water leaching rate of vanadium（WLRV） was low and only 26.8% of vanadium can be leached by water when 4% Na Cl was added, but the acid leaching rate of vanadium（ALRV） was relatively high. Calcium in the high calcium type stone coal is greatly superfl uous relative to vanadium, hence, the calcium reacts with vanadium to form Ca（VO3）2, Ca2V2O7 and Ca3（VO4）2orderly during the stone coal roasting process and high temperature is beneficial to the reactions between calcium and vanadium, which was validated by simulated reactions between pure calcium carbonate and vanadium pentoxide. These calcium vanadates are all water insoluble but acid soluble and this causes the low WLRV and relatively high ALRV. After calcium removal by HCl, the WLRV is highly enhanced and reaches about 50% when only 2% Na Cl was added. If the HCl content is too high, the stone coal is easily sintered and the formed glass structure can enwrap vanadium, which leads the WLRV to decline. Single water leaching process is not appropriate to extract vanadium from high calcium type stone coal.

Flotation performance analysis on coal washery rejects

The coal washery rejects cause major environmental problems in various parts of the globe.Nearly 1 Mt of coal rejects discarded as waste,is accumulated per annum in India,during washing or cleaning of raw coal.Cleaning coal,especially washery rejects,has posed a major challenge to the recovery of fine coal.Froth flotation is a better choice for processing coal washery rejects.In this study,flotation studies are attempted on the coal slurry received from Sudamdih coal washery,Jharkhand,India.A statistical design package(Minitab V17)was used to study the effect of process variables like collector and frother dosages on the responses.Regression equations for froth height,froth density,recovery and ash content of clean coal were developed.The coefficient of correlation(R2)values between the experimental and the predicted values of the flotation responses was found to be greater than 0.98 for all the models.Clean coal product was analyzed for recovery,froth height,and ash content by varying pulp densities.Results show that the coal slurry sample could be evaluated with acceptable recovery via flotation.Clean coal with an ash content of 17.2%is obtained with a 70%recovery from 35.5%ash.The cleaned coal can be used in powder coal-consuming industries.

深部煤层近井激光热裂机理及工艺参数优化

中国深部煤层气资源丰富,是煤层气进一步开发的重要领域,但深部煤层气地质条件复杂,具有低孔、超低渗特征。在钻井过程中,钻井液进入储层易造成近井污染,常规水力压裂技术趋于在最大水平主应力方向造缝,全井眼的解堵困难。激光热裂技术具有短时间破裂岩石、同时通过机械设备调控能自由改变激光照射角度,形成径向裂缝、解决近井污染等优势。使用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立激光热裂煤层模型,探讨激光热裂机理及激光工艺参数的影响。分析裂缝长度与数量的变化规律,优选出解决现场近井污染区域的最佳激光参数。结果表明:(1)激光照射热裂煤层是使煤层表面存在温差而产生热应力导致煤层破裂。(2)裂缝数量与激光功率、激光照射煤层的时间呈正相关,激光功率由400 W增大到1000 W时,裂缝数量由10条增加到37条;激光功率600 W时,照射时间由1 s增至15 s,裂缝数量由24条增至36条;裂缝数量与激光频率呈负相关,随着激光照射煤层距离增大先增大后减小,照射距离为10 cm时产生裂缝数量最多。(3)裂缝长度与激光功率、照射煤层时间以及激光频率呈正相关,与照射煤层距离呈负相关,其中激光照射时间影响最明显,照射时间1 s时裂缝长度为1.52 mm,照射时间增加到5 s时裂缝长度激增为57.6 mm。以陕西韩城深部取心样品为例,激光热裂深部煤层2 m范围内的近井污染最佳激光功率为20 kW,最佳激光照射时间为2280 s。相较于水力压裂,激光热裂煤层能形成更加复杂的裂缝,但形成的裂缝长度较小,实际应用中,建议将水力压裂技术与激光热裂技术相结合,以实现解堵和增渗的目的。

裂隙中煤粉运移及解堵可视化物理模拟实验

煤粉在煤储层裂隙中沉积会降低裂隙导流能力,制约煤层气井高效稳产开发。设计了裂隙中煤粉运移及解堵可视化物理模拟实验方案,通过裂隙中煤粉运移可视化物理模拟实验,分析了裂隙不同位置煤粉颗粒沉积面积的变化和沉积形态特征,揭示了煤粉运移、沉积的动态规律;通过裂隙中煤粉解堵可视化物理模拟实验,分析了解堵时间和流速对裂隙中沉积煤粉解堵面积的影响,揭示了煤粉启动、解堵的动态规律。实验结果表明:煤粉颗粒在裂隙不同方向和位置聚集状态不同,裂隙喉道由入口向垂直主运移方向的两端及主运移方向煤粉颗粒沉积面积逐渐减少,支路通道沿主运移方向煤粉颗粒沉积面积逐渐增加。裂隙喉道、支路通道和主路通道处煤粉沉积的形态分别呈鹰嘴状、层状和流线型,其原因是裂隙不同位置对含煤粉流体的阻力不同,导致煤粉在不同位置的沉积形态不同。在相同流速下,随解堵时间增长,煤粉解堵效果越好,但前期解堵面积大,后期解堵面积小,裂隙喉道处煤粉解堵效果明显优于支路通道,其原因是松散、易于解堵的煤粉颗粒会被首先解堵,随时间进行,剩余未被解堵的煤粉颗粒需要更大的启动流速。流速越大,裂隙喉道处和支路通道处的煤粉解堵面积越大,其原因是提升流速能增强煤粉颗粒的流动性。

基于CFD仿真的煤炭港口堆场垛位起尘特性研究

露天堆放的煤堆是煤炭码头堆场粉尘污染的主要来源。现行港口管理中针对各煤堆除尘作业的实施多依赖经验,未能充分考虑煤堆起尘区域的特点,造成抑尘效果不佳或资源浪费。对考虑外界影响因素变化下的煤炭码头露天堆场散逸性粉尘扩散进行定量研究,以中国北方某煤炭出口码头堆场为例,考虑在不同风速、多种风向入射角(0°、45°、90°)下的多组合试验工况,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件对各煤堆粉尘扩散进行数值模拟,将具体起尘区域可视化,并计算得到煤堆表面的粉尘扩散量。针对性分析不同位置的煤堆起尘特点,可为相应条件下堆场除尘作业提供理论参考。

低浓度铵盐高效精准脱除新疆准东煤中钠

新疆准东地区拥有丰富的高钠煤资源,它们是优质动力煤和化工原料用煤,但钠质量分数高会导致燃烧和气化过程中设备污染和积灰结渣严重,从而严重限制了准东煤的大规模高效利用,钠的高效经济绿色脱除对准东煤的清洁利用具有重要意义。详细研究了系列低浓度铵盐对准东低阶高钠煤中钠的脱除规律及机制,结果表明:去离子水仅能脱除约52%的煤中钠,当使用0.006mol/L的低浓度NH_(4)Ac、NH_(4)Cl、(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)、NH_(4)NO_(3)、TMACl等各类铵盐时,总钠和有机钠脱除率可达90%~97%和80%~95%。煤灰中Na_(2)O质量分数从原煤的6.21%和水处理煤的2.77%显著降低至低浓度铵盐处理煤的0.27%~0.81%。在上述各类铵盐中,NH_(4)Ac脱钠效果最佳。脱钠药剂中阳离子对有机钠的脱除起着重要作用,其脱钠量顺序为H^(+)>NH^(4+)>TMA^(+),这归因于小的阳离子更有利于进入煤孔隙和有机质本体,与有机钠进行离子交换。铵盐能够脱除煤中各类羧酸钠是常规的离子交换机理,但酚钠的脱除机理可能涉及离子交换、酚铵盐的复分解及NH^(4+)的水解等反应。提高温度、延长时间和增加铵盐量均能显著提高煤中总钠、水溶性无机钠和有机钠等各类形态钠的脱除量。建立了不同铵盐添加量与煤中总钠和有机钠脱除量之间的正相关关系,如对于NH_(4)Ac为y(total Na)=12479x(ammonium amount)+2200,y(organic Na)=12394x(ammonium amount)+136。该准东煤满足国家燃煤标准(w(Na_(2)O)<2.0%,以灰分计质量分数),需脱除约70%的总钠,每吨准东煤需添加约4.26 kg NH_(4)Ac。

基于响应面法的煤矸石氯化焙烧除铁工艺参数优化

为解决煤矸石氯化焙烧除铁过程中氯化剂消耗量过高、焙烧时间掌握不准以及除铁率难以达到期望值的问题,以CaCl_(2)作为氯化剂对煤矸石进行氯化焙烧除铁,在焙烧温度分别为600℃,700℃,800℃,900℃,1000℃,CaCl_(2)添加量(质量分数)分别为5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,焙烧时间分别为90 min,120 min,150 min,180 min,210 min的单因素实验基础上,通过Design-Expert13.0.6软件设计和优化了煤矸石氯化焙烧除铁实验。通过方差分析、等高线分析、响应面分析证明了模型的可靠并分析了各变量之间的交互影响关系。运用响应面优化法以除铁率为指标优化了工艺参数。结果表明:焙烧温度与焙烧时间交互最为显著,CaCl_(2)添加量与焙烧时间交互最低。各影响因子按影响显著性由大到小依次为焙烧温度、CaCl_(2)添加量、焙烧时间;随着焙烧温度升高除铁率进一步提升,由于焙烧温度超过1000℃后产物会转为莫来石,因此控制焙烧温度不超过950℃,当CaCl_(2)添加量达到15%时除铁率最好,超过这一添加量会降低除铁率,焙烧时间达到180 min时除铁率基本上达到了最高值,继续延长焙烧时间对除铁率的影响不大;对响应面模型预测并优化后得到了最佳的工艺条件,即焙烧温度为915℃,CaCl_(2)添加量为15%,焙烧时间为175 min,在此条件下除铁率达到了95.23%,实验值与预测值基本一致。