Effects of laser heat treatment on salt spray corrosion of 1Cr5Mo heat resistant steel welding joints

The surface of 1Cr5 Mo heat-resistant steel welding joint was processed with CO2 laser, and the corrosion behaviors before and after laser heat treatment(LHT) were investigated in the salt spray corrosion environments. The microstructures, phases, residual stresses and retained austenite content of 1Cr5 Mo steel welding joint before and after LHT were analyzed with optical microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The cracking morphologies and chemical compositions of corrosion products after salt spray corrosion were analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS), respectively, the polarization curves were measured on a PS-268 A type electrochemical workstation, and the mechanism of corrosion resistance by LHT was investigated as well. The results show that the passive film of original sample is destroyed owing to the corrosive media penetrating into the subsurface, resulting in the redox reaction. The content of residual austenite in the surface and the self-corrosion potential are increased by LHT, which is contributed to improving the capability of salt spray corrosion resistance.

Influence of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of laser weld seams on hot-rolled TRIP 800 steel

The transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels effect occurs because of the martensitic transformation of retained austenite during plastic deformation,and it provides the steel with excellent strength and ductility.While welding remains a vital part of auto body manufacturing,the weldability of TRIP steels is problematic,and this prevents its adoption for many applications in the automotive industry.This present work studies the effects of welding and post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure of TRIP steels.It is found that the microstructures of the fusion zone and the heat affected zone (HAZ) are changed after high-temperature heat treatment.Hardness tests revealed that fusion zone hardness decreased with increasing of temperatures in the post-weld heat treatment on the laser weld seam.The rolling performance of the welding seam and the seam of post-weld heat treatment were also studied.

The effects of heat treatment on microfluidic devices fabricated in silica glass by femtosecond lasers

We fabricated complex microfluidic devices in silica glass by water-assisted femtosecond laser ablation and sub- sequent heat treatment. The experimental results show that after heat treatment, the diameter of the microehannels is significantly reduced and the internal surface roughness is improved. The diameters of the fabricated microehannels can be modulated by changing the annealing temperature and the annealing time. During annealing, the temperature affects the diameter and shape of the protrusions in microfluidic devices very strongly, and these changes are mainly caused by uniform expansion and the action of surface tension.

Effect of Intermediate Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructure and Notch Sensitivity of Laser Solid Formed Inconel 718 Superalloy

Inconel 718 superalloys deposited by laser solid forming （LSF） were heat treated with solution treatment,intermediate heat treatment （IHT） and two-stage aging treatment in sequence （SITA heat treatment）.The effect of IHT temperature on microstructure,tensile property and notch sensitivity of LSFed Inconel 718 superalloy at 500 ℃ were investigated.As-deposited columnar grains have transformed to equiaxed grains and the grains were refined due to the recrystallization during the SITA heat treatment.It is found that the size and amount of δ phase dispersed at grain boundaries decreased with the increasing of IHT temperature,and δ phase disappeared when the IHT temperature reached 1 020 ℃.The ultimate tensile strength （UTS） and yield strength （YS） of smooth samples increased to a maximum when the IHT temperature reached 980 ℃ and then decreased slightly to a minimum when the IHT temperature was 1 000 ℃,and followed by slight increasing again till the IHT temperature reached 1 020 ℃,resulted from the competition of precipitation strengthening effect of γ″ and γ＇ phase and the grain boundary weakening effect caused by the gradual disappearance of δ phase with increasing the IHT temperature.The notch sensitivity factor （qe） decreased but still greater than 1 as the IHT temperature increased,which is attributed to the decrease of the size and amount of δ precipitation.

Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Laser Clad NiWCRE Alloy Layer

The effects of heat treatment on tnicrostructure and hardness of laser surface-clad Ni2 !+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 on the heat-resistant cast iron were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscope(TEM) and microhardness test. The experimental results showed that heat-treating at 500’C has no effect on microstructure and hardness of the layers. Although the phase composition of the layers heat-treated at 700°C and 800°C remain unchanged, more Ni3B and N14B3 phases are precipitated on the matrix of the cladding layer, the metastable phase—M7C3 is transformed into steady phase—M23C6, and the precipitated phases coarsened.

Heat-treated microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming （LSF） Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated The influences of the temperature and time of solution treatment and aging treatment were analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of LSFed samples consists of Widmanstatten α laths and a little acicular in columnar prior β grains with an average grain width of 300 μm, which grow epitaxiaUy from the substrate along the deposition direction （27）. Solution treatment had an important effect on the width, aspect ratio, and volmne fraction of primary and secondary a laths, and aging treatment mainly affects the aspect ratio and volume fraction of primary α laths and the width and volume fraction of secondary a laths. Globular a phase was first observed in LSFed samples when the samples were heat treated with solution treatment （950℃, 8 h/air cooling （AC）） or with solution treatment （950℃, 1 h/AC） and aging treatment （550℃, above 8 h/AC）, respectively. The coarsening and globularization mechanisms of a phase in LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloy during heat treatment were presented. To obtain good integrated mechanical properties for LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloys, an optimized heat treatment regimen was suggested.

LASER HEAT TREATING RESEARCH OF THREE KINDS OF HIGH SPEED STEEL

After laser quenching and tempering of three kinds of annealed tool high-speed steel(W18Cr-4V, W9Mo3Cr4V1, W6Mo5Cr4V2) test samples, the microhardness measurer was used to test the samples and some problems, such as the hardness and depth of hardening-quenching layer were analyzed. Furthermore, after laser quenching and tempering of the quenched and three-time tempered high-speed steel (W18Cr4V) and its hardness analyzing, different results of laser-quenching samples were obtained under different initial heat-treating.

Hardness Profile Prediction for a 4340 Steel Spline Shaft Heat Treated by Laser Using a 3D Modeling and Experimental Validation

Laser surface transformation hardening becomes one of the most effective processes used to improve wear and fatigue resistance of mechanical parts. In this process, the material physicochemical properties and the heating system parameters have significant effects on the characteristics of the hardened surface. To appropriately exploit the benefits presented by the laser surface hardening, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive strategy to control the process variables in order to produce desired hardened surface attributes without being forced to use the traditional and fastidious trial and error procedures. The paper presents a study of hardness profile predictive modeling and experimental validation for spline shafts using a 3D model. The proposed approach is based on thermal and metallurgical simulations, experimental investigations and statistical analysis to build the prediction model. The simulation of the hardening process is carried out using 3D finite element model on commercial software. The model is used to estimate the temperature distribution and the hardness profile attributes for various hardening parameters, such as laser power, shaft rotation speed and scanning speed. The experimental calibration and validation of the model are performed on a 3 kW Nd:Yag laser system using a structured experimental design and confirmed statistical analysis tools. The results reveal that the model can provide not only a consistent and accurate prediction of temperature distribution and hardness profile characteristics under variable hardening parameters and conditions but also a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of process parameters effects. The modelling results show a great concordance between predicted and measured values for the dimensions of hardened zones.

热处理对选区激光熔化Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金力学性能和腐蚀行为的影响

以Al-4.77Mn-1.37Mg-0.67Sc-0.25Zr(质量分数,%)合金粉末为原料,在激光功率330 W和扫描速率700 mm/s下进行选区激光熔化(Selective laser melting,SLM)形成SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金,结合慢应变速率拉伸实验、电化学测试、析氢浸泡实验及显微组织表征手段,分析了(350℃,8 h)热处理对SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金力学性能和腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金力学性能优异,抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为423 MPa、376 MPa和25.1%。热处理后,SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金晶内析出大量针棒状纳米Al_(6)Mn相,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提升至509 MPa和478 MPa。此外,SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金具有良好的耐蚀性能,热处理可以促进SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的钝化,在-0.5 V极化电位时出现钝化台阶,降低SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的电流密度,增加SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的阳极极化率,使SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的平均析氢速率从0.242 mL/(cm^(2)·h)降至0.216 mL/(cm^(2)·h),应力腐蚀敏感因子从3.379%降至0.405%。与此同时,热处理也促进了晶内微米富Si相以及晶界富Mn相和Mg相的析出,增加了SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金点蚀形核位置,增大了SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的晶界电化学成分非均匀性,降低了SLM Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的点蚀和晶间腐蚀抗力。

Corrosion Testing of a Heat Treated 316 L Functional Part Produced by Selective Laser Melting

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) shows a big potential among metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. However, the large thermal gradients and the local melting and solidification processes of SLM result in the presence of a significant amount of residual stresses in the as built parts. These internal stresses will not only affect mechanical properties, but also increase the risk of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). A twister used in an air extraction pump of a condenser to create a swirl in the water, was chosen as a candidate component to be produced by SLM in 316 L stainless steel. Since the main expected damage mechanism of this component in service is corrosion, corrosion tests were carried out on an as-built twister as well as on heat treated components. It was shown that a low temperature heat treatment at 450℃ had only a limited effect on the residual stress reduction and concomitant corrosion properties, while the internal stresses were significantly reduced when a high temperature heat treatment at 950℃ was applied. Furthermore, a specific stress corrosion sensitivity test proved to be a useful tool to evaluate the internal stress distribution in a specific component.

热处理对激光粉末床熔融AlSi10Mg合金热物理性能的影响

采用激光粉末床熔融(laser powder bed fusion,LPBF)法成功制备AlSi10Mg合金样品,研究130℃/4 h时效处理、236℃/10 h退火处理和540℃/1 h固溶处理三种热处理工艺对AlSi10Mg合金样品的微观组织的影响,以及热处理后AlSi10Mg合金在室温~400℃的温度范围内热膨胀系数和热导率演变规律。结果表明:时效处理后铝基体中析出球状的Si颗粒,仍然保留完整的网状共晶硅组织;退火后,网状共晶硅完全消失,球化Si颗粒均匀分布在基体中;固溶处理后出现大的块状Si颗粒,尺寸在1~3μm;经过热处理之后AlSi10Mg合金的热物理性能均优于打印态。退火处理后的合金样品在室温到400℃的热膨胀系数为1.64×10^(−5)~2.1×10^(−5)℃^(−1),平均热导率为179.6 W·m^(−1)·K^(−1),性能优于时效处理和固溶处理。

热处理对选区激光熔化GH4061合金组织和性能的影响

采用激光选区熔化成形技术制备了GH4061合金,研究了不同热处理工艺对合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,沉积态合金的柱状晶穿过多个熔池外延生长,晶内由胞状亚晶结构组成。随着固溶温度的升高,晶粒取向逐渐偏向(101)和(111),晶粒长大;Laves相由长链状转变为颗粒状,1060℃固溶温度时基本溶解;δ相在晶界析出,由粗大块状转变为盘状,然后再转变为短棒状,1100℃热处理时无δ相析出;980℃、1020℃、1060℃、1100℃固溶温度时γ′和γ″相平均尺寸分别为23.53 nm、24.43 nm、25.34 nm和25.66 nm。热处理后合金的室温和650℃力学性能显著提高,其中980℃固溶时效热处理试样的室温和650℃抗拉强度分别达到1342 MPa和1120 MPa,随着固溶温度的升高,1020℃、1060℃、1100℃固溶温度时试样室温抗拉强度分别下降约6.4%、8.3%和10%,650℃抗拉强度分别下降约7.9%、8.8%和11%,塑性有所提高。

热处理对选区激光熔化Co-Cr合金微观组织与力学性能的影响

热处理不仅可以消除激光增材制造材过程中的热应力,还可以调控材料组织结构和力学性能。本文研究了选区激光熔化Co-Cr合金微观组织在不同热处理条件下的变化及其相应的力学性能。研究发现,打印态下合金组织为γ奥氏体,基体中存在大量层错和亚晶界组织,以及少量四方σ-CoCr沉淀相;在1150℃下保温1 h,发生γ-ε转变,ε马氏体含量为10.4%(V/V),同时沉淀相由四方σ相转变为六方Co_(3)W(Mo)_(2)Si相;再经过800℃处理2 h后,马氏体含量进一步增加至15.5%(V/V),同时沉淀相数量增加且尺寸增大。热处理后的沉淀相对力学性能影响显著,材料的硬度从31 HRC提高至38 HRC,屈服强度从848 MPa提高至1119 MPa。本研究可以为研究激光选区熔化Co基合金组织与性能调控提供参考。

激光增材制造与连接GH4169合金的热处理工艺研究

采用激光增材制造技术制备了GH4169合金母材样品,并采用相同的工艺参数实现了母材的激光增材连接,检测了不同热处理状态下合金的拉伸性能,分析了性能改变的内在机理。结果表明:凭借激光增材制造技术热影响区小的优势,热处理前后母材与连接区域处微观组织的演变基本一致。沉积态合金呈典型的柱状晶组织,且二次枝晶并不发达,γ+Laves共晶相呈条带状和岛链状沿晶界分布;均匀化+固溶处理后Laves相发生分解并回溶入基体,并伴随着柱晶的粗化;当进行双重时效处理时Laves相的分布状态发生改变。不同热处理工艺试样的拉伸性能均高于同合金铸态指标,热处理对Laves相的含量和分布状态的改变是影响其强度和塑性的主要因素。

选区激光熔化成形铜合金研究进展

铜合金具有良好的导电导热性,是众多行业的基础材料,随着高新技术的迅速发展,许多行业对高性能、高精度、复杂结构铜合金零部件需求日益增大。传统工艺可制备常规铜合金零件,但对于一些复杂结构铜合金零部件的制备存在困难。首先,本文综述了选区激光熔化成形铜及铜合金的研究进展,系统介绍了目前选区激光熔化成形纯铜所遇到的难点及解决方法;然后,综述了目前选区激光熔化成形不同系列铜合金的研究现状,重点介绍了不同系列铜合金成形件微观组织和力学性能及热处理后成形件微观组织和力学性能变化;最后总结了选区激光熔化成形铜及铜合金存在的问题及未来的研究方向。

退火温度对旋压激光熔覆涂层性能及残余应力的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在27SiMn钢上制备铁基合金熔覆层,并采用强力旋压技术对其进行加工,通过剧烈的塑性变形来改善熔覆层的表面性能。而通过强力旋压工艺制备的熔覆层筒型件通常需要进行热处理以消除较大的残余应力,同时也会对熔覆层的耐磨性产生影响。在350、450、550℃退火2 h后,对其残余应力、显微硬度、耐磨性进行测定。结果表明,热处理后,熔覆层中残余应力明显降低,在试验参数范围内熔覆层表层硬度随温度的升高而出现一定的下降。350℃去应力退火后,其耐磨性能最佳;450℃去应力退火后次之,均优于未热处理熔覆层耐磨性;550℃的耐磨性出现一定的降低。

热处理工艺对激光熔覆316L温度场与应力场的影响规律

为研究不同热处理工艺对激光熔覆残余应力的调控作用,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件建立了热力耦合模型,对不同温度(22~900℃)的熔覆前预热处理、不同温度(200~1000℃)的熔覆后退火处理以及熔覆前后协同热处理条件下的激光熔覆316L不锈钢温度场和应力场进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明:预热对熔池温度影响最大,熔池温度随预热温度的增高而增高;退火处理对激光熔覆残余应力的改善效果最好,800℃退火处理可使残余应力减小约50%,其次是熔覆前后协同热处理,可使残余应力减小约35%,预热处理对激光熔覆残余应力有一定改善,其中预热500℃可使残余应力减小约20%。

激光热处理对超高强度钢扩孔性能的影响

针对DP1180和MS1500两种超高强度钢,采用不同激光工艺参数对拉伸试样进行了激光热处理,通过基于数字图像相关(DIC)技术的单向拉伸实验和显微硬度测试获得激光热处理试样的力学性能并确定了最优激光热处理工艺参数。基于该参数对扩孔试样进行了激光热处理和扩孔实验,研究了激光热处理对两种超高强度钢扩孔性能的影响。结果表明,激光热处理后两种超高强度钢的扩孔性能均显著提升。DP1180在激光功率700 W、扫描速度5 mm·s^(-1)热处理后的扩孔率较基材增加约25.4%。MS1500在激光功率625 W、扫描速度5 mm·s^(-1)热处理后的扩孔率较基材增加约34.4%。

激光冲击与热处理复合处理对GH4169合金抗高温氧化性能的影响

为评估GH4169合金在服役工况中的抗高温氧化行为,对激光冲击强化(laser shock peening,LSP)、热处理和激光冲击强化与热处理复合工艺下GH4169合金进行抗高温氧化性能测试.使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对各处理下GH4169合金的微观形貌进行分析,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)表征其氧化物组成,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱仪(EDS)对高温氧化后试样的表面形貌、截面形貌以及氧化产物成分进行分析.研究结果表明,激光冲击诱导的位错和晶粒细化加速了前期氧化膜的形成,同时热处理作用下产生的析出相抑制了针状尖晶石的产生,使得复合工艺下的氧化膜更加连续致密,最终结合氧化动力学曲线揭示了经激光冲击强化和热处理复合处理后氧化膜的生长机制.

热处理对激光选区熔化制备CX不锈钢微观组织与性能的影响

采用激光选区熔化技术(SLM)制备了CX不锈钢(Corrax Stainless Steel),并对沉积态、固溶态、固溶时效态三种条件下的CX不锈钢进行显微组织分析和室温拉伸性能测试。结果表明,沉积态CX不锈钢的显微组织由99.4%马氏体和0.6%残余奥氏体组成,固溶处理后得到的组织为马氏体,在固溶处理的基础上进一步时效处理后,奥氏体的含量明显提高,同时伴随有NiAl金属间化合物析出。固溶时效处理显著提高了CX不锈钢的强度,可达1 426 MPa,因为NiAl相产生第二相强化效应,而逆转变奥氏体生成也改善了塑性。断口形貌分析显示三种热处理条件下CX不锈钢的断裂机制均为韧性断裂。