Enhanced high-temperature mechanical properties of laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy via microstructure control

Recently,rapid and cost-effective additive manufacturing solutions for lightweight aluminum alloys with excellent high-temperature mechanical properties have been increasingly in demand.In this study,we combined laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing with solution and artificial aging treatments to achieve Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with favorable high-temperature strength via microstructure control.Hydrogen pores became the major defect in the as-deposited and heat-treated specimens.The continuous distribution of eutectics with hard-brittle characteristics at the grain boundaries was destructed following heat treat-ment.High-densityηprecipitates were uniformly dispersed in the heat-treated Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy,whereas appeared coarsened and dissolved at 473 K,owing to the rapid diffusion of Zn and Mg.The average 0.2%yield strength(318±16 MPa)and ultimate tensile strength(362±20 MPa)at 473 K af-ter heat treatment were enhanced by approximately 58%and 51%,respectively,compared to those of the as-deposited specimen.In addition,theηprecipitates contributed to lattice distortions and strain fields,which prevented dislocation motion and increased slip deformation resistance at high temper-atures.The as-deposited specimen exhibited intergranular fracture at 473 K,with cracks preferring to propagate along the aggregated eutectics.However,crack propagation proceeded in the sections with more pores in the heat-treated specimen.Our approach may provide a valid option for achieving alu-minum alloys with excellent high-temperature mechanical properties.

Performance-control-orientated hybrid metal additive manufacturing technologies:state of the art,challenges,and future trends

Metal additive manufacturing(AM)technologies have made significant progress in the basic theoretical field since their invention in the 1970s.However,performance instability during continuous processing,such as thermal history,residual stress accumulation,and columnar grain epitaxial growth,consistently hinders their broad application in standardized industrial production.To overcome these challenges,performance-control-oriented hybrid AM(HAM)technologies have been introduced.These technologies,by leveraging external auxiliary processes,aim to regulate microstructural evolution and mechanical properties during metal AM.This paper provides a systematic and detailed review of performance-control-oriented HAM technology,which is categorized into two main groups:energy field-assisted AM(EFed AM,e.g.ultrasonic,electromagnetic,and heat)technologies and interlayer plastic deformation-assisted AM(IPDed AM,e.g.laser shock peening,rolling,ultrasonic peening,and friction stir process)technologies.This review covers the influence of external energy fields on the melting,flow,and solidification behavior of materials,and the regulatory effects of interlayer plastic deformation on grain refinement,nucleation,and recrystallization.Furthermore,the role of performance-control-oriented HAM technologies in managing residual stress conversion,metallurgical defect closure,mechanical property improvement,and anisotropy regulation is thoroughly reviewed and discussed.The review concludes with an analysis of future development trends in EFed AM and IPDed AM technologies.

Modeling thermal and mechanical cancellation of residual stress from hybrid additive manufacturing by laser peening

Additive manufacturing(AM)of metals often results in parts with unfavorable mechanical properties.Laser peening(LP)is a high strain rate mechanical surface treatment that hammers a workpiece and induces favorable mechanical properties.Peening strain hardens a surface and imparts compressive residual stresses improving the mechanical properties of a material.This work investigates the role of LP on layer-by-layer processing of 3D printed metals using finite element analysis.The objective is to understand temporal and spatial residual stress development after thermal and mechanical cancellation caused by cyclically coupling printing and peening.Results indicate layer peening frequency is a critical process parameter affecting residual stress redistribution and highly interdependent on the heat generated by the printing process.Optimum hybrid process conditions were found to exists that favorably enhance mechanical properties.With this study,hybrid-AM has ushered in the next evolutionary step in AM and has the potential to profoundly change the way high value metal goods are manufactured.

Subsurface Defect Evaluation of Selective-Laser-Melted Inconel 738LC Alloy Using Eddy Current Testing for Additive/Subtractive Hybrid Manufacturing

New materials and manufacturing technologies require applicable non-destructive techniques for quality assurance so as to achieve better performance.This study comprehensively investigated the effect of influencing factors includ-ing excitation frequency,lift-off distance,defect depth and size,residual heat,and surface roughness on the defect EC signals of an Inconel 738LC alloy produced by selective laser melting(SLM).The experimental investigations recorded the impedance amplitude and phase angle of EC signals for each defect to explore the feasibility of detecting sub-surface defects by merely analyzing these two key indicators.Overall,this study revealed preliminary qualitative and roughly quantitative relationships between influencing factors and corresponding EC signals,which provided a prac-tical reference on how to quantitively inspect subsurface defects using eddy current testing(ECT)on SLMed parts,and also made solid progress toward on-line ECT in additive/subtractive hybrid manufacturing(ASHM)for fabricating SLMed parts with enhanced quality and better performance.

Droplet-targeting laser hybrid indirect arc for additive manufacturing technology-A preliminary study

The contradiction between manufacturing accuracy and manufacturing efficiency is discussed in this paper.In order to solve this problem,a novel droplet-targeting laser hybrid indirect arc for additive manufacturing technology is proposed in which a couple of wires are melted using the alternating current with interwire indirect arc to achieve high deposition rate.On the other hand,droplets actively target the laser beam and detach from wire tip under the recoil pressure subjected to pulsed laser irradiating at desired position and with controlled mass for a precise bead forming.The process of alternative droplet growing at desired position are mathematically analyzed and then preliminary verified by experiment.By precisely controlling the wire feed speed and current frequency,the melting process at desired position and mass of wire is successfully obtained which is the fundamental for next-step for the droplet actively targeting laser.

Universal and efficient hybrid modeling and direct slicing method for additive manufacturing processes

Model design and slicing contour generation in additive manufacturing(AM)data processing face challenges in terms of efficiency and scalability when stereolithography files generated by complex functionally graded structures have millions of faces.This paper proposes a hybrid modeling and direct slicing method for AM to efficiently construct and handle complex three-dimensional(3D)models.All 3D solids,including conformal multigradient structures,were uniformly described using a small amount of data via signed distance fields.The hybrid representations were quickly discretized into numerous disordered directed lines using an improved marching squares algorithm.By establishing a directional HashMap to construct the topological relationship between lines,a connecting algorithm with linear time complexity is proposed to generate slicing contours for manufacturing.This method replaces the mesh reconstruction and Boolean operation stages and can efficiently construct complex conformal gradient models of arbitrary topologies through hybrid modeling.Moreover,the time and memory consumption of direct slicing are much lower than those of previous methods when handling hybrid models with hundreds of millions of faces after mesh reconstruction.

An analysis of key process parameters for hybrid manufacturing by material extrusion and CNC machining

Hybrid Manufacturing combines the advantages of Additive Manufacturing (AM)and Subtractive Manufacturing on a single machine.Although previous research has provided a good background of the manufacturing parameters,the analysis is often carried out separately and there is a lack of combined knowledge.The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of the main manufacturing parameters involved in AM and subtracfive processes using different variables.Particularly,the study is focused on the Material Extrusion process concerning the layer height,fill angle and fill density;as well as two factors related to machining,including stepover and pass direction.The parameters that were examined include the dimension,hardness, flatness,weight and roughness.A mulfifactofial Design of Experiments was proposed with a total of 64 samples.Next,a statistical analysis was carried out to assess the influence of the different groups on the response variables.Finally,a decision table presented and facilitated the selection of parameters depending on the desired objectives,leading to a framework that was applied to a case study for validation.This decision guide could enable designers and engineers to select the best strategy for a specific application,leading to a more efficient approach for manufacturing.

Die Casting Mold Repair by Hybrid Manufacturing

This paper describes the process of repairing a damaged die for injection molding using a 5-axis Hybrid Milling Machine equipped with a Direct Laser Deposition(DLD)tool.A software developed by the authors—DUOADD—is adopted to detect the location of missing material and to create a solid model of the damaged spot.The resulting CAD file is used to calculate the paths of the DLD nozzle for filling the damage spot with new material.Finally,to restore the original shape of the mold,the surplus of added material is removed by a milling operation.The paper describes every step of the repair process:from 3D scanning of the damaged component to the finishing operation.This repair method can be applied to extend the life of a costly component and to restore the original shape of valuable objects—e.g.historical or artistic artifacts.The material used for the mold repair is stainless steel 316L,while the mold is made of hot-die-steel.In this paper the functionality of the repair process has been investigated by checking whether all the damaged spots are properly filled with new material.Moreover,this work investigates how to perform the milling operations that allow restoring the original shape of the object,minimizing mismatches between the machined surface and the original one.

电弧熔丝增材制造控形技术研究现状与展望

金属增材制造是制造强国战略下推动我国高端装备制造业转型升级的重点发展方向。电弧增材制造以其高沉积效率、低成本、可进行复杂结构直接成形等优势受到了广泛的关注。但增材过程中涉及的物理过程复杂,成形质量与精度面临很大挑战。针对电弧增材制造技术短流程、长周期的制造特征,讨论如何从热源上降低成形偏差、从过程上降低制造误差、从结果上改善成形精度,介绍了一系列创新的热源调制、过程控制与结果优化的方法策略,总结了现有技术存在的问题与面临的挑战,为如何进一步提升电弧增材过程的成形控制效果提出了几点思考。

Microstructure and properties of hybrid additive manufacturing 316L component by directed energy deposition and laser remelting

Arc additive manufacturing is a high-productivity and low-cost technology for directly fabricating fully dense metallic components.However,this technology with high deposit rate would cause degradation of dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the metallic component.A novel hybrid additive manufacturing technology by combining the benefit of directed energy deposition and laser remelting is developed.This hybrid technology is successfully utilized to fabricate 316L component with excellent surface quality.Results show that laser remelting can largely increase the amount ofδphases and eliminateσphases in additive manufacturing 316L component surface due to the rapid cooling.This leads to the formation of remelting layer with higher microhardness and excellent corrosion resistance when compared to the steel made by directed energy deposition only.Increasing laser remelting power can improve surface quality as well as corrosion resistance,but degrade microhardness of remelting layer owing to the decrease inδphases.

金属增材制造质量控制及复合制造技术研究现状

相比传统制造工艺,增材制造能够实现复杂结构金属部件的近净成形。然而,增材制造具有冷却速度快、热梯度大、非平衡凝固与往复热循环历史等特点,容易存在孔洞、残余拉应力、各向异性等缺陷,极大限制增材制造的进一步应用。复合增材制造技术是将传统制造方法与增材制造有机结合,充分发挥传统制造工艺在性能调控与尺寸精度等方面的优势,抑制单纯增材制造引起的各类缺陷,获得高质量、无缺陷的增材制造部件。本文首先揭示增材制造工艺缺陷的形成机理,明确工艺参数优化方法在缺陷改善方面的局限性,进而阐明复合增材制造的内涵,综述近年来增材制造与轧制、激光冲击强化、热等静压、热处理等复合制造技术的研究现状与工艺原理,探讨复合增材制造技术对不同缺陷的适用性,并对增材制造未来发展方向进行了展望。

高强铝合金电弧增材制造的研究进展

高强铝合金因具有高强度、低密度、优异的延展性和抗腐蚀性,成为了航空航天和汽车应用零件最常用的金属材料之一。电弧增材制造技术具有快速原位成形制造复杂结构零部件的能力,非常适用于中型或大型高强铝合金铝部件的制造。本文综合分析了高强铝合金电弧增材制造工艺和设备研发现状、高强铝合金电弧增材的固有属性和缺陷以及主要的性能优化手段,讨论了组织和性能的固有特征和复合增材制造技术对组织和性能的影响。针对电弧增材制造高强铝合金不可忽略的本质冶金缺陷、特征性能需求和多种优化工艺的优劣等问题,提出了电弧增材制造高强铝合金综合评价体系、成分设计和丝材开发、专用热处理制度和复合增材制造技术的协同性等发展方向,以期为电弧增材制造高强铝合金的性能提升和应用推广提供重要参考。

用于星载高功率电子设备的增材制造平板热管设计与验证

针对未来星载高功率电子设备大功率、高热流、高集成的散热需求,解决传统槽道或丝网毛细芯平板热管逆重力传热量小、极限热流密度低的问题,文章提出了一种基于增材制造技术的新型平板热管,利用增材制造技术在成型复杂构型方面的优点,设计出一种基于复合毛细芯的平板热管构型,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和显微断层扫描(MicroCT)对毛细芯微结构进行分析,结果表明:毛细芯结构成型完整、孔隙分布均匀。传热性能试验结果显示:二维平板热管极限热流密度高达88 W/cm~2,传热热阻仅为0.024℃/W,三维平板热管在不同姿态下传热能力和传热热阻变化显著,相关数据可为星载高功率电子设备热控设计和验证提供参考。

玻璃与碳纤维混杂增强复合材料3D打印与实验

本研究基于热塑性材料熔融沉积成型工艺,研制了双喷头连续玻璃纤维与碳纤维混杂增强热塑性复合材料结构增材制造平台,制备了不同混杂比的纤维增强热塑性复合材料结构试件,分析了不同结构试件的弯曲力学性能与失效模式,探索了嵌入碳纤维智能层的混杂纤维增强热塑性复合材料的力阻行为。结果表明:比较纯热塑性材料结构件,玻璃纤维增强复合材料结构件弯曲强度提高了115.99%,碳纤维增强复合材料结构件弯曲强度提高了198.76%;玻璃纤维与碳纤维混杂增强复合材料结构件具有负弯曲强度混杂效应和正弯曲模量混杂效应。可根据碳纤维电阻相对变化率对混杂增强复合材料结构的应变与断裂破坏状态进行实时自感知。研究结果为连续玻璃纤维与碳纤维混杂增强热塑性复合材料结构件的高质高效制造与智能化提供了新工艺与新思路。

激光-电弧复合增材制造Al-Cu合金T型结构微观组织演变与熔池流动行为分析

在T型结构增材制造过程中,交叉节点处易出现冶金结合不良及重熔缺陷等问题,制约该结构性能的提升。采用激光-电弧复合增材制造技术制备了Al-Cu合金T型结构,对交叉节点处的组织形貌进行了表征,并通过数值模拟分析了节点处熔池内的温度分布以及流动特征。结果表明,在T型结构节点处能够观察到重熔作用所导致的弧形条纹特征,该区域的模拟形貌与实际结果具有良好的一致性;熔池边界处等温线分布较为密集,内部Marangoni对流导致逆时针涡流的形成,最高流速可达0.16 m/s。依据顶层晶粒形态差异,分为顶层节点重熔区(RZI)和顶层热影响区(HAZ)。其中RZI内主要为细小的树枝晶,平均晶粒尺寸相比于HAZ降低了20.8%,内部析出相主要为与α-Al基体呈非共格界面的大尺寸θ(Al_(2)Cu)相;平均显微硬度可达(98.4±6.4)HV_(0.1),相比于未重熔区最高提升约14.0%。

采用增减材复合制造技术的模具修复工艺研究

激光金属沉积增减材复合制造技术是实现模具等高附加值部件修复与再制造的理想候选工艺之一。为了提高模具修复的效率和精度,本文将增减材复合制造技术应用于模具修复领域,并且对修复工艺进行研究。首先根据具体使用工况和材料性能要求,确定了最佳模具修复参数,随后讨论了该模具修复工艺的应用条件和应用范围。实验结果表明:利用本文提出工艺方案进行模具修复时可以实现修复区域无拼接痕迹,并且修复区域硬度提升7.4 HRC,能够有效提升模具的使用性能。

激光电弧复合增材制造钛合金的组织和性能研究

为研究热输入对墙体宏观形貌、显微组织及力学性能的影响,用激光-MIG电弧复合热源对TC11钛合金丝材进行增材制造。结果表明:墙体柱状晶内组织都以条状α集束和α+β集束组织为主,存在明显的β相界,但堆积速度小的柱状晶中马氏体α′相尺寸较大;在堆积层重熔区中不同区域的初生α相和α+β网篮组织尺寸差异显著,堆积速度较大时的组织更细密;在墙体边界,堆积速度大时存在一定针状马氏体α′相,而堆积速度小时针状马氏体相对较少;热输入大的墙体抗拉强度比热输入小的提高2%,伸长率和断面伸缩率相近,且水平方向上墙体硬度更高,塑性更好。

基于自适应轮廓骨架分区的电弧增材制造成形路径优化方法

传统轮廓偏置路径规划方法具有较高几何还原度,适合电弧增材制造中等尺寸的复杂零件,但轮廓连续偏置过程中的退化现象易形成欠填充区域,进而导致缺陷,形成待优化区.针对上述问题,提出了基于布尔运算的待优化区域精确识别方法.将原始多边形与经过正反两次等距偏置的回溯多边形进行布尔差运算,可获得需要优化的缺陷区域,将待优化区域过滤与合并,重新构建为骨架填充区.结合最小矩形框确定每个骨架填充区的最优填充方向并生成往复直线路径,最后将轮廓偏置路径重新分类分区连接为连续成形路径,并按照骨架填充区成形路径优先打印原则输出为机器代码.后续成形试验采用机器人电弧增材制造系统打印了螺旋桨零件,结果表明,零件成形尺寸达到预期,且表面不存在传统轮廓偏置法中的成形缺陷,证明文中方法具有较高的可行性与适用性.创新点:(1)提出了一种骨架填充方法来准确识别和过滤传统轮廓偏置法中的待优化区域.(2)基于布尔运算的待优化区域精确识别方法,既保留了传统方法的优点,又减少了起熄弧次数.

Inconel 718高温合金增减材复合制造各向异性及切削温度影响分析

结合定向能量沉积增材制造和铣削加工的增减材复合制造不仅可以实现高效加工,而且能够及时消除缺陷,使加工材料达到较高的加工精度,但是制造过程中铣削温度和增减材切换产生的界面对零件性能影响还不明晰。以Inconel 718高温合金为原料制备薄壁结构,对比室温及高温铣削影响,分析其不同朝向的性能。结果表明,竖直方向的综合力学性能低于其他方向,在倾斜45°方向时,高温铣削的性能优于室温铣削,层间增减材复合制造试样获得最大拉伸强度。

TC4钛合金混合制造技术的研究与进展

TC4钛合金凭借其优异的性能在全球范围的各个领域内都有着较为广泛的应用。但随着海洋船舶、航空航天等技术发展,TC4合金构件的尺寸越来越大,传统的铸锻制造技术和新型增材制造技术均难以满足TC4大型构件近净尺寸、低成本和高效率的加工要求,因此将这两类制造技术各自优势结合起来的混合制造技术应运而生。同时,针对增材制造TC4钛合金组织内部缺陷和性能的各向异性等问题,提出了在线轧制与增材制造相结合的混合制造技术。本文结合国内外资料,对比了TC4钛合金混合制造技术的特点,总结了混合制造TC4合金构件组织和性能特征及影响因素,并提出了该技术存在的问题和发展方向,为TC4钛合金混合制造技术的研究和发展提供参考。