Estimation of the anisotropy of hydraulic conductivity through 3D fracture networks using the directional geological entropy

With an extension of the geological entropy concept in porous media,the approach called directional entrogram is applied to link hydraulic behavior to the anisotropy of the 3D fracture networks.A metric called directional entropic scale is used to measure the anisotropy of spatial order in different directions.Compared with the traditional connectivity indexes based on the statistics of fracture geometry,the directional entropic scale is capable to quantify the anisotropy of connectivity and hydraulic conductivity in heterogeneous 3D fracture networks.According to the numerical analysis of directional entrogram and fluid flow in a number of the 3D fracture networks,the hydraulic conductivities and entropic scales in different directions both increase with spatial order(i.e.,trace length decreasing and spacing increasing)and are independent of the dip angle.As a result,the nonlinear correlation between the hydraulic conductivities and entropic scales from different directions can be unified as quadratic polynomial function,which can shed light on the anisotropic effect of spatial order and global entropy on the heterogeneous hydraulic behaviors.

Acoustic emission characterization of microcracking in laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing tests

Understanding microcracking near coalesced fracture generation is critically important for hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoir characterization as well as damage evaluation in civil engineering structures. Dense and sometimes random microcracking near coalesced fracture formation alters the mechanical properties of the nearby virgin material. Individual microcrack characterization is also significant in quantifying the material changes near the fracture faces （i.e. damage）. Acoustic emission （AE） monitoring and analysis provide unique information regarding the microcracking process temporally, and infor- mation concerning the source characterization of individual microcracks can be extracted. In this context, laboratory hydraulic fracture tests were carried out while monitoring the AEs from several piezoelectric transducers. In-depth post-processing of the AE event data was performed for the purpose of under- standing the individual source mechanisms. Several source characterization techniques including moment tensor inversion, event parametric analysis, and volumetric deformation analysis were adopted. Post-test fracture characterization through coring, slicing and micro-computed tomographic imaging was performed to determine the coalesced fracture location and structure. Distinct differences in fracture characteristics were found spatially in relation to the openhole injection interval. Individual microcrack AE analysis showed substantial energy reduction emanating spatially from the injection interval. It was quantitatively observed that the recorded AE signals provided sufficient information to generalize the damage radiating spatially away from the injection wellbore.

Some results of modeling D-D seismogenic pattern by the fracture model experiment of large-scale rock samples(I)

sing the natural limestone samples taken from the field with dimension of 500 mm×500 mm×1 000 mm, the D-D (dilatancy-diffusion) seismogeny pattern was modeled under the condition of water injection, which observes the time-space evolutionary features about the relative physics fields of the loaded samples from deformation, formation of microcracks to the occurrence of main rupture. The results of observed apparent resistivity show: ① The process of the deformation from microcrack to main rupture on the loaded rock sample could be characterized by the precursory spatial-temporal changes in the observation of apparent resistivity; ② The precursory temporal changes of observation in apparent resistivity could be divided into several stages, and its spatial distribution shows the difference in different parts of the rock sample; ③ Before the main rupture of the rock sample the obvious ″tendency anomaly′ and ′short-term anomaly″ were observed, and some of them could be likely considered as the ″impending earthquake ″anomaly precursor of apparent resistivity. The changes and distribution features of apparent resistivity show that they are intrinsically related to the dilatancy phenomenon of the loaded rock sample. Finally, this paper discusses the mechanism of resistivity change of loaded rock sample theoretically.

Reconstruction of different scales of pore-fractures network of coal reservoir and its permeability prediction with Monte Carlo method

There are millimeter, micron and nanometer scales of pores and fractures in coal to describe different scales of coal pores and fissures communicating path and to quantitatively characterize their permeability. Such information provides an important basis for studying coalbed methane output mechanism. The pores and fissures in a large number of coal samples were observed and counted by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The probability distribution models of pore-fissure network were then established. Different scales of pore-fissures 2D network models were reconstructed by Monte Carlo method. The 2D seepage models were obtained through assignment zero method and using Matlab software. The effect of permeability on different scale pore-fractures network was obtained by two-dimensional seepage equation. Predicted permeability is compared with the measured ones. The results showed that the dominant order of different scale pore-fractures connected path from high to low is millimeter-sized fractures, seepage pores and micron-size fractures. The contribution of coal reservoir permeability from large to small is millimeter-size fractures, micron-size fractures and seepage pores. Different parameters in different scale pore-fractures are of different influence permeability.Reconstruction of different scale pore-fractures network can clearly display the connectivity of porefractures, which can provide a basis for selecting migration path and studying gas flow pattern.

Numerical manifold method modeling of coupled processes in fractured geological media at multiple scales

The greatest challenges of rigorously modeling coupled hydro-mechanical(HM)processes in fractured geological media at different scales are associated with computational geometry.These challenges include dynamic shearing and opening of intersecting fractures at discrete fracture scales as a result of coupled processes,and contact alteration along rough fracture surfaces that triggers structural and physical changes of fractures at micro-asperity scale.In this paper,these challenges are tackled by developing a comprehensive modeling approach for coupled processes in fractured geological media based on numerical manifold method(NMM)at multiple scales.Based on their distinct geometric features,fractures are categorized into three different scales:dominant fracture,discrete fracture,and discontinuum asperity scales.Here the scale is relative,that of the fracture relative to that of the research interest or domain.Different geometric representations of fractures at different scales are used,and different governing equations and constitutive relationships are applied.For dominant fractures,a finite thickness zone model is developed to treat a fracture as a porous nonlinear domain.Nonlinear fracture mechanical behavior is accurately modeled with an implicit approach based on strain energy.For discrete fractures,a zero-dimensional model was developed for analyzing fluid flow and mechanics in fractures that are geometrically treated as boundaries of the rock matrix.With the zero-dimensional model,these fractures can be modeled with arbitrary orientations and intersections.They can be fluid conduits or seals,and can be open,bonded or sliding.For the discontinuum asperity scale,the geometry of rough fracture surfaces is explicitly represented and contacts involving dynamic alteration of contacts among asperities are rigorously calculated.Using this approach,fracture alteration caused by deformation,re-arrangement and sliding of rough surfaces can be captured.Our comprehensive model is able to handle the computational challenges with accurate representation of intersections and shearing of fractures at the discrete fracture scale and rigorously treats contacts along rough fracture surfaces at the discontinuum asperity scale.With future development of three-dimensional(3D)geometric representation of discrete fracture networks in porous rock and contacts among multi-body systems,this model is promising as a basis of 3D fully coupled analysis of fractures at multiple scales,for advancing understanding and optimizing energy recovery and storage in fractured geological media.

Experimental study on the e ect of fracture scale on seismic wave characteristics

In fractured reservoir beds, fracture characteristics affect seismic wave response. Fractured models based on the Hudson＇s fractured medium theory were constructed in our laboratory by a backfilling technique. For the same fracture density, the variations of the velocity and amplitude of the primary wave and shear wave parallel and perpendicular to the fracture were observed by altering the diameter （scale） of the penny-shaped fracture disk. The model test indicated that an increase of fracture scale increased the velocity and amplitude of the primary wave by about 2%. When the shear wave propagated parallel to the fracture, the velocity of the fast shear wave hardly changed, while the velocity of slow shear wave increased by 2.6% with increasing fracture scale. The results indicated that an increase of fracture scale would reduce the degree of anisotropy of the shear wave. The amplitudes of slow shear waves propagating parallel and perpendicular to fractures decreased with increasing fracture scale.

Application of scaled boundary finite element method in static and dynamic fracture problems

The scaled boundary finite element method （SBFEM） is a recently developed numerical method combining advantages of both finite element methods （FEM） and boundary element methods （BEM） and with its own special features as well. One of the most prominent advantages is its capability of calculating stress intensity factors （SIFs） directly from the stress solutions whose singularities at crack tips are analytically represented. This advantage is taken in this study to model static and dynamic fracture problems. For static problems, a remeshing algorithm as simple as used in the BEM is developed while retaining the generality and flexibility of the FEM. Fully-automatic modelling of the mixed-mode crack propagation is then realised by combining the remeshing algorithm with a propagation criterion. For dynamic fracture problems, a newly developed series-increasing solution to the SBFEM governing equations in the frequency domain is applied to calculate dynamic SIFs. Three plane problems are modelled. The numerical results show that the SBFEM can accurately predict static and dynamic SIFs, cracking paths and load-displacement curves, using only a fraction of degrees of freedom generally needed by the traditional finite element methods.

Effects of fracture distribution and length scale on the equivalent continuum elastic compliance of fractured rock masses

Fracture systems have strong influence on the overall mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses dueto their relatively lower stiffness and shear strength than those of the rock matrix. Understanding theeffects of fracture geometrical distribution, such as length, spacing, persistence and orientation, isimportant for quantifying the mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses. The relation betweenfracture geometry and the mechanical characteristics of the fractured rock mass is complicated due tothe fact that the fracture geometry and mechanical behaviors of fractured rock mass are stronglydependent on the length scale. In this paper, a comprehensive study was conducted to determine theeffects of fracture distribution on the equivalent continuum elastic compliance of fractured rock massesover a wide range of fracture lengths. To account for the stochastic nature of fracture distributions, threedifferent simulation techniques involving Oda＇s elastic compliance tensor, Monte Carlo simulation （MCS）,and suitable probability density functions （PDFs） were employed to represent the elastic compliance offractured rock masses. To yield geologically realistic results, parameters for defining fracture distributionswere obtained from different geological fields. The influence of the key fracture parameters andtheir relations to the overall elastic behavior of the fractured rock mass were studied and discussed. Adetailed study was also carried out to investigate the validity of the use of a representative elementvolume （REV） in the equivalent continuum representation of fractured rock masses. A criterion was alsoproposed to determine the appropriate REV given the fracture distribution of the rock mass.

基于阵列声波测井的井下多尺度压裂效果评价方法

为有效监测水力压裂效果、提高储层压裂效果评价精度,基于阵列声波测井资料的井下压裂效果评价方法,采用反射斯通利波提取和成像技术定量表征近井筒压裂缝,建立适用于测井观测系统的叠前深度偏移成像算法,以实现远井压裂缝的高精度成像,形成了基于阵列声波测井的井下多尺度压裂效果评价方法,并在中国西部某油田X1水平井成功应用。研究表明,基于阵列声波测井资料评价的压裂缝发育程度与压裂液注入量呈正相关关系,并且压裂缝最为发育层段与地震蚂蚁体属性图中天然裂缝发育位置一致。基于阵列声波测井的井下压裂效果评价方法的提出,对表征井周数十米范围内不同尺度压裂缝的发育情况具有重要意义,对更好地发挥水力压裂技术对能源勘探开发行业的支撑作用具有一定指导意义。

地震叠后和叠前混合驱动下的页岩油储层多尺度裂缝预测方法

不同尺度、不同类型的天然裂缝的系统性表征有利于识别优质储层、改进开发效果.建立可靠的多尺度裂缝模型是提高页岩油储层钻遇率的重要依据,其关键在于精细预测小尺度裂缝的空间分布,指导钻井钻进和压裂过程.然而,基于地震属性的传统裂缝预测方法只能各自突出单一尺度的断裂,不同裂缝属性的数学独立性给综合裂缝系统的识别带来严峻挑战.我们提出一套改进的全尺度裂缝系统评估方案,其关键在于通过优化的各向异性蚁群裂缝识别算法确定小尺度裂缝的发育概率,将小尺度裂缝的发育概率与传统蚂蚁追踪产生的大尺度断层的概率进行融合,得到的综合裂缝系统可以实现全尺度裂缝的感知.详细的属性分析过程表明,方位各向异性能够精确描述微观裂缝特征.基于此,我们将各向异性分析得到的裂缝密度和裂缝走向融入蚁群追踪裂缝的各个阶段,在提高裂缝密集区搜索强度的同时,还对小断距裂缝的发育方向实现了精准刻画.针对页岩油藏的应用案例证明,根据改进方案得到的全尺度裂缝系统能够同时表征大尺度断层、小裂缝和裂缝破碎带的分布情况.研究区的成像测井结果进一步验证了小尺度裂缝预测发育方向的准确性及可靠性,能够为页岩油水平井开发部署提供理论指导.

深层页岩压裂多级裂缝内支撑剂运移与分布规律

深层页岩天然裂缝与层理缝发育,经体积改造后易形成“主缝+支缝+次微缝”的多级裂缝结构,但受高垂向应力和高水平应力差条件的影响,深层页岩压裂裂缝开度极窄且主次缝开度差异较大。为了明确多级裂缝内支撑剂运移机制与分布规律,搭建了大型可视化支撑剂输送实验系统,研究了泵注排量、液体黏度、支撑剂粒径、支撑剂浓度、裂缝特征参数对支撑剂运移与分布的影响规律,最后基于水电相似原理计算了裂缝整体导流能力并开展了评价分析。研究结果表明:①缝内支撑剂存在多种堆积模式,其形成由流体对支撑剂的携带能力决定;②支撑剂分流效率受多种因素影响,增大排量与减小支撑剂粒径均可提高分流效率;③多级裂缝内,增大排量与压裂液黏度均在一定程度上改善了支撑剂非均匀分布,但裂缝导流能力表现为先增大后减小;④综合支撑剂分流结果与多级裂缝内支撑剂分布规律,推荐坚持“大排量+低黏度”泵注思想,以保证大粒径支撑剂占比,适当混合小粒径支撑剂,构建“近井区高导流+远井区有支撑”的高导流裂缝体。结论认为,基于含多级裂缝的大型可视化支撑剂输送实验系统,全面系统研究了不同条件下多级裂缝内支撑剂运移与堆积的模式,研究成果可为深层页岩压裂泵注工艺参数设计与优化提供理论支撑。

深层-超深层致密储层天然裂缝分布特征及发育规律

天然裂缝是深层-超深层致密储层的有效储集空间和主要渗流通道,影响着致密储层油气的运移、富集、单井产能、开发方式及开发效果。通过对近年来致密储层裂缝研究成果总结和文献综述,分析了深层-超深层致密储层天然裂缝分布特征及发育规律。将致密储层天然裂缝分为大尺度裂缝、中尺度裂缝、小尺度裂缝和微尺度裂缝4个级别。不同尺度裂缝分布具有幂律分布的特点,裂缝尺度越大,数量越少;裂缝尺度越小,数量越多。大、中尺度裂缝主要起渗流作用,小尺度裂缝主要起渗流和储集作用,而微尺度裂缝主要起储集作用。在地层埋藏过程中的应力体制演化决定了不同时期天然裂缝的类型、产状及其力学性质;构造应力大小、岩石力学层的力学性质和厚度差异控制了多尺度裂缝的形成分布及其发育程度。构造变形导致不同构造部位的局部应力和应变分布产生差异,增强了裂缝发育的非均质性。逆冲断层通过控制其上盘地层变形控制了“裂缝域”的分布规律;走滑断层的组合样式、活动方式和岩石力学层共同控制了相关裂缝的三维空间展布。裂缝形成演化过程中的开启-闭合规律决定了裂缝的储集空间,记录了裂缝有效性的演化历史。

沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气储层特征及开发技术对策

为了实现沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发,以郑庄北-沁南西区块为研究对象,基于参数井取心分析测试、注入/压降测试、地应力循环测试结果和大量动静态数据,通过与浅部对比,阐述了中深部煤储层特征,分析了从浅部到中深部煤层直井压裂和水平井分段压裂两种开发技术的改进,进而提出了中深部煤层气主体开发技术。结果表明,郑庄北-沁南西区块3号煤平均埋深1200 m左右,为中深部煤层气储层。随着埋深增加,研究区含气量和吸附时间均先增加后降低,含气量和吸附时间峰值分别位于埋深1100~1200 m和800~1000 m;随着埋深增加,研究区地应力场类型发生了2次转换,埋深小于600 m时,为逆断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成水平缝,利于造长缝;埋深大于1000 m时为走滑断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成垂直缝,裂缝延伸较短;埋深为600~1000 m时,地应力场由逆断层型向走滑断层型转换阶段,水力压裂形成的裂缝系统较为复杂。与浅层相比,中深部储层含气量、解吸效率和应力场发生明显转变。随着埋深增加,无论是直井(定向井)还是水平井,均应采用更大的压裂规模才能获得较好的效果。对于直井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂液量达到1500 m^(3)以上、排量12~15 m^(3)/min以上、砂比10%~14%以上,单井日产气量可以达到1000 m^(3)以上;对于水平井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂段间距控制在70~90 m以下,单段液量、砂量分别达到2000、150 m^(3)以上,排量达到15 m^(3)/min以上开发效果较好,单井产量突破18000 m^(3)。随着埋深增加,水平井开发方式明显优于直井,以二开全通径水平井井型结构、优质层段识别技术和大规模、大排量缝网压裂为核心的水平井开发方式是适用于沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发的主体工艺技术。

页岩储层应力敏感性的时间效应

有效应力及其作用时间是控制岩石孔隙和裂缝变形的重要外部因素。页岩储层的多尺度孔隙结构特征及孔缝配置关系使得其应力敏感时间效应具有特殊性,然而,以往研究尚未考虑有效应力加载及卸载时间对页岩应力敏感行为的影响。以川南威荣气田龙马溪组页岩气藏为研究对象,钻取不同孔缝发育程度的页岩样品,设计并测试了变有效应力状态下变加载及卸载持续稳定时间对岩样渗透率的影响实验。结果表明:1)有效应力从5 MPa升至35 MPa时,微裂缝岩样和基块岩样渗透率分别降低了66.82%和27.19%,卸载过程中渗透率恢复率为74.73%和79.82%。页岩渗透率越低,有效应力滞后效应越显著;2)恒定有效应力加载持续稳定时间从2.5 h延长至10.0 h,应力敏感系数增加3.76%∼80.17%,且当有效应力较小时的时间效应更显著。研究认为,页岩组分及多尺度孔缝结构是导致其孔缝变形行为差异性的主因。基于实验研究结果,推荐页岩样品老化处理为6.0 h,提出了优化页岩储层敏感性评价实验方案和优化气井工作制度的建议。

骨质疏松性骨折病人症状评估量表的构建

目的:构建骨质疏松性骨折病人症状评估量表,为骨质疏松性骨折病人的症状评估与管理提供科学依据。方法:通过文献回顾、半结构式访谈及德尔菲专家函询法,构建骨质疏松性骨折病人症状评估量表。结果:共进行了2轮专家函询,问卷的有效回收率均为100%,专家权威系数为0.91。第1轮、第2轮肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.130~0.249和0.163~0.344。构建的骨质疏松性骨折症状评估量表包括4个维度(特异性症状、一般生理症状、治疗及并发症相关症状、心理症状),共31个症状条目。结论:构建的骨质疏松性骨折病人症状评估量表具有较高的权威性和科学性,可作为骨质疏松性骨折病人症状评估工具,为个性化的症状管理提供依据。

超深层裂缝性致密砂岩气藏多尺度耦合流动数值模拟

塔里木盆地克拉苏气田白垩系气藏是罕见的超深层裂缝性致密砂岩气藏,该类气藏的储渗空间具有显著的多尺度特征,基质与多尺度裂缝、断层介质的渗透率级差相差5~6个数量级,常规渗流理论难以准确描述其流动规律和开发机理。为此,基于单裂缝流动物理实验结果及流体力学理论,结合多尺度裂缝几何信息,应用均化理论和体积平均尺度升级方法,将多尺度介质划分为5个流动系统,建立了考虑介质间的非稳态窜流多尺度耦合流动数学模型,并应用有限体积法对耦合流动模型进行了数值求解和数值试井分析。研究结果表明:(1)不同尺度裂缝中具有不同的流动特征,随缝宽增加流速加快,流动模态发生变化;(2)多尺度耦合流动模型与双重介质模型结果存在较大差异,导数曲线具有不同趋势特征;(3)应用所建立的多尺度耦合流动模型成功解释了气藏实际试井数据,模型能够反映实际地层中的流动过程。结论认为,超深层裂缝性致密砂岩气藏多尺度耦合流动模型揭示了多尺度裂缝以及致密基质间逐级动用、协同供气的开发机理,可为类似气藏制订合理开发技术政策及气藏提高采收率提供理论和技术支撑。

大尺度离散裂缝的渗透率应力敏感研究——以顺北油田为例

为解决大尺度离散裂缝渗透率应力敏感模型针对性不强的问题,文中基于裂缝介质内秉渗透率和离散裂缝充填长方体支撑物模型,建立了大尺度离散裂缝的内秉渗透率-应力解析模型,分析了裂缝渗透率与孔隙压力、裂缝渗流物理/力学参数的关系。研究表明:当裂缝面孔隙度大于0.8时,渗透率损失程度随着孔隙度的增加快速增加,导致大尺度离散裂缝和小尺度连续裂缝渗透率应力敏感的差异;同时,弹性模量平均每下降1000 MPa,渗透率应力敏感指数增加19.26%,而泊松比对应力敏感指数的影响并不显著。文中建立的内秉渗透率应力敏感模型在顺北油田生产动态数值模拟研究中取得了较好的应用效果。

基于RS-Conv的多尺度神经网络LiDAR点云断裂带提取方法

断裂带与地震、滑坡等自然灾害的发生有着密切关系,精准提取断裂带不仅可为地震断层的定量化研究提供指导,还可为地震灾害风险评估及防震减灾决策的制定提供科学依据。针对现有方法中LiDAR点云断裂带提取不完整、连续性差及错误率高等问题,文中提出了一种基于RS-Conv的多尺度神经网络LiDAR点云断裂带提取方法,以便更好地解决复杂地形区域的断裂带自动提取问题。该方法首先构建不同空间尺度的邻域点集,从而更全面地考察点云的局部几何结构特征。考虑到RS-Conv算子能够很好地表征中心点与邻域点的空间关系,文中以RS-Conv算子作为卷积模块构建了多尺度神经网络模型,以提取出LiDAR点云不同尺度的深层次特征,对其进行堆叠并输入到全连接层,以完成对断裂带点的提取。最后,在ISPRS点云数据集、川滇点云数据集和鲜水河数据集上对文中所述方法与张量分解方法和Deep Neural Networks(DNN)方法进行了对比实验,结果表明,文中方法的分类精度最高,分类总误差最低仅为0.3%,较其他方法降低了0.91%~2.79%,证实了该方法在点云断裂带提取方面的优越性。

径向井辅助前置液酸压裂缝扩展数值模拟

基于扩展有限元及双尺度连续模型理论建立径向井辅助前置液酸压裂缝扩展模型,引入偏离系数作为量化评价指标,分析各因素对裂缝形态的影响,并利用灰色关联分析方法明确主控因素。结果表明:径向井对前置液酸压裂缝扩展具有显著引导作用,裂缝优先沿径向井方向起裂并扩展一定距离,而后逐渐偏向最大水平主应力方向;径向井方位角、水平地应力差和地层弹性模量越小,径向井长度越长,偏离系数越小,径向井引导效果越好,其中水平地应力差为主控因素;当径向井方位角为15°时,前置液酸压裂缝沿着径向井方向扩展14.32 m后偏向最大水平主应力方向,径向井的引导效果最好,偏离系数为0.005。

基于深度学习的塑性变形理论建模研究进展

传统塑性理论模型由于引入了适当的假设和简化,面对复杂变形机制和复杂变形条件时具有局限性。基于深度学习的理论建模作为数据驱动的建模新范式,具有精度高、通用性强的特点,是塑性理论建模的重要方向。介绍了深度学习的建模方法,如传统神经网络模型、物理启发式神经网络模型和神经算子网络,分析了各个模型的特点。总结了近年来基于深度学习的塑性理论建模方法在本构关系、损伤断裂模型、微观组织模型和多尺度模型等方面应用的研究进展,并分析了提高模型精度、泛化能力和可解释性的方法。最后提出了基于深度学习的塑性理论建模方法面临的挑战和未来发展方向。