Model prediction of inactivation of Aeromonas salmonicida grown on poultry in situ by intense pulsed light

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors influencing the inactivation effect of intense pulsed light(IPL)on Aeromonas salmonicida grown on chicken meat and skin,and to further develop prediction models of inactivation.In this work,chicken meat and skin inoculated with meat-borne A.salmonicida isolates were subjected to IPL treatments under different conditions.The results showed that IPL had obvious bactericidal effect in the chicken skin and thickness groups when the treatment voltage and time were 7 V combined with 5 s.In addition,the lethality curves of A.salmonicida were fitted under IPL conditions of 3.5-7.5 V.The comparison of statistical parameters revealed that the Weibull model could best fit the mortality curves and could accurately predict the mortality dynamic of A.salmonicida grown on chicken skin.And further a secondary model between the scale factor b and the treatment voltage in Weibull model was established using linear equations,which determined that the secondary model could accurately predict the inactivation of A.salmonicida.This study provides a theoretical basis for future prediction models of Aeromonas,and also provides new ideas for sterilization approaches of meat-borne Aeromonas.

A thermal stress loading technique for large-sized hot dry rock mechanical tests

Testing of large-sized specimens is becoming increasingly important in deep underground rock mechanics and engineering.In traditional mechanical loading,stresses on large-sized specimens are achieved by large host frames and hydraulic pumps,which could lead to great investment.Low-cost testing machines clearly always have great appeal.In this study,a new approach is proposed using thermal expansion stress to load rock specimens,which may be particularly suitable for tests of deep hot dry rock with high temperatures.This is a different technical route from traditional mechanical loading through hydraulic pressure.For the rock mechanics test system of hot dry rock that already has an investment in heating systems,this technology may reduce the cost of the loading subsystem by fully utilizing the temperature changes.This paper presents the basic principle and a typical design of this technical solution.Preliminary feasibility analysis is then conducted based on numerical simulations.Although some technical details still need to be resolved,the feasibility of this loading approach has been preliminarily confirmed.

An Interpretable Light Attention-Convolution-Gate Recurrent Unit Architecture for the Highly Accurate Modeling of Actual Chemical Dynamic Processes

To equip data-driven dynamic chemical process models with strong interpretability,we develop a light attention–convolution–gate recurrent unit(LACG)architecture with three sub-modules—a basic module,a brand-new light attention module,and a residue module—that are specially designed to learn the general dynamic behavior,transient disturbances,and other input factors of chemical processes,respectively.Combined with a hyperparameter optimization framework,Optuna,the effectiveness of the proposed LACG is tested by distributed control system data-driven modeling experiments on the discharge flowrate of an actual deethanization process.The LACG model provides significant advantages in prediction accuracy and model generalization compared with other models,including the feedforward neural network,convolution neural network,long short-term memory(LSTM),and attention-LSTM.Moreover,compared with the simulation results of a deethanization model built using Aspen Plus Dynamics V12.1,the LACG parameters are demonstrated to be interpretable,and more details on the variable interactions can be observed from the model parameters in comparison with the traditional interpretable model attention-LSTM.This contribution enriches interpretable machine learning knowledge and provides a reliable method with high accuracy for actual chemical process modeling,paving a route to intelligent manufacturing.

A method of manufacturing process modeling based on activity network for large-sized and complex products

Simulation technique is an efficient approach to realize the planning and scheduling of manufacturing process of products. An appropriate and efficient manufacturing process model is the basis and key of manufacturing process simulation. By analyzing the features of large-sized and complex products, a method of manufacturing process modeling based on activity network is presented and a mapping algorithm of translating BOM/BOP into the manufacturing process model is designed in detail.

Empirical modeling of normal/cyclo-alkanes pyrolysis to produce light olefins

Due to the complexity of feedstock,it is challenging to build a general model for light olefins production.This work was intended to simulate the formation of ethylene,propene and 1,3-butadiene in alkanes pyrolysis by referring the effects of normal/cyclo-structures.First,the pyrolysis of n-pentane,n-hexane,n-heptane,n-octane,n-nonane,n-decane,cyclohexane,methylcyclohexane,n-hexane and cyclohexane mixtures,and n-heptane and methylcyclohexane mixtures were carried out at 650–800℃,and a particular attention was paid to the measurement of ethylene,propene and 1,3-butadiene.Then,pseudo-first order kinetics was taken to characterize the pyrolysis process,and the effects of feedstock composition were studied.It was found that chain length and cyclo-alkane content can be qualitatively and quantitively represented by carbon atom number and pseudo-cyclohexane content,which made a significant difference on light olefins formation.Furthermore,the inverse proportional/quadratic function,linear function and exponential function were proposed to simulate the effects of chain length,cycloalkane content and reaction temperature on light olefins formation,respectively.Although the obtained empirical model well reproduced feedstock conversion,ethylene yield and propene yield in normal/cycloalkanes pyrolysis,it exhibited limitations in simulating 1,3-butadiene formation.Finally,the accuracy and flexibility of the present model was validated by predicting light olefins formation in the pyrolysis of multiple hydrocarbon mixtures.The prediction data well agreed with the experiment data for feedstock conversion,ethylene yield and propene yield,and overall characterized the changing trend of 1,3-butadiene yield along with reaction temperature,indicating that the present model could basically reflect light olefins production in the pyrolysis process even for complex feedstock.

A General Channel Model for Visible Light Communications in Underground Mines

In underground mines, visible light communication(VLC) system is a promising method to realize effective communication,which supports communication and illumination at the same time. Therefore, adequate research of underlying physical propagation phenomenon should be carried out to realize VLC system in underground mines. To design VLC system and evaluate its performance, accurate and efficient channel models, including large-scale fading and scattering characteristics, are needed to be established. However,the characteristics of the underlying VLC channels about fading and scattering have not been sufficiently investigated yet. In this paper, a path loss channel model, based on the recursive model, is proposed precisely. Its path loss exponent is determined by three different trajectories, which is studied in the mining roadway and working face environment. Besides, the shadowing effect for VLC has been modelled by a Bimodal Gaussian distribution in underground mines. Considering the number of transmitters in line-of-sight(Lo S) as well as non-line-of-sight(NLo S) scenarios,our simulation illustrates the fact that, as the curve fitting technique is employed, the path loss displays a linear behavior in log-domain.The path loss expression is derived, it is related to the distance. Finally, root mean square(RMS) delay spread and Mie scattering in underground mines are analyzed.

Simulation of traffic flow with traffic light strategies via a modified cellular automaton model

Traffic flows controlled by traffic light strategies were investigated via a cellular automaton model with anticipation, which is suitable for describing urban traffic. Three kinds of strategies, i. e., synchronized, green-wave and random switching lights, were designed, simulated and compared with each other. It is shown that the green-wave strategy is only valid at lower density and there is not an effective way with the three strategies to improve the efficiency of traffic flow at high density.

Model Test and Design of the Wave Energy System on "Central Fairway No. 1" Light Ship

This paper presents the test of a ship model for the design of a backward-bent duct oscillating water column type wave energy conversion system, to supply electric power for a light ship. This system suggests a new way to produce electric power automatically for large light ships.

Theoretical Models of Light Scattering Applied in Sizing Particles in Coal Water Slurry

Advantges and disadvantage of Mie scattering model and Fraunhofer diffraction model are discussed. The result shows that 1) the Fraunhofer diffraction model is simple in design and fast in operation, which is quite suitable for on-line control and 2) the intensity and energy distribution of diffracted light of both the Mie scattering model and the Fraunhofer theoretical model are compared and researched. Feasibility of using the Fraunhofer diffraction model to replace the Mie scattering model in measuring particles in coal water slurry is demonstrated.

Light-absorbing Particles in Snow and Ice: Measurement and Modeling of Climatic and Hydrological impact

Light absorbing particles（LAP, e.g., black carbon, brown carbon, and dust） influence water and energy budgets of the atmosphere and snowpack in multiple ways. In addition to their effects associated with atmospheric heating by absorption of solar radiation and interactions with clouds, LAP in snow on land and ice can reduce the surface reflectance（a.k.a., surface darkening）, which is likely to accelerate the snow aging process and further reduces snow albedo and increases the speed of snowpack melt. LAP in snow and ice（LAPSI） has been identified as one of major forcings affecting climate change, e.g.in the fourth and fifth assessment reports of IPCC. However, the uncertainty level in quantifying this effect remains very high. In this review paper, we document various technical methods of measuring LAPSI and review the progress made in measuring the LAPSI in Arctic, Tibetan Plateau and other mid-latitude regions. We also report the progress in modeling the mass concentrations, albedo reduction, radiative forcing, and climatic and hydrological impact of LAPSI at global and regional scales. Finally we identify some research needs for reducing the uncertainties in the impact of LAPSI on global and regional climate and the hydrological cycle.

Simplified prediction model for lighting energy consumption in office building scheme design

At the scheme design stage,the potential of daylighting is significant due to the saving for electric lighting use. There are few simple tools for architects to optimize the daylighting design. Therefore,it is useful to develop a design guideline related to the evaluation of lighting energy saving potential and sunlight design strategies. This paper analyzes the impacts of different artificial lighting control methods and design parameters on daylighting. A direct correlation between lighting energy consumption and parameters such as orientations,window to wall ratio (WWR) and perimeter depth is established. A simplified prediction model is proposed to estimate lighting energy consumption with the given perimeter depth,WWR,and window transparency. Validation of the model is carried out compared with detailed lighting simulation software for an office building. After the variation analysis for these parameters,design advises for the daylighting design at scheme design phase are summarized.

Lighting Model of the Real World in Augmented Reality

Construction of a lighting model of the real world is one of the critical aims in an augmented reality (AR) system. The theory of lighting modeling used in computer graphics(CG) is applied in this study. The position of the real light-source is first conjectured from light and shade of the registration image element by element using a ray tracking algorithm. Then the virtual light-source and virtual fiducial are constructed in the CG environment, in which, the Phong model is used to draw the light effect. By comparing the CG scene with the real image, one can modify the parameters of the lighting model over and over again, until the lighting effect of the CG scene is close enough to that of the real image. It is proved that this method works well in the indoor AR system. The method can be used feasibly in most applications with some improvements.

A Theoretical Model of Arc Light Radiation Based on GTA Spectral Diagnosis

An arc light radiation phenomenon in TIG welding process was studied through experiments and theoretical analysis.The arc spectra were acquired under a variety of welding parameters from 200 nm to 1000 nm wavelength rangein TIG. The influence of welding parameters on the arc radiation was discussed. The radiation energy from linesemission mechanisms was calculated and the comparison was made with the one from the continuum emissionmechanisms. The result shows that the radiation energy from the line emission mechanisms is equal to the one fromthe background. Based on the experiments and analysis, a physical model of arc light radiation has been developed.In this model. the arc plasma was presumed to be in local thermal equilibrium (LTE) with light thinness property.The Bolzmann distribution and Saha equation were applied to establish the arc light radiation model. This helps laythe foundation for further mathematical modeling of the arc light radiation.

Approach to Modeling and Virtual-reality-based Simulation for Plant Canopy Lighting

Over the past 20 years, significant progress has been made in virtual plant modeling corresponding to the rapid advances in information technology. Virtual plant research has broad applications in agronomy, forestry, ecol- ogy and remote sensing. As many biological processes are driven by light, it is the key for virtual plant to estimate the light absorbed by each organ. This paper presents the radiance equation suitable for calculating sun and sky light intercepted by plant organs based on the principles of the interaction between light and plant canopy firstly; analyzes the process principles of plant canopy primary lighting based on ray casting and projection secondly; describes the multiple scattering of plant lighting based on Monte Carlo ray tracing method and on the radiosity method thirdly; and confirms the research with 3D visualization based on Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) finally. The research is the primary work of digital agriculture, and important for monitoring and estimating corn growth in Northeast China.

Design of a 70 MPa Two-Way Proportional Cartridge Valve for Large-Size Hydraulic Forging Press

For an ultra-high-pressure hydraulic transmission system of a large-size hydraulic forging press(LHFP),a 70 MPa two-way proportional cartridge valve has been developed to improve the power weight ratio of the hydraulic forging press.In this study,a nominal diameter 25 mm(DN25)cartridge valve is taken as the research object.A longer concentric cylindrical annular gap is set to effectively prevent the ultra-high-pressure oil from flowing to the pilot stage and a seated valve structure is set to form the linear sealing zone in the closing state of the main valve port.Electric-displacement feedback is adopted to realize precise control of the main valve port flow and the features of this valve are investigated.In order to verify the strength and static and dynamic characteristics,the finite element model and a simulation model of the valve proposed above are built.There is a little deformation which does not affect the main valve spool movement,and the main valve port flow meets the design demands.Then,the prototype of DN2570 TPCV is manufactured and a ultra-high-pressure experimental platform is developed.The experimental results show that the DN2570 TPCV designed in this study has the advantage of fast response,high control precision,and low leakage,which can meet the requirements of LHFPs.

Stochastic Modelling of Relative Light Sensitivity of Hair Follicles

Relative light sensitivity (RLS) of HFs was mathematically described as the ratio of two stochastic variables presenting the durations of light sensitive and light insensitive sub-phases of the cycle according to a new theory of HF light sensitivity formulated in our previous article (Kruglikov, Am J Cosm Surg, 2012, 29:266 - 272). RLS gives possibility to rank the HFs from different body regions according to their light sensitivities. Application of proposed method for estimation of the light sensitivity of scalp hairs predicts remarkable difference in light sensitivities of HFs in alopecic and non-alopecic patients.

Modelling and Performance Analysis of Visible Light Communication System in Industrial Implementations

Visible light communication(VLC)has a paramount role in industrial implementations,especially for better energy efficiency,high speed-data rates,and low susceptibility to interference.However,since studies on VLC for industrial implementations are in scarcity,areas concerning illumination optimisation and communication performances demand further investigation.As such,this paper presents a new modelling of light fixture distribution for a warehouse model to provide acceptable illumination and communication performances.The proposed model was evaluated based on various semi-angles at half power(SAAHP)and different height levels for several parameters,including received power,signal to noise ratio(SNR),and bit error rate(BER).The results revealed improvement in terms of received power and SNR with 30 Mbps data rate.Various modulations were studied to improve the link quality,whereby better average BER values of 5.55×10^(−15) and 1.06×10^(−10) had been achieved with 4 PAM and 8 PPM,respectively.The simulation outcomes are indeed viable for the practical warehouse model.

Evaluating the Conservation Efforts of Multi-Projects Using Remote Sensing and Light Use Efficiency Model: A Case of Nyungwe Forest National Park, Rwanda

This paper investigates the effectiveness of conservation efforts in the Nyungwe Forest National Park (Nyungwe). The forest is one of the six key landscapes identified for conservation in the Albertine Rift because it hosts many threatened species. As such, a number of different stakeholders have been involved in its conservation since 1987;yet, studies that emphasize and evaluate the success of these conservation efforts are limited. We combined a rapid and relatively low cost remotely-sensed data and the Light Use Efficiency model to generate forest conservation indicators such as NDVI, forest canopy Net Primary Productivity and carbon sequestered from 1986 to 2010. The influence of topographic and climatic factors on these indicators was examined. The supervised classifier was used to catalogue the area into Forest, Wetland, and Bareland. The forest was the major category (above 90%) of Nyungwe relative to wetland and bareland. Based on degradation intensity, two distinctive periods were realised;the first period spans 8 years (1986-1994) whereas the second spans 16 years (1994-2010). The former degradation intensity period is 10 times higher than the latter period. Although the size of forest recovered up to 90%, the daily NPP and carbon sequestration capacity decreased by 37.1% (i.e. NPP 6.5 Mg tons in 1986 to 4.1 Mg tons in 2010). Areas of the forest that are physically constrained (high altitude) had a higher degradation. Guided by our indicators, there is an overall success in conservation efforts, but efforts were mostly concentrated in accessible areas. Therefore, conservation efforts that aim to respond to degradation of the inaccessible areas of the forest should be stressed in the management plan of the park.

Electromagnetic Properties of S11 States in a Light Cone Quark Model

Using relativistic spin-flavor wave functions of a Lorentz-covariant light cone quark model, we calculate the electromagnetic form factors of two S11 resonances, N（1535） and N（1650）, and the helicity amplitudes A1/2 and S1/2 for electroexcitation of the S11 resonances from the nucleon. The electromagnetic form factors of these S11 resonances are found to be similar to those of the nucleon in shape, while the charge form factor of neutral N（1650） is nearly zero. The relative peak height of the S11 charge form factors is controlled by the mixing angle common to both resonance wave functions. As in most quark models, there is a systematic overestimate of A1/2 in both N（1535） and N（1650） cases at the photon point. A sizeable S1/2 for all cases is produced as suggested by experiments.

Experimental Investigation and Development of Artificial Neural Network Model for the Properties of Locally Produced Light Weight Aggregate Concrete

The developments in the field of construction raise the need for concrete with less weight. This is beneficial for different applications starting from the less load applied to foundations and soil till the reduction of carnage capacity required for lifting precast units. In this paper, the production of light weight concrete from light local weight aggregate is investigated. Three candidate materials are used: crushed fired brick, vermiculite and light exfoliated clay aggregate (LECA). The first is available as the by-product of brick industry and the later two types are produced locally for different applications. Nine concrete mixes were made with same proportions and different aggregate materials. Physical and mechanical properties were measured for concrete in fresh and hardened states. Among these measured ones are unit weight, slump, compressive and tensile strength, and impact resistance. Also, the performance under elevated temperature was measured. Results show that reduction of unit weight up to 45%, of traditional concrete, can be achieved with 50% reduction in compressive strength. This makes it possible to get structural light weight concrete with compressive strength of 130 kg/cm2. Light weight concrete proved also to be more impact and fire resistant. However, as expected, it needs separate calibration curves for non-destructive evaluation. Following this experimental effort, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique was applied for simulating and predicting the physical and mechanical properties of light weight aggregate concrete in fresh and hardened states. The current paper introduced the (ANN) technique to investigate the effect of light local weight aggregate on the performance of the produced light weight concrete. The results of this study showed that the ANN method with less effort was very efficiently capable of simulating the effect of different aggregate materials on the performance of light weight concrete.