Shadowgraph investigation of plasma shock wave evolution from Al target under 355-nm laser ablation

The propagation of a plasma shock wave generated from an Al target surface ablated by a nanosecond Nd：YAG laser operating at 355 nm in air is investigated at the different focusing positions of the laser beam by using a time-resolved shadowgraph imaging technique. The results show that in the case of a target surface set at the off-focus position, the condition of the focal point behind or in front of the target surface greatly influences the evolution of an Al plasma shock wave, and an ionization channel forms in the case of the focal point set in front of the target surface. Moreover, it is found that the shadowgraph with the evolution time around 100 ns shows that a protrusion appears at the front tip of the shock wave if the focal point is at the target surface. In addition, the calculated results of the expanding velocity of the shock wave front, the mass density, and pressure just behind the shock wave front are presented based on the shadowgraphs.

Conditions for laser-induced plasma to effectively remove nano-particles on silicon surfaces

Particles can be removed from a silicon surface by means of irradiation and a laser plasma shock wave.The particles and silicon are heated by the irradiation and they will expand differently due to their different expansion coefficients,making the particles easier to be removed.Laser plasma can ionize and even vaporize particles more significantly than an incident laser and,therefore,it can remove the particles more efficiently.The laser plasma shock wave plays a dominant role in removing particles,which is attributed to its strong burst force.The pressure of the laser plasma shock wave is determined by the laser pulse energy and the gap between the focus of laser and substrate surface.In order to obtain the working conditions for particle removal,the removal mechanism,as well as the temporal and spatial characteristics of velocity,propagation distance and pressure of shock wave have been researched.On the basis of our results,the conditions for nano-particle removal are achieved.

Generation of laser-driven flyer dominated by shock-induced shear bands:A molecular dynamics simulation study

High-power pulsed lasers provide an ingenious method for launching metal foils to generate high-speed flyers for high-pressure loading in material science or aerospace engineering.At high-temperature and high-pressure laser-induced conditions,the dynamic response of the metals and the mechanism of flyer formation remain unclear.In this study,the overall process of the laser-driven aluminum flyer,including laser ablation,rupture of metal foil,and the generation of the flyer was investigated by molecular dynamics combined with the two-temperature model.It was found that under high laser fluence(over 1.3 J/cm;with 200-fs laser pulse duration),the laser induced a shock wave with a peak pressure higher than25 GPa,which led to shear bands expanding from the edge of the laser ablation zone in the foil.Compared with the cases of low laser fluence less than 0.5 J/cm^(-1),the shear band induced by high laser fluence promotes the rupture of the foil and results in a high-speed flyer(>1 km/s)with better flatness and integrity.In addition,the shock wavefront was found to be accompanied by aluminum crystal phase transformation from face-centered cubic(FCC)to body-centered cubic structure.The crystal structure reverts with the decrease of pressure,therefore the internal structure of the generated flyer is pure of FCC.The results of this study provide a better understanding of the laser-induced shock effect on the foil rupture and flyer quality and forward the development of the laser-driven flyer.

Experimental Study of the Response of Transonic Diffuser Flow to a Piezoceramic Actuator at Diffuser Throat

An experimental study of the response of a piezoceramic actuator set at the throat to a transonic diffuser is carried out by measuring wall static pressure fluctuations and by visualizing the flow field using schlieren technique. The visualized flow fields are captured with a digital still camera and a digital high speed video camera. The piezo ceramic actuator is attached at the throat of the diffuser and driven by sinusoidal amplified voltage signals. The diffuser used in this experiment is circular arc half nozzle with the height h* and width w of 3 mm and 25 mm, respectively. The blockage factor of the piezoceramic actuator to the diffuser throat is 9.2% assuring the effect of change in the throat area rather than the boundary layer disturbances. The piezoceramic actuator is driven at the frequency of 100 Hz, 200 Hz, and 300 Hz and its amplitude is about 1 mm. It is found that the wall static pressure fluctuations and the behavior of the shock wave clearly correspond to the vibration of the piezo ceramic actuator for all the frequency ranges whereas the averaged shock position remains almost unchanged. All the results mentioned above suggest that driving the piezo ceramic actuator at the diffuser throat can be one of the promising techniques to control unsteady transonic diffuser flow.

Energy partition in laser-induced cavitation bubbles near the rigid wall with a gas-containing hole

To investigate the energy partition in laser-induced cavitation bubbles near the rigid wall with a gas-containing hole,we utilized a nanosecond resolution photography system based on a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and conventional industrial camera to carefully observe the transient process of bubble collapse near the rigid wall with a gas-containing hole.We analyzed the generation of collapse microjets and the emission of collapse shock waves.We found that the cavitation bubble near the rigid wall with a gas-containing hole collapsed at different times and space,and produced various types of shock waves.Based on the far field pressure information of the shock waves measured by hydrophone,the energy of the shock waves generated by the bubble collapse near the rigid wall with a gas-containing hole is calculated for the first time.The results show that the ratio of collapse shock wave energy to bubble energy is approximately between 0.7 and 0.8.

Experimental study on attenuation of high power laser- induced shock waves in copper

When a high power laser is focused onto a solid, the blow-off of the high temperature plasma generated at the target surface can induce a shock wave inside the material. The ultrahigh pressures generated in the material are useful in the dynamic high-pressure technology and inertial-confinement-fusiont.Although many investigations have been made on laser-induced shock waves and the estimated pressures were obtained by Gu Yuan et al. using optical methods, few direct measurements of pressures have been made in order to dig out the attenuation of laser-induced shock waves up to now. In this note shock pressures in copper are measured by use of PVDF gauges made by the authors, and the attenuation of laser-induced shock waves is experimentally obtained for

Calibration and verification of streaked optical pyrometer system used for laser-induced shock experiments

Although the streaked optical pyrometer(SOP)system has been widely adopted in shock temperature measurements,its reliability has always been of concern.Here,two calibrated Planckian radiators with different color temperatures were used to calibrate and verify the SOP system by comparing the two calibration standards using both multi-channel and single-channel methods.A high-color-temperature standard lamp and a multi-channel filter were specifically designed for the measurement system.To verify the reliability of the SOP system,the relative deviation between the measured data and the standard value of less than 5%was calibrated out,which demonstrates the reliability of the SOP system.Furthermore,a method to analyze the uncertainty and sensitivity of the SOP system is proposed.A series of laserinduced shock experiments were conducted at the‘Shenguang-Ⅱ’laser facility to verify the reliability of the SOP system for temperature measurements at tens of thousands of kelvin.The measured temperature of the quartz in our experiments agreed fairly well with previous works,which serves as evidence for the reliability of the SOP system.

射频放电等离子体气动激励特性的实验研究

为了提高等离子体气动激励的强度及流动控制的能力,实验研究了射频放电等离子体的气动激励特性。建立了射频放电等离子体气动激励实验系统,由射频信号发生器、阻抗匹配升压变压器、尖–尖电极等离子体激励器等组成。尖–尖电极等离子体激励器由一组对称的电极和固定装置组成,电极材料采用钨,固定装置材料采用胶木,固定之后电极间距为0.5 mm。在静止空气条件下进行实验,研究了射频放电等离子体的电特性和诱导流动特性。实验结果表明:气压变化时,等离子体激励器的阻抗会发生变化,耦合到等离子体激励器的输入功率也不同;在大气压下,由于射频放电存在快速加热作用,在静止空气中诱导产生了近似圆柱形的冲击波;冲击波首先以音速向外传播,随后强度逐渐减弱,一定时间后衰减为弱扰动;采用射频电源、重频脉冲直流电源、ns脉冲电源,均能在静止空气中诱导产生冲击波,冲击波波速接近音速。由于射频电源的体积、重量更小,实现阻抗匹配之后所需的电源输入功率最低,因此,射频放电是一种非常有前景的气动激励产生方式,在等离子体流动控制方面可能取得较好的效果。

等离子体激励气动力学探索与展望

等离子体激励气动力学是研究等离子体激励与流动相互作用下,绕流物体受力和流动特性以及管道内部流动规律的科学,属于空气动力学、气体动力学与等离子体动力学交叉前沿领域.等离子体激励是等离子体在电磁场力作用下运动或气体放电产生的压力、温度、物性变化,对气流施加的一种可控扰动.局域、非定常等离子体激励作用下,气流运动状态会发生显著变化,进而实现气动性能的提升.国际上对介质阻挡放电等离子体激励、等离子体合成射流激励及其调控附面层、分离流动、含激波流动等开展了大量研究.等离子体激励调控气流呈现显著的频率耦合效应,等离子体冲击流动控制是提升调控效果的重要途径.发展高效能等离子体激励方法,通过等离子体激励与气流耦合,激发和利用气流不稳定性,揭示耦合机理、提升调控效果,是等离子体激励气动力学未来的发展方向.

基于混沌理论的高压SF_6断路器机构特性

为了优化高压SF6断路器设计,以550 k V高压SF6断路器为研究对象,建立1维可压缩气流场物理数学模型,基于有限体积法求解冷气流开断下气流场,得到激波处的变量值和时间序列图。在对断路器灭弧室与机构进行联合仿真研究中,考虑了激波处混沌现象对断路器开断能力的影响,假定机构4种不同分闸加速度方案即a、0.8a、0.6a、0.4a(a为基准加速度),计算分闸特性曲线和冷气流开断下断路器介质恢复特性。结果表明:改变分闸加速度后,行程150、190 mm激波处压力、密度值较高,220 mm激波处的马赫数较高;分闸加速度在0.8a条件下,介质恢复特性的平均值要高于实验数据,开断性能较好。

等离子体气动激励特性及其抑制叶栅流动分离的实验研究

为揭示纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励特性及其抑制高负荷压气机叶栅流动分离的作用效果与影响规律,利用PIV流场测试、高速纹影和压力测试开展实验研究。结果表明,纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励诱导出垂直向上的冲击流动,冲击波的持续时间为80μs左右;纳秒脉冲激励能够有效抑制高负荷压气机叶栅流动分离,其流动控制效果随激励电压和下表面电极宽度的增大以及电极形状改变为弯曲电极而提高,可最大降低总压损失8.4%;激励频率是叶栅等离子体流动控制效果的重要影响因素,端壁横向激励的最佳激励频率为4.0kHz;吸力面流向激励主要改善中间叶高流动特性,而抑制角区流动分离的能力较弱;端壁横向激励通过抑制横向流动,较大程度上减弱了低能流体在角区的积聚,抑制角区流动分离能力较强;组合激励结合了吸力面流向激励和端壁横向激励的作用优势,因而流动控制效果最好。

热激励在超声速进气道内对激波诱导的边界层分离的控制机理

通过数值模拟的方法研究了马赫5的超声速进气道内,热激励对激波/边界层相互作用的控制机理。研究了热激励器放热功率(E)、热激励器展向放置数目(N)和热激励器到控制激波的距离(S)三个参数在超声速进气道内激波控制和边界层分离改善中的表现。分别针对以下四种条件进行了数值模拟:1)E=2k W、N=2、S=0.02m;2)E=3k W、N=2、S=0.02m;3)E=2k W、N=3、S=0.02m;4)E=2k W、N=2、S=0m。分析发现:在以上四种条件下,均可观察到热激励在控制激波和改善激波诱导边界层分离上有着显著的效果。热激励器的放热功率对激波的控制效果有着明显的影响,在本文所考虑的热激励能量范围内,放热功率越大,原激波角的改变越大,最终分离区的改变越明显;展向放置的热激励器数目N影响着输入到流场的能量密度,并且N越大,壁面附近的激波面越趋于平面。尽管N对上壁面沿展向的压力分布无明显影响,但对上壁面分离区大小有明显的影响;对比条件1和4下的计算结果,发现S=0.02m可以得到很好的控制效果,而S=0m时流场结构几乎没有变化,这就表明热激励器必须放置在控制激波上游的一定距离处才会有预期的效果。

边界层效应影响等离子体气动激励诱导激波机理

针对小型暂冲式超声速风洞进行的诱导激波实验结果,提出等离子体气动激励诱导激波的机理不仅取决于放电时产生的焦耳热效应,放电区域的边界层厚度也起到了决定性的作用的推论。为进一步验证此思想,在高超声速激波风洞进行了等离子体气动激励诱导激波的实验研究。结果表明,在边界层很薄的情况下,等离子体气动激励能够诱导出斜激波。分别阐述了两种实验条件下诱导激波的机理,证实了边界层效应在等离子体与激波相互作用中起到了决定性作用。

压气机叶栅内流环境中纳秒脉冲等离子体的气动激励特性

为揭示纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励(NSPAA)不同工况下在压气机叶栅内流环境中的激励特性,建立了唯象学热源模型模拟纳秒脉冲等离子气动激励对流场作用的压强特性和温度特性。将求解得到的纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励对流场作用的压强特性和温度特性与实验数据进行了对比,结果相符,验证了模型的可靠性。在静止空气中以及高亚音速来流条件下,分别在压气机叶栅内流环境中不同流域中施加纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励,结果表明:纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励诱导气流加速能力有限,其对流场的作用主要表现为冲击效应;在静止空气中、高速主流区和分离区中纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励均能诱导产生强的压缩波,且在高速主流区和分离区中对流场冲击作用更强;纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励在放电区域引起局部温升,激励之后温度快速降低,主流区和分离区温度下降速度快于静止空气中温度下降速度。

高能电弧等离子体激励控制双压缩拐角激波/边界层干扰实验研究

超声速/高超声速飞行器进气道入口处多采用多级压缩构型,其诱导的激波/边界层干扰严重影响进气道效率和飞行器的气动性能,因此对双压缩拐角激波/边界层干扰进行流动控制具有较强的应用背景。在来流速度为Ma=2.0的风洞内,针对三种典型的双压缩拐角构型,开展了高能流向脉冲电弧放电阵列调控双压缩拐角激波/边界层干扰的实验研究,并对激励流场的高速纹影图像进行了空间梯度阈值处理和均方根处理。结果显示,在激励的作用下两道分离激波的强度均减弱,验证了利用高能流向脉冲电弧放电阵列控制双压缩拐角激波/边界层干扰的可行性。在分析控制效果的基础上,获得了在不同构型拐角的流场中前驱冲击波列和控制气泡的演化规律,结合控制效果的时序特征,最终揭示了高能流向脉冲电弧放电阵列作用于双压缩拐角激波/边界层干扰的前驱控制和接续控制的接力控制机理。

Investigation of cavitation erosion caused by laser-induced single bubble collapse near alloy coating surface

To investigate the mechanism of cavitation erosion caused by laser-induced single bubble near the surface coating alloy coating material, we utilized a nanosecond resolution photography system based on a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser and conventional industrial camera to carefully observe the transient process of bubble collapse under different conditions. We analyzed the generation of collapse microjets and the emission of collapse shock waves and explored the cavitation erosion characteristics caused by laser-induced single bubble collapse. We discovered that even on surfaces of highly hard and corrosion-resistant alloy coatings, severe cavitation erosion occurred, and there was a phenomenon of mismatch between the cavitation erosion location and the bubble projection position. The intensity of cavitation erosion depended on the energy self-focusing effect of the collapse shockwaves. In the experiments, we also observed the self-focusing phenomenon of collapse shockwaves under different conditions. The self-focusing effect of collapse shockwaves weakened as the distance between the bubble and the material surface increased, which may be the cause of cavitation erosion induced by a laser-induced single bubble.

Measurement of Bubble Behavior and Impact on Solid Wall Induced by Fiber-Holmium:YAG Laser

The holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser is effectively used for transurethral ureterolithotripsy. The laser is applied through an optical fiber in a ureter. A bubble is formed by a laser irradiated from the fiber tip and a calculus is crushed by the impact of the bubble collapse. In this study, we observed the characteristic behavior of a bubble induced by a Ho:YAG laser near a wall surface, using a high-speed video camera. Furthermore, we measured the forces of a bubble collapse using an impulsive force sensor. As a result, we showed characteristic bubble collapse behavior and impulsive force distribution for various fiber placement conditions.

等离子体气动激励控制激波的机理研究

针对等离子体气动激励控制激波的热效应机理和电离效应机理的争议,分别采用热阻塞模型和离子声波模型,理论推导出了不同机理前提下电弧等离子体对尖劈斜激波的影响规律.对于热效应机理,激波变化规律是激波起始点前移、形状不弯曲以及角度减小;对于电离效应机理,激波变化规律是激波起始点仍维持在尖劈前缘点处、形状分为两段发生弯曲以及起始段的角度增大.针对该对立的理论推导结果,进行了电弧等离子体控制尖劈斜激波的超声速风洞实验研究,实验观察到尖劈斜激波起始点前移4mm,激波角度减小8.6%,激波形状未发生弯曲.以热效应机理为前提推导出的理论结果与该实验结果相符,从而验证了等离子体气动激励控制激波是热效应机理在起主要作用.

等离子体气动激励控制激波的实验研究

在机械式和气动式激波控制方法的基础上,提出了激波控制的等离子体气动激励方法。采用电弧放电等离子体气动激励方式,设计了电弧放电等离子体气动激励器,在小型暂冲式超声速风洞中开展了等离子体气动激励控制尖劈斜激波的实验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制激波。实验研究了磁场对激波控制效果的影响,结果表明施加磁场使得激波控制效果显著增强。从热效应机理角度出发,建立了等离子体气动激励控制激波的热阻塞模型,采用该理论模型预测的激波变化规律与实验结果一致,从而验证了热阻塞模型的合理性。由于等离子体气动激励方法具有响应迅速、控制灵活等优点,因此将成为激波控制领域一条新的有价值的技术途径。

等离子体合成射流激励器及其流动控制技术研究进展

等离子体合成射流(PSJ)激励器是通过半封闭容腔内电弧放电的温升及压升作用产生高温高速零质量射流的装置,具有射流速度高、边界层穿透能力强、响应速度快、激励频带宽、无活动部件等优势,是一种应用前景广泛的新型主动流动控制激励器。对等离子体合成射流激励器近些年来的研究进展进行了综述,重点综述了激励器在增大控制能力、提高能量效率、拓展环境适应性等方面所进行的优化设计,介绍了激励器研究中所发展的创新手段,并对激励器的能量效率特性和参数影响规律进行了归纳总结。重点综述了等离子体合成射流激励器在横向主流干扰、分离流控制、激波控制、激波/边界层干扰控制等应用领域的研究进展,深入探讨了等离子体合成射流与横向主流、分离泡、激波等典型流场结构的耦合作用机理,分析了等离子体合成射流主动流动控制存在的动量注入效应、冲击波效应、局部加热效应等复杂作用机制,并对未来的研究方向进行了探讨。