Investigation of system parameters towards safer impact based shock-to-detonation transition in a novel laser driven flyer plate prototype

Laser driven flyer plate technology offers improved safety and reliability for detonation of explosives in industrial applications ranging from mining and stone quarrying to the aerospace and defense industries.This study is based on developing a safer laser driven flyer plate prototype comprised of a laser initiator and a flyer plate subsystem that can be used with secondary explosives.System parameters were optimized to initiate the shock-to-detonation transition(SDT)of a secondary explosive based on the impact created by the flyer plate on the explosive surface.Rupture of the flyer was investigated at the mechanically weakened region located on the interface of these subsystems,where the product gases from the deflagration of the explosive provide the required energy.A bilayer energetic material was used,where the first layer consisted of a pyrotechnic component,zirconium potassium perchlorate(ZPP),for sustaining the ignition by the laser beam and the second layer consisted of an insensitive explosive,cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine(HMX),for deflagration.A plexiglass interface was used to enfold the energetic material.The focal length of the laser beam from the diode was optimized to provide a homogeneous beam profile with maximum power at the surface of the ZPP.Closed bomb experiments were conducted in an internal volume of 10 cm^(3) for evaluation of performance.Dependency of the laser driven flyer plate system output on confinement,explosive density,and laser beam power were analyzed.Measurements using a high-speed camera resulted in a flyer velocity of 670±20 m/s that renders the prototype suitable as a laser detonator in applications,where controlled employment of explosives is critical.

Effects of Ions Charge-Mass Ratio on Energy and Energy Spread of Accelerated Ions in Laser Driven Plasma

Effects of ions charge-mass ratio on energy and energy spread of accelerated ions in laser driven plasma are investigated in detail by proposing a simple double-layer model for a foil target driven by an ultrastrong laser. The radiation pressure acceleration mechanism plays an important role on the studied problem. For the ions near the plasma mirror, i.e. electrons layer, the dependence of ions energy on their charge-mass ratio is derived theoretically. It is found that the larger the charge-mass ratio is, the higher the accelerated ions energy gets. For those ions far away from the layer, the dependence of energy and energy spread on ions charge-mass ratio are also obtained by numerical performance. It exhibits that, as ions charge-mass ratio increases, not only the accelerated ions energy but also the energy spread will become large.

Broadband Terahertz Wave Generation from Monolayer Graphene Driven by Few-Cycle Laser Pulse

We theoretically investigate the characteristics of terahertz(THz) radiation from monolayer graphene exposed to normal incident few-cycle laser pulses, by numerically solving the extended semiconductor Bloch equations. Our simulations show that the THz spectra in low frequency regions are highly dependent on the carrier envelope phase(CEP) of driving laser pulses. Using an optimal CEP of few-cycle laser pulses, we can obtain broadband strong THz waves, due to the symmetry breaking of the laser-graphene system. Our results also show that the strength of the THz spectra depend on both the intensity and central wavelength of the laser pulses. The intensity dependence of the THz wave can be described by the excitation rate of graphene, while wavelength dependence can be traced back to the band velocity and the population of graphene. We find that a near single-cycle THz pulse can be obtained from graphene driven by a mid-infrared laser pulse.

Laser-driven flier impact experiments at the SG-III prototype laser facility

Laser-driven flier impact experiments have been designed and performed at the SG-III prototype laser facility. The continuum phase plate（CPP） technique is used for the 3 ns quadrate laser pulse to produce a relatively uniform irradiated spot of 2 mm. The peak laser intensity is 2.7×10^13W/cm^2 and it accelerates the aluminum flier with a density gradient configuration to a high average speed of 21.3 km/s, as determined by the flight-of-time method with line VISAR. The flier decelerates on impact with a transparent silica window, providing a measure of the flatness of the flier after one hundred microns of flight. The subsequent shock wave acceleration, pursuing, and decay in the silica window are interpreted by hydrodynamic simulation. This method provides a promising method to create unique conditions for the study of a material＇s properties.

Generation of Nonlinear Force Driven Blocks from Skin Layer Interaction of Petawatt-Picosecond Laser Pulses for ICF

The discovery of the essential difference of maximum ion energy for TW-pslaser plasma interaction compared with, the 100 ns laser pulses led to the theory of a skin layermodel where the control of prepulses suppressed the usual relativistic self-focusing. The subsequentgeneration of two nonlinear force driven blocks has been demonstrated experimentally and inextensive numerical studies where one block moves against the laser light and the other block intothe irradiated target. These blocks of nearly solid state density DT plasma correspond to ion beamcurrent densities exceeding 10^(10) A/cm^2 where the ion velocity can be chosen up to highlyrelativistic values. Using the results of the expected ignition of DT fuel by light ion beams, aself-sustained fusion reaction front may be generated even into uncompressed solid DT fuel similarto the Nuckolls-Wood scheme where 10 kJ laser pulses produce 100 MJ fusion energy. This new andsimplified scheme of laser-ICF needs and optimisation of the involved parameters.

Analysis of electromagnetic pulses generated from ultrashort laser irradiation of solid targets at CLAPA

Electromagnetic pulses(EMPs)produced by the interaction of a TW femtosecond laser with solid targets at the Compact Laser Plasma Accelerator(CLAPA)are measured and interpreted.The statistical results confirm that the intensities of the EMPs are closely related to both target material and thickness.The signal of the titanium target is more abundant than that of the copper target with the same thickness,and the intensity of EMP is positively correlated with the target thickness for aluminium foil.With the boosted EMP radiations,the energy of accelerated protons is also simultaneously enhanced.In addition,EMPs emitted from the front of the target exceed those from the rear,which are also pertinent to the specific target position.The resonant waveforms in the target chamber are analyzed using the fast Fourier transform,and the local resonance and the attenuation lead to changes of the frequency spectra of EMPs with variation of detecting positions,which is well supported by the modeling results.The findings are beneficial to gaining insight into the mechanism of EMP propagation in a typical target chamber and providing more information for EMP shielding design.

Effect of laser spot size on fusion neutron yield in laser-deuterium cluster interactions

The effect of the laser spot size on the neutron yield of table-top nuclear fusion from explosions of a femtosecond intense laser pulse heated deuterium clusters is investigated by using a simplified model, in which the cluster size distribution and the energy attenuation of the laser as it propagates through the cluster jet are taken into account. It has been found that there exists a proper laser spot size for the maximum fusion neutron yield for a given laser pulse and a specific deuterium gas cluster jet. The proper spot size, which is dependent on the laser parameters and the cluster jet parameters, has been calculated and compared with the available experimental data. A reasonable agreement between the calculated results and the published experimental results is found.

Ultrahigh Acceleration of Plasma Blocks by Nonlinear Forces for Side-On Laser Ignition of Solid Density Fusion Fuel

A fundamental difference of very high intensity laser interaction with plasmas from solid targets appears with lasing at picosecond （ps） pulse durations in contrast to pulses of nanosec-onds （ns）. This can be seen from the more than 10,000 times higher acceleration with ps pulse du-rations than with thermal pressure determined interaction. A ps pulse duration produces instantly acting high-efficiency nonlinear （ponderomotive） electrodynamic force dominated acceleration in contrast to heating with longer pulses. The ps pulses accelerate high-density plasma blocks. This can be used by a new scheme of side-on driven laser fusion with generating a flame ignition in uncompressed fusion fuel of solid density resulting in a reaction velocity of more than 2000 km/s for DT.

Thermal Physics and Statistical Mechanics Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion(ICF)Inducing a Controlled Thermonuclear Energy

In the 1970s,scientists began experimenting with powerful laser beams to compress and heat the hydrogen isotopes to the point of fusion,a technique called ICF(Inertial Confinement Fusion).In the“direct drive”approach to ICF,powerful beams of laser light are focused on a small spherical pellet containing micrograms of deuterium and tritium.The rapid heating caused by the laser“driver”makes the outer layer of the target explode.In keeping with Isaac Newton’s Third Law“For every action,there is an equal and opposite reaction”,the remaining portion of the target is driven inwards in a rocket-like implosion,causing compression of the fuel inside the capsule and the formation of a shock wave,which further heats the fuel in the very center and results in a self-sustaining burn.The fusion burn propagates outward through the cooler,outer regions of the capsule much more rapidly than the capsule can expand.Instead of magnetic fields,the plasma is confined by the inertia of its own mass—hence the term inertial confinement fusion.A similar process can be observed on an astrophysical scale in stars and the terrestrial uber world,that have exhausted their nuclear fuel,hence inertially or gravitationally collapsing and generating a supernova explosion,where the results can easily be converted to induction of energy in control forms for a peaceful purpose(i.e.,inertial fusion reaction)by means of thermal physics and statistical mechanics behavior of an ideal Fermi gas,utilizing Fermi-Degeneracy and Thomas-Fermi theory.The fundamental understanding of thermal physics and statistical mechanics enables us to have a better understanding of Fermi-Degeneracy as well as Thomas-Fermi theory of ideal gas,which results in laser compressing matter to a super high density for purpose of producing thermonuclear energy in way of controlled form for peaceful shape and form i.e.CTR(Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction).In this short review,we have concentrated on Fundamental of State Equations by driving them as it was evaluated in book Statistical Mechanics written by Mayer,J.and Mayer,M.in this article.

Research Progress in Laser Active Debris Removal of CAST

Based on the introduction to theresearch status and trend of international space-based laser debris re-moval technology, the existing problems of space-based laser debris removal technology are systematically analyzed.In view of the existing problems, the work and research progress of the Beijing Institute of Spacecraft EnvironmentEngineering in this field are introduced from several aspects, such as dynamic behavior of laser-driven debris, orbittransfer model, ground simulation system, space-based removal system scheme and target selection strategy. The mainresearch methods include laser-driven micro-impulse measurement experiment, surface triangulation three-dimension-al reconstruction calculation method based on laser-material interaction theory, simulation calculation based on orbitaldynamics, etc. It also looks forward to the future research direction in the field of this technology.

Measurement of temperature changes during cavitation generated by an erbium, chromium: Yttrium, scandium, gallium garnet laser

Aim: The present study evaluated the magnitude of temperature changes in the tooth during cavitation produced by an Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Methods: The root canal of a single extracted maxillary canine was enlarged to a size 30/.02 file. Four thermocouples were attached to the tooth: one to the surface of the root and three inserted into the canal at 3, 9, and 15 mm from the apical foramen, respectively. The tooth was placed in a plastic container at room temperature around 25°C. The tooth was processed as follows. In the EDTA condition, the tooth was irrigated with 17% EDTA;in the NaOCl condition, the tooth was irrigated with 3% NaOCl;and to analyse the effect of different thicknesses of dentin, the tooth was irrigated with tap water. In all conditions, the irrigants were activated at 2 W for 120 seconds. Results: The mean temperature was 25.2°C to 27.1°C and the temperature ranged from 25.0°C to 29.6°C. The temperature elevation measured during cavitation generated by the laser didnot exceed 5°C. Conclusions: The magnitude of the temperature changes in the root canal and at the surface of the tooth did not exceed 5°C when laser-driven irrigation was used to produce cavitation in the root canal.

中国原子能科学研究院核物理基础研究最新进展与展望

核物理是物质科学研究的基础研究前沿和重大应用领域之一,对人类探索物质结构的微观层次、国家的地位与安全发挥了重大作用。中国原子能科学研究院(简称原子能院)核物理基础研究团队依托北京放射性核束装置、HI-13串列加速器、锦屏深地核天体物理加速器等实验设施,开展了核物理基础相关实验与理论研究,在质子晕核破裂机制、不稳定核衰变新模式、核天体反应深地高精度测量、激光驱动核反应等方面取得了多项创新研究成果。本文评述了“十四五”期间原子能院在核物理基础研究方面取得的一些最新进展,并展望了原子能院未来在核物理大科学装置、特色中小型装置、核理论、新型实验技术、学科交叉融合等方面的发展思路。

Analytical solutions for a doubly driven two-level atom

We have deduced analytical solutions of an energy level diagram of the doubly driven/dressed atom for a two-level atom exposed to a strong near-resonant bichromatic laser field in a special case, i.e., the bichromatic field with frequencies ω1 and ω2, and Rabi frequencies ？1 and ？2, in which the first coupling field of ？1 acts on the bare atomic levels, and then the resulting singly dressed states are driven by the second coupling field of ？2, thus resulting in the doubly dressed atom.We have measured the probe absorption spectra of a doubly driven two-level atom. The system consists of 52S1/2, F= 2 and 5~2P_（3/2）, F＇= 3 states of ^（87）Rb atoms in a magneto-optical trap（MOT） as well as the cooling/trapping beams and an additional coupling field. As for the spectroscopic properties of the doubly driven two-level atom, theoretical analytical solutions are in general agreement with the experimental spectrum as a whole.

Intensity Correlation Function and Associated Relaxation Time of a Saturation Laser Model with Correlated Noises

We investigate the intensity correlation function C（s） and its associated relaxation time Tc for a saturation model of single-mode laser with correlated noises. The expressions of O（s） and Tc are derived by means of the projection operator method, and effects of correlations between an additive noise and a multiplicative noise are discussed by numerical calculation. Based on the calculated results, it is found that the correlation strength A between the additive noise and the multiplicative noise can enhance the fluctuation decay of the laser intensity.

基于数据驱动的激光切割工艺参数优化方法研究综述

近年来,数据驱动的激光切割工艺参数优化方法受到广泛关注和研究。因此,对该领域的主要研究进展进行梳理。对比基于数据驱动和基于机理模型的激光切割工艺参数优化方法,并明确数据驱动方法的研究对象。从工艺参数和工艺质量两个方面归纳当前数据驱动激光切割工艺参数优化的研究思想及进展,并总结已有研究中采用的数据驱动方法。概述数据驱动激光切割工艺参数优化的具体实现手段。总结比较各种数据驱动参数优化方法的优劣,并展望该领域未来值得进一步研究的方向,包括完善数据获取和数据增强方法,加强模型和算法的评估,并探索更高效智能的实现手段。

数据驱动选区激光熔化成形性能优化与智能工艺研究进展

选区激光熔化(SLM)是一种革命性的金属增材制造技术,传统方法难以实现SLM零件多项性能目标协同优化和智能化工艺推荐。为此本文报道了新兴的数据驱动方法在SLM成形性能优化及成形机理探索方面进展。首先,阐明了数据驱动已成为促进SLM成形高性能零件的趋势选择;其次,报道了SLM成形单性能和多性能目标优化,总结了存在挑战并指出优化方向,并提出了一套通用的数据驱动SLM智能工艺推荐系统研究框架、构建方案和多维评价准则;再次,综述了数据驱动SLM成形机理并阐明了其发展方向;最后,探讨了数据驱动SLM目前存在的问题及发展趋势。通过对成形性能优化与成形机理进行总结,旨在促进增材制造工艺优化迈向智能化,促进SLM成形构件高质量,高综合性能发展。

新型光电阴极的研究进展

为了满足高频率、小型化微波真空电子器件需求,寻找合适的阴极和激光系统,研究了一种新型锑铯光电阴极的制备方法。发射材料的蒸发源采用多孔钨海绵扩散阻挡层代替镍管加热技术,以控制发射材料的蒸发速率。为了增强阴极的吸附能力,提高光的吸收率,通过纳米粒子薄膜和离子轰击技术对阴极基体表面进行了改性处理,研究了改性前后阴极表面结构、成分及其光电发射特性。结果表明:表面改性对阴极的量子效率具有很大的提升作用,分析认为阴极表面积的增大是发射性能提高的主要原因,光吸收率的增大也提高了阴极的量子效率。

基于交错并联Buck电路的激光恒流电源设计

Buck变换器因其稳态精度高、动态响应快等优势被广泛应用于恒流源设计,为进一步提高其在高功率场合下的转化效率,研制了两相交错并联Buck电路的激光恒流驱动电源。根据某型激光器性能参数进行了外围电路的设计选型;其次,根据恒压恒流的工作模式分析了控制回路特性并设计了补偿网络;最后,搭建了基于PSIM的仿真模型和基于TMS320F28335为主控芯片的实验平台,验证了所提电路结构和控制回路的可行性。

跨模态特征融合模板驱动的盾构隧道管片孔缝智能识别

基于点云的隧道数据处理方法已逐步替代人工用于盾构管片接缝识别中。但常规点云处理算法提取螺栓孔和接缝时会存在因附属设施遮挡造成错误识别的问题,导致目标识别精度降低。针对此问题,以广州2003年开通的某地铁线路某段地铁隧道数据为例,提出一种跨模态特征融合模板驱动的盾构隧道孔缝识别方法。首先将隧道断面点云的几何中心作为视点,以扫描测线为单元进行逐测线投影生成隧道二维图像;然后通过Canny边缘检测和Hough变换缓冲识别纵缝,对二维图像进行环片分割,并基于双模板匹配实现盾构环分类,依据环片模板进行螺栓孔和横缝的粗定位;最后利用螺栓孔点云DBSCAN聚类后的中心坐标对环片模板进行精校正,实现盾构隧道管片孔缝智能识别。研究结果表明:该方法在附属设施遮挡干扰等情况下能较好地实现孔缝精确识别。其中,设计的基于局部形态特征双模版驱动的盾构环片分类方法,可实现盾构环片的精确分类;设计的顾及盾构管片空间位置关系的孔缝识别方法,可有效提升孔缝识别精度。在识别率与耗时相近的情况下,本方法比同类方法识别精度更高,平均偏差更少,具有更好的准确性和鲁棒性。该方法将盾构隧道三维点云和二维点云投影图像进行数据特征融合的同时,能够顾及局部形态特征凭借双模板实现盾构环片的精确分类以及依据盾构管片的空间位置关系进一步提高孔缝识别精度。研究结果为进一步自动化精准识别盾构隧道接缝和螺栓孔目标信息提供参考。

基于数据驱动的激光通信电源改进系统设计

为提高激光通信电源系统的效率和可靠性,文章设计一种基于数据驱动的激光通信电源改进系统,包括数据采集与监测模块、控制模块、电源转换模块以及通信接口模块。实验验证表明,系统在不同负载下效率最高达97.0%,纹波系数低至0.07%,动态响应时间最低为70μs,表明系统在各种负载条件下均表现出优异性能,具有良好的稳定性和可靠性。