Numerical Investigation on the Flow and Temperature Fields in an Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactor

This paper gives a numerical study on the flow and temperature fields in an induced plasma reactor, which worked in 0.5 ATM with air as a working gas. We employed a two-dimensional mode of an inductively coupled plasma to calculate the temperature and flow field of the reactor as well as the generator. The algorithm is based on the solutions of the two-dimensional continuity, momentum, and energy equations in term of vorticity, stream function and enthalpy. An upwind finite-difference scheme was adopted to solve those equations with appropriate boundary conditions. The computed results show that there is a flat region with little parameter change in the reactor, that the diameter of the region is not much larger than that of the generator and that a deep change of parameter exists in the outer side of the region.

A large-scale cold plasma jet: generation mechanism and application effect

Atmospheric pressure cold plasma jets(APCPJs) typically exhibit a slender, conical structure,which imposes limitations on their application for surface modification due to the restricted treatment area. In this paper, we introduce a novel plasma jet morphology known as the large-scale cold plasma jet(LSCPJ), characterized by the presence of both a central conical plasma jet and a peripheral trumpet-like diffuse plasma jet. The experimental investigations have identified the factors influencing the conical and the trumpet-like diffuse plasma jet, and theoretical simulations have shed light on the role of the flow field and the electric field in shaping the formation of the LSCPJ. It is proved that, under conditions of elevated helium concentration, the distributions of impurity gas particles and the electric field jointly determine the plasma jet’s morphology. High-speed ICCD camera images confirm the dynamic behavior of plasma bullets in LSCPJ, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis. Finally, it is demonstrated that when applied to the surface treatment of silicone rubber, LSCPJ can achieve a treatment area over 28 times larger than that of APCPJ under equivalent conditions. This paper uncovers the crucial role of impurity gases and electric fields in shaping plasma jet morphology and opens up the possibility of efficiently diversifying plasma jet generation effects through external electromagnetic fields. These insights hold the promise of reducing the generation cost of plasma jets and expanding their applications across various industrial sectors.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE FLOW FIELD IN A THERMAL PLASMA REACTOR

A numerical simulation is presented for a thermal plasma reactor with particle-trajectory model in this paper. Turbulance is considered by using simple SGS model. The governing equations are solved by means of the algorithm of SIMPLER. The calculated results give the velocity and the temperature fields within plasma reactor, and the trajectories of the injected particles.

Numerical Simulation of Tripolar Vortex in Dusty Plasma with Sheared Flow and Sheared Magnetic Field

This article presents a study we have made of one class of coherent structures of the tripolar vortex. Considering the sheared flow and sheared magnetic field which are common in the thermonuclear plasma and space plasma, we have simulated the dynamics of the tripolar vortex. The results show that the tripolar vortex is largely stable in most cases, but a strongly sheared magnetic field will make the structure less stable, and lead it to decays into single vortices with the large space scale. These results are consistent with findings from former research about the dipolar vortex.

Modeling and simulation of muzzle flow field of railgun with metal vapor and arc

During the electromagnetic railgun launching process,there will be a complex flow field with high temperature in the muzzle area because of the high-speed friction,transition and seco ndary arc-ignition.This paper models the muzzle area of railgun when the projectile is far away from the muzzle,and the dynamic simulation of the flow field with secondary arc in the muzzle area is carried out based on the magneto hydrodynamic equations.Meanwhile,a multi-component plasma transport model is used to analyze the muzzle arc plasma flow process of the mixed gas of Al vapor and the air.Furthermore,the pressure boundary conditions are fitted by the dynamic mesh simulation results.The current and voltage of the muzzle are obtained through the emission experiment of the railgun experimental prototype.We load the current data into the simulation model and the voltage of experiments and simulations are compared,which proves the accuracy of the simulation.Then the plasma temperature and the composition of Al vapor in the muzzle flow process are analyzed in-depth.

Effect of methane content and the oscillating electric field between electrodes on atmospheric Ar/methane plasma jet and DLC coating deposition

In this work,the effects of the methane gas flow and the internal oscillating electric field between electrodes on radio-frequency(RF)atmospheric pressure argon/methane plasma jet and process of diamond-like carbon(DLC)film deposition have been investigated.Properties of RF atmospheric Ar/methane plasma jet such as active species density,length,electron temperature,appearance and ionization process of argon/methane plasma jet are changed due to the changing of methane flow content and electric field vector and its gradient.With increasing methane flow,the formation of C2 hydrocarbon and CH band content is decreased because injected electrical energy to a mixture of Ar/methane gases is insufficient to stabilize the ionization process of methane gas and the electrical-chemical reaction rate is decreased.With shortening the gas gap between two electrodes,electric field strength and its gradient are increased leading to more energy injection to the electron.Electrical-chemical reactions are strengthened leading to increasing the CH band content.These phenomena introduce the Ar/methane plasma jet in different modes causing to deposit the DLC film with different structures and properties.With using quartz glass and alumina ceramic as dielectric barriers tubes,RF atmospheric pressure Ar/methane plasma jet has been used to deposit DLC coating in different modes.Increasing methane content and shortening the gas gap leads to decreasing sp3 bonded content and the quality of the deposited film.

Study on water treatment effect of dispersion discharge plasma based on flowing water film electrode

To improve the utilization rate of plasma active species,in this study,a closed non-uniform air gap is formed by a flowing water film electrode and a sawtooth insulating dielectric layer to realize the diffuse glow discharge in the atmosphere.Firstly,the electric field distribution characteristics of non-uniform air gap in the sawtooth dielectric layer are studied,and the influence of aspect ratio on the characteristics of diffuse discharge plasma is discussed.Subsequently,the effects of wire mesh,the inclination angle of the dielectric plate,and liquid inlet velocity on the flow characteristics of the water film electrode are analyzed.The results show that the non-uniform electric field distribution formed in the sawtooth groove can effectively inhibit the filamentous discharge,and the 1 mm flowing water film is directly used as the electrode,and high-active plasma is formed directly on the lower surface of the water film.In addition,a plasma flowing water treatment device is built to treat the methyl orange solution and observe its decolorization effect.The experimental results show that after 50 min of treatment,the decolorization rate of the methyl orange solution reaches 96%,which provides a new idea for industrial applications of wastewater treatment.

应用于超高速流场电子密度分布测量的七通道微波干涉仪测量系统

高超声速飞行器在临近空间飞行时,由于飞行器与空气剧烈的相互作用,形成包含等离子体鞘套和尾迹的等离子体流场,研究其电子密度分布特性对高超声速飞行器的目标识别、测控通信等具有重要意义.地面模拟实验测量是研究等离子体包覆高超声速飞行器电磁散射特性的有效方法之一,为满足地面模拟实验瞬态等离子体流场电子密度分布的测量需求,本文提出了一种Ka波段七通道微波干涉仪测量系统研制方案.该系统采用单发七收的方式,利用单曲面透镜将波导开口天线辐射的电磁波转化为近似平面波,将7个平行且非对称排列的开口波导作为接收通道天线,缩减了接收天线的尺寸以及天线之间的距离,提高了测量的空间分辨率.基于七通道微波干涉仪测量系统在弹道靶和激波管设备开展了动态实验,测量了超高速流场电子密度二维分布,结果表明该系统具备瞬时大动态范围信号的接收能力,幅度线性动态范围优于65 dB,相位动态范围180°,响应时间优于1μs;所测量的超高速流场等离子体电子密度二维分布,能够较好地反映弹道靶设备与激波管设备产生的瞬态等离子体细节变化,电子密度测量动态范围为(10^(10)-10^(13))cm^(-3)量级,电子密度测量误差不超过0.5个数量级,径向空间分辨率优于15 mm.

中间包等离子体加热技术研究进展及应用

在钢铁行业面临转型升级的新常态形势下,借助智能装备驱动钢铁产业向绿色高端化发展,有望实现钢铁生产组织的最优化。连铸中间包实现恒温、低过热度浇铸可有效改善钢材质量,为此发展中间包加热技术十分必要。针对近年来日益受到重视的中间包等离子体加热技术的相关热点问题,系统阐述了其加热原理和设备特点,介绍了等离子体加热技术国内外设备、冶金功能研发以及应用进展状况,重点分析了等离子体加热技术对中间包内钢液流场、温度场、夹杂物去除、钢液化学成分的影响,以及实际应用冶金效果。基于对等离子体加热技术研究和应用的深入认知,探讨了国内自主研发新型中空石墨电极加热过程发现的新问题,以及进一步提高其冶金效果的途径。分析表明,国内自主研发的中空石墨电极等离子体加热装置,更好的适配了国内钢铁行业变革需求,是解决浇铸钢水过热度不稳定、钢水洁净度水平低和钢水组织成分不均匀问题的有效途径,补齐精准定位“一键加热”中间包的智能化短板。

实验室研究等离子体鞘套测量方法和干预技术

航天飞行器再入大气层时,由于激波加热和热化学防护材料的烧蚀等原因,会在飞行器表面形成致密的等离子体鞘套,从而造成无线电通信信号中断。因此,减轻和消除黑障对飞行器测控安全至关重要。为了解决该难题,本文针对性地发展了适用于等离子体鞘套测量的探针设备和主动干预的技术,并利用实验室等离子体进行了验证。首先,提出了一种静电-微波复合探针,基于探针和飞行器表面曲面共形的优势,可以实时、有效地探测黑障高温流场中的电子密度;进一步,发展了亲电子物质释放实验主动干预方法,地面模拟实验表明该方法可以有效地降低流场等离子体中的电子密度。

3D Numerical Analysis of the Arc Plasma Behavior in a Submerged DC Electric Arc Furnace for the Production of Fused MgO

A three dimensional steady-state magnetohydrodynamic model is developed for the arc plasma in a DC submerged electric arc furnace for the production of fused MgO. The arc is generated in a small semi-enclosed space formed by the graphite electrode, the molten bath and unmelted raw materials. The model is first used to solve a similar problem in a steel making furnace, and the calculated results are found to be in good agreement with the published measurements. The behavior of arcs with different arc lengths is also studied in the furnace for MgO production. From the distribution of the arc pressure on the bath surface it is shown that the arc plasma impingement is large enough to cause a crater-like depression on the surface of the MgO bath. The circulation of the high temperature air under the electrode may enhance the arc efficiency, especially for a shorter arc.

Analysis of the influence of sheath positions,flight parameters and incident wave parameters on the wave propagation in plasma sheath

The plasma sheath covering hypersonic vehicles has a significant effect on the propagation of electromagnetic waves.Based on the calculation of the flow field of a conical cylindrical,this work studies the propagation of electromagnetic waves in plasma sheath at L-band and Ku-band,and discusses the propagation characteristics in the head,side and tail of the sheath.The dielectric properties of plasma sheath are related to flight speed and altitude.A flight condition corresponds to a unique distribution of dielectric properties.For the conical cylindrical,the results show that flight speed is generally negatively correlated with the transmissivity of the plasma sheath.The reflection characteristics of electromagnetic waves at the L-band and Kuband when obliquely incident to the plasma sheath show a downward trend.When the frequency is increased to Ku-band,the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in the plasma sheath are related to the position of the sheath.

Numerical Study of Axial Magnetic Effects on a Turbulent Thermal Plasma Jet for Nanopowder Production Using 3D Time-Dependent Simulation

3D time-dependent simulations are performed using a computational method suitable for thermal plasma flows to capture a turbulent field induced by a thermal plasma jet and steep gradients in nanopowder distributions. A mathematical model with a simple form is developed to describe effectively simultaneous processes of growth and transport of nanopowder in/around a thermal plasma flow. This growth-transport model obtains the spatial distributions of the number density and mean diameter of nanopowder with a lower computational cost. The results show that an argon thermal plasma jet induces multi-scale vortices even far from itself. A double-layer structure of high-temperature thicker vortex rings surrounded by low-temperature thinner vortex rings is generated in the upstream region. As the vortex rings flow downstream, the high-temperature thicker vortex rings deform largely whereas the low-temperature thinner vortex rings break up?into smaller vortices. Nanopowder is generated at the fringe of plasma and transported widely outside the plasma region. The nanopowder grows up collectively by coagulation decreasing particle number as well as homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous condensation. When a uniform magnetic field is applied in the axial direction, a longer and straighter thermal plasma jet is obtained because of Lorentz force and Joule heating. Larger nanopowder is produced around the plasma because turbulent diffusions of silicon vapor and nanoparticles by vortices are suppressed as well.

正弦交流介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器诱导流场研究的进展与展望

正弦交流介质阻挡放电等离子体流动控制技术是基于等离子体激励的主动流动控制技术,具有响应时间短、结构简单、能耗低、不需要额外气源装置等优点,在飞行器增升减阻、抑振降噪、助燃防冰等方面具有广阔的应用前景.针对“激励器消耗的大部分能量尚未被挖掘利用、诱导流场的完整演化过程尚未完全掌握、诱导流场的演化机制尚不明确”这三方面问题,本文首先从激励器诱导流场的空间结构、时空演化过程、演化机制三个方面回顾总结了激励器诱导流场的研究进展.在诱导流场空间结构方面,发现了高电压激励下诱导射流的湍流特性,辨析了壁面拟序结构与无量纲激励参数之间的关联机制;从激励器诱导声能方面挖掘出了激励器潜在的能量,发现了“等离子体诱导超声波与诱导声流”的新现象,提出了声激励机制;在时空演化过程方面,阐明了激励器诱导流场从薄型壁射流发展为“拱形”射流、再演变为启动涡,最终形成准定常射流的完整演化过程;在演化机制方面,结合声学特性提出了以“升推”为主的诱导流场演化机制.其次,围绕激励器诱导流场,进一步凝练出下一步研究重点,为突破等离子体流动控制技术瓶颈,打通“概念创新—技术突破—演示验证”的创新链路,实现工程应用提供支撑.

基于湍流模型的DC-RF混合等离子体流动及传热特性研究

直流-射频(Direct Current-Radio Frequency,DC-RF)混合等离子体具有高温、高化学活性等特点,在核用超细粉末材料制备领域有着广阔的应用前景。对这种混合等离子体的特性进行研究,可以为等离子体发生器装置的设计及稳定运行提供参考。本文采用k-ε湍流模型,对DC-RF混合等离子体发生器内的热等离子体的温度及流场空间分布进行模拟,并在此基础上分析了各工作参数对混合等离子体流动及传热特性的影响。模拟结果表明:提高DC弧电流、增大反应气及冷却气流量均能减弱混合等离子体发生器入口处的回流效应;提升RF线圈电流则能增加RF线圈附近的等离子体温度及高温弧区面积,但过大的气流量及过高的线圈电流会对发生器装置的正常工作产生不利影响。因此,需要合理调节各种工作参数来改变混合等离子体的流场分布,从而在保证装置稳定运行的前提下满足不同材料处理的需求。

高超声速飞行器等离子体成鞘特性仿真研究

高超声速飞行器周围大气因激波压缩发生高温电离,其周围产生大量等离子体,可形成等离子体鞘套,从而影响对飞行器的探测和跟踪。等离子体鞘套的形成与飞行器外形、飞行高度和速度等多个因素相关。本文中分别针对钝锥体、楔形体飞行器建立了二维仿真模型,采用双温模型和Gupta7组元空气化学反应模型,在2种飞行器典型的飞行高度和速度条件下,分别对其周围的热化学非平衡流场进行了数值模拟分析。钝锥体飞行器周围形成了等离子体鞘套,电子数密度最高达1014/cm^(3)。对于楔形体飞行器,仿真分析了6种不同条件下模型头部区域的空气温度、密度以及化学组分的分布和变化规律,结果表明:飞行高度和飞行速度对楔形体飞行器的流场物理特性有着不同程度的影响。楔形高超声速飞行器电离区域小,电离程度低,其周围不易形成等离子体鞘套。

油气井放喷等离子智能点火装置

钻井和试油测试现场所用的点火装置,存在放喷排出气体不易直接引燃、火焰难以长期保持、点火可靠性低等技术难题。依据空气载体等离子发生器原理,结合等离子点火技术、远程控制技术设计研制的等离子智能点火装置,可实现远程自动点火,并能对火把燃烧情况进行实时监测,达到了油气井安全高效放喷点火的目的。该装置作为井控装备,已配套230余套应用于钻井、试油测试施工现场,取得了较好的应用效果,具有广泛的推广应用价值。

等离子体气动效应对燃烧室流场的影响

为了研究等离子体气动效应的内在机理,建立燃烧室助燃激励器中等离子体气动效应的数值仿真模型,通过求解电势方程和电荷密度方程,得到等离子体气动效应的体积力分布函数,将动量以源项的形式引入Navier-Stokes方程求解,对助燃激励器中等离子体气动效应诱导燃烧室空气流动进行了数值模拟,研究激励电压、气体流量和电荷密度对燃烧室中等离子体气动效应效果的影响。计算结果表明:在等离子体气动效应的作用下,燃烧室流场紊流度增大,速度分布不均匀;随着激励电压的升高,燃烧室轴向速度振荡幅度增大;等离子体气动效应对燃烧室流场的影响随着进口流速的增加不断减小;随着电荷密度的增加,火焰稳定器前后燃烧室流场轴向速度的振荡不断加剧。

大气压氩气等离子体射流长度的影响因素

为了研究不同大气压氩气射流结构的放电特性以及气流速率、外施电压和电极结构对射流体长度的影响,设计了外表面双电极、外表面单电极和中心同轴电极3种不同结构的氩气等离子体射流装置,并结合气体动力学和静电场进行了分析。实验结果表明,随着气流速率的增加,射流管内的氩气流动状态会经历从最初的层流态到中间的过渡态再到最后的湍流态的过程,相应的射流体长度也随着气流速率的增加先增大后减小,并在雷诺数为2000～3000时达到最大值。总体上来说,在同一气流速率下,单电极结构的射流体长度略大于双电极结构,而中心电极结构的射流长度较短;中心电极结构的放电最为稳定,双电极次之,单电极最差。分析认为,射流体长度主要取决于流注崩头的高能电子,由于双电极和单电极结构的电场以轴向分量为主,放电类似于流注放电,射流体较长;而中心电极结构的电场集中在中心电极尖端,放电起始于电晕放电,射流体较短。同样受电场分布的影响,随着射流管内径的增大,双电极和单电极结构的射流体长度最大值先增大后逐渐趋于饱和,而中心电极结构的射流体长度最大值则略有减小。

高速模型尾迹流场及其电磁散射特性相似性实验研究

高速目标再入大气层或在临近空间飞行时,空气电离形成的等离子体鞘套和尾迹对目标的雷达散射特性会产生影响.为了研究不同模型尾迹流场及其电磁散射特性规律和相似性,以氧化铝球模型为研究对象,在弹道靶设备上开展了双尺度参数相同的条件下高速球模型尾迹流场及其电磁散射相似性实验研究.由二级轻气炮发射模型,模型直径分别为8.0、10.0、12.0、15.0 mm,速度约6 km/s,靶室压力分别为6.3,5.0,4.2,3.3 k Pa,采用阴影照相系统测量模型激波脱体距离、电子密度测量系统测量模型尾迹的电子密度分布、X波段单站雷达系统测量在视角为40?的模型及流场的雷达散射截面(RCS)分布.实验结果表明:在速度不变、双尺度参数相同的条件下,随着模型尺寸的增加,激波脱体距离逐渐增加,激波脱体距离与模型直径之比近似相同;不同模型尾迹电子密度测量曲线的趋势和数量级一致,表明不同模型的尾迹流场适用于双缩尺律;不同尺寸模型尾迹的总体RCS与分布RCS均不相同,表明不同模型尾迹的电磁散射不适用于二元缩尺律;高速球模型全目标电磁散射能量分布在模型及其绕流区域、等离子体尾迹区域;高速球模型全目标电磁散射能量在模型及绕流场区域出现1个强散射中心,在模型湍流尾迹区域出现多个散射中心;高速球模型尾迹的RCS测量信号呈现随机性分布特性,幅度脉动和频率脉动均没有周期性;随着模型尺寸的增加,模型尾迹的总体RCS增加,尾迹脉动频率的变化范围减小.