Smart all-time vision:The battery-free video communication for urban administration and law enforcement

The Chinese government is dedicated to enhancing the level of informatization in administrative law enforcement to ensure fairness and increase credibility.Currently,law enforcement has exposed such problems as insufficient force,difficulties in collecting evidence,and low evidential power.These problems contradict the principles of rule of law and standardization.Many local governments have implemented advanced information technologies for urban administration and law enforcement,including big data,artificial intelligence,and IoT.Among these technologies,IoT is the core communication infrastructure for innovative law enforcement platforms.However,traditional video communications rely on batteries or dedicated power sources,leading to maintenance challenges and high power consumption.In this paper,we propose AT-Eye,a new video communication paradigm for all-time law enforcement video monitoring,which is battery-free and high-throughput.The key enabler of AT-Eye is ambient backscatter technology,which enables energy harvesting and video communication simultaneously.Unlike previous methods,our proposal introduces a novel CCK-based modulation for tag cameras and achieves 4-way concurrency.The modulation is simple because it uses phase difference and it is energyefficient because generating square waves is adequate.Moreover,to ensure full compatibility with COTS WiFi,we modulate the physical service data unit.Therefore,data recovery is possible using only commercial NICs.We conduct comprehensive experiments to examine our proposal and experiment results show that AT-Eye achieves a throughput of 10.8 Mbps with COTS radios.We also simulate a 16-way battery-free tag camera system,demonstrating AT-Eye’s feasibility of high-definition video communication.

Analysis of Economic Efficiency of Wildlife Law Enforcement in Serengeti Ecosystem Tanzania

Law enforcement remains to be the main strategy used to combat poaching and account for high budget share in protected area management. Studies on efficiency of wildlife law enforcement in the protected areas are limited. This study analyzed economic efficiency of wildlife law enforcement in terms of resource used and output generated using three different protected areas (PAs) of Serengeti ecosystem namely Serengeti National Park (SENAPA), Ikorongo/Grumeti Game Reserves (IGGR) and Ikona Wildlife Management Area (IWMA). Three years (2010-2012) monthly data on wildlife law enforcement inputs and outputs were collected from respective PAs authorities and supplemented with key informant interviews and secondary data. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to wildlife law enforcement staff. Shadow prices for non-marketed inputs were estimated, and market prices for marketed inputs. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to estimate economic efficiency using Variable Return to Scale (VRS) and Constant Return to Scale (CCR) assumptions. Results revealed that wildlife law enforcement in all PAs was economically inefficient, with less inefficiency observed in IWMA. The less inefficiency in IWMA is likely attributed to existing sense of ownership and responsibility created through community-based conservation which resulted in to decrease in law enforcement costs. A slacks evaluation revealed a potential to reduce fuel consumption, number of patrol vehicles, ration and prosecution efforts at different magnitudes between studied protected areas. There is equal potential to recruit more rangers while maintaining the resting time. These finding forms the bases for monitoring and evaluation with respect to resource usage to enhance efficiency. It is further recommended to enhance community participation in conservation in SENAPA and IGGR to lower law enforcement costs. Collaboration between protected area, police and judiciary is fundamental to enhance enforcement efficiency. Despite old dataset, these findings are relevant since neither conservation policy nor institution framework has changed substantially in the last decade.

On the Eve of the Enforcement of the Arbitration Law——An interview with Xu Dayou, vice-chairman of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission

The Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China will go into effect on September 1, 1995, which has become the focus of world attention. This is an important law promulgated by China for handling economic disputes. All the parties concerned are making intense preparations for the successful enforcement of the Law. As the first nongovernmental organisation engaged in arbitration affairs, the China Council

On the Current Situation of Basic - level Administrative Law Enforcement in China

With the development of economy and society, our country is on the road of rule by law, the legal system is progressing constantly. At the same time, we should also see that the administration according to law is not perfect, and its shortcomings exist in different degree and need to be further improved. Based on the analysis of the status quo of grass-roots administrative law enforcement in China, this paper tries to put forward corresponding countermeasures, so as to promote the work of law-based administration for the corresponding study.

Study on Game Theory of Social Law Enforcement

Based on the basis of the two stage dynamic game of complete information and purely tactful perfect equilibrium theory, the non cooperative gaming between the police department and the criminals is analyzed. Dynamic game can be proved to forecast and explain potential tactful choices of the police department and the criminals at various stages, so as to analyze the essence of the law enforcement by the theoretical models.

周边外交方针指引下澜沧江-湄公河综合执法安全合作中心的建设与展望

周边外交是习近平新时代外交思想的重要组成部分,做好周边外交工作是维护国家主权、安全、发展利益的需要。澜沧江-湄公河综合执法安全合作中心是由流域六国共同创建的新型次区域执法安全合作机制,是澜湄流域的首个综合性的执法安全合作类政府间国际组织。倡导和参与澜湄合作是中国打造周边命运共同体的生动实践,也是对亲诚惠容周边外交理念的具体落实,对于维护我国周边大环境稳定具有示范意义。为适应周边安全环境的迫切需要,配合我国国家角色转变,澜湄执法中心应秉持安全促发展理念,综合运用政治、经济、安全等多种手段,不断探索更高层次的湄公河流域执法安全合作关系,成为我国弘扬共享安全理念、增进与周边国家政治互信的平台,以配合我国周边安全战略。

Scalable and Accessible Crash Hot Spot Detection for Traffic Law Enforcement

Law enforcement agencies have begun utilizing traffic and crash data to improve traffic law enforcement delivery. However, many agencies often do not have the resources or expertise to harness fully the benefits this data offers. A free to use, scalable traffic crash hot spot detection tool was developed to aid law enforcement agency decision makers, statewide to the local municipality level. The tool was developed to identify crash hot spots algorithmically with a range of customizable parameters based on location, date and time, and crash factors, enabling quick, dynamic queries. These capabilities provide the ability for law enforcement agencies to conduct “what if” analyses and make data-driven allocation decisions, placing officer resources where they are most needed. The two-step algorithm first identifies potential hot spots based on crash density and then ranks each hot spot using a standardized z-score measure of relative significance. To test the viability of the tool, a pilot was conducted identifying 27 hot spots across Wisconsin where targeted enforcement was then deployed. Despite officer skepticism, results from the pilot found officers at sites targeted for speeding and seatbelt violations were nearly twice as likely to initiate traffic stops compared to non-targeted hot spots. Empirical Bayes before-and-after crash analyses found fatal and injury crashes reduced significantly by nearly 11% during the months with targeted enforcement, while property damage crashes and total crashes were unchanged. Overall, the results show the algorithm can identify hotspots where, coupled with targeted enforcement, traffic safety improvements can be made.

Competition Law in the GCC Countries： The Tale of a Blurry Enforcement

countries, and emphasizes that the application of the rules in force represents the weak point of systems in which the competition policy awareness is much needed but still anchored at a rudimentary stage. This is especially evident when considering that, although such laws have been built up following the European Union model as regards to the forbidden practices, and the US system-with its combination of monetary fines and criminal approach-for the sanctions, the establishment of a legal environment “friendly competition” is far from effective enforcement. After providing an overview of the competition laws passed by the six GCC members, the paper highlights that, notwithstanding the wide arsenal of legal tools to curb possible anticompetitive practices made available under the national regimes, in all countries role and powers of the competition authorities are somewhat underrated. Due to such generalized lack of implementation, the article underlines the need for effective enforcement standards accompanied by a joint harmonized action against illegal competition to be undertaken at regional level in order to facilitate the flow of commerce, and strengthen the economy in the GCC marketplace.

知识产权司法保护与企业创新--基于知识产权法庭设立的准自然实验

利用各地区设立知识产权法庭的准自然实验,基于2011—2022年A股上市公司数据,采用双向固定效应模型从城市层面系统性评估了提升知识产权司法保护对企业创新的影响。研究发现:知识产权法庭的设立显著促进了该地区的企业创新,且在经过一系列稳健性检验后依然显著;知识产权法庭的设立通过提升该地区知识产权执法效率和知识产权保护意识来促进企业创新;知识产权法庭设立对高质量创新的促进作用更加显著。丰富了知识产权司法保护与企业创新关系的相关研究,为促进企业高质量创新、建设知识产权强国提供参考。

中外边境国际合作执法问题研究--以霍尔果斯为例

本文以中亚霍尔果斯为例,探讨了中外边境国际合作执法问题的相关内容。首先,文章概述了霍尔果斯地区的地理、历史和文化背景,强调了其在中亚地缘政治中的关键地位。其次,文章详细分析了霍尔果斯地区的国际合作执法的法理基础,包括边境管辖权的法规和协定、边境冲突解决机制、国际刑事法院的角色以及跨国犯罪的合作机制。在此基础上,分析了国际合作执法过程中出现的问题,并给出了相关建议。最后,文章强调了中外边境国际合作执法问题的复杂性,给出了未来的研究方向,以呼吁进一步深化国际合作,促进地区的和平、稳定和繁荣。

深化综合行政执法改革的挑战与应对--基于浙江的考察

浙江“大综合一体化”行政执法改革国家试点取得阶段性重要进展。通过率先出台综合行政执法地方性法规,坚持“整体政府”理念与数字化赋能,赋权镇街综合执法,重构了“综合执法+专业执法+联合执法”体系。当前该项改革进入深水区,正面临着来自理论体系、立法体系、改革方式、行政体制等方面的严峻挑战。为此提出了四方面的应对建议。理论上科学界定综合行政执法权责,立法上加强综合行政执法的法律制度供给,方式上注重推进“放管服”改革,体制上加强国家层面对综合行政执法改革的统一指导协调。

Achievements Outstanding In Protecting Minors——Report on enforcement of Law on the Protection of Minors (excerpts)

The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Minors and the Law ofthe People's Republic of China on the Prevention of Juvenile Crimes were passed on September 4, 1991 and June 28,1999 and came into force on January 1, 1992 and November 1, 1999. Over the past decades, China has scoredoutstanding achievements in implementing the two laws. In order to strengthen supervision of the implementationof the two laws and better protect the lawful rights and interests of the under-aged, the National People's CongressStanding Committee set up a Law Enforcement Check Group in July 2003, which carried out a nationwidecheck of the implementation of the two laws. On August 25, NPC Vice-Chairperson Gu Xiulian reported on theresult of the check to the fourth meeting of the Tenth NPC standing committee. She described the generalsituation in the implementation of the two laws as 'good' and also identified some problems and put forwardsome recommendations with regard to the enforcement and implementation of the two laws.The following are the excerpts of the report:

Guideline for Making,Enforcement of Laws

Respect for and protection of human rights is a constitutional principle for China. China＇s Constitution states： ＂The ,State shall respect and protect human rights＂ In practice, this constitutional principle serves as an important guideline for the making and enforcement of laws.

差异化调适:复杂情境下基层政府执行行为研究 --基于基层综合行政执法实践的考察

“调适”是基层政府执行行为的典型特征。根据“调适”的内在机理,提炼出“差异化调适”的概念,建构“情境—结构—行为”分析框架,应用于基层综合行政执法实践分析中,研究发现:在不同情境下基层执法人员会基于组织规则和治理资源两个维度,与执法对象开展不同的互动博弈,执法行为整体表现为差异化调适的逻辑。具体来说,执法情境可归为清晰—模糊—不确定性三种类型,执法者会基于不同的情境和结构展开互动,最终生成不同的执法类型:原则式执法、折中式执法、渐进式执法。基层综合执法行为是基于具体情境对执法行为做出不断调适的过程,情境、结构与行为之间存在一定的对应关系并可作出类型总结,这为基层执法行为提供了合理的解释框架。

执法管理化:法律的组织运作逻辑--基于对违法建筑拆除的个案考察

虽然公共行政中一直存在法律主义和管理主义的争论,但行政组织如何理解和应用法律却一直未得到足够的关注。行政组织的运作主要是按照管理主义的逻辑,强调通过有效调配组织资源,以实现特定目标;法律的运作主要是遵循法律主义的逻辑,注重的是基于合法/非法作为符码的规范性评价,二者在理论和实践中存在一定的紧张关系。当遇到公共事务中的治理“难点”问题时,需要执法者与管理者共同应对。此时,法律的理念被行政组织所吸收、利用和转变的过程就形成了执法的管理化,具体表现为法律目标、内容、理念、符号和组织方式的管理化。导致执法管理化的原因在于行政对法律的吸纳,包括对法律不确定内容的意义建构、组织分包制对法律的统摄以及管理修辞对法律目的的重构。执法管理化虽然可以提高执法效率和行政组织的正当性水平,但也会导致法律的解构和执法权威的削弱。尽管如此,执法管理化充分体现了我国行政管理和行政执法相融合的方式之一,对于深化行政执法体制改革,协调法律的管理者角色和监管者角色之间的内在紧张,推进行政法学体系转型,提高公共行政管理的法治化水平具有重要启示意义。

执法下沉:基层治理权威消减及其再组织过程--基于T县“大综合一体化”改革经验的分析

“扩权强镇,执法下沉”是当前基层治理改革的重要方向。既有研究从政府管理的多重视角分析了执法下沉的原因,但缺乏从政社关系的视角对执法下沉的社会基础进行解释。政府执法本质上体现了政府治理权威与治理对象之间的互动关系。随着现代科层制的进一步扩张和传统熟人社会的解构,当前基层治理正面临传统德治权威不断消减而现代法理型权威尚待扎根的困境,这造成基层治理“模糊性”凸显和治理权威缺失,并导致基层执法难的问题。执法下沉旨在通过科层组织的内部改革推动法理型权威向基层下沉。但基于T县综合执法改革经验的分析发现,执法下沉不仅没有改变微观治理中“人格化”因素的影响,反而衍生出一系列新问题。因此,重塑基层的德治权威具有现实必要性,理应成为思考国家治理现代化的重要一维。

ENTRANCE LAWS FOR DAWSON-WATABE SUPERPROCESSES WITH NONLOCAL BRANCHING

This paper proves a 1-1 correspondence between minimal probability entrance laws for the superprocess and entrance laws for its underlying process. From this the author deduces that an infinitely divisible probability entrance law for the superprocess is uniquely determined by an infinitely divisible probability measure on the space of the underlying entrance laws. Under an additional condition, a characterization is given for all entrance laws for the superprocess, generalizing the results of Dynkin (1989). An application to immigration processes is also discussed.

Entropy Analysis of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System by Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics

By means of the Second Law of Thermodynamics,thispaper gives out the entropy analysis method for vapor-comperession refrigeration system.The thermal irrevers-ibility of the system charged with R12 and its hopeful al-ternative refrlgerant R134a have been studied respective-ly.On the basis of all the research results of this paper,the measure used to save energy for vapor-compressionrefrigeration system has been put out.

Preliminary Study on Water Demand Law of 1-0 Rooted Cuttings of Populus szechuanica

In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the afforestation and artificial water supply of P.szechuanica in arid areas,the characteristics of water consumption of P.szechuanica were explored,and the law of water demand of P.szechuanica was grasped.In this paper,potted seedlings of 1-0 rooted cuttings of P.szechuanica were taken as research objects,and change situation of water consumption under different water control gradients was measured regularly by using weighing method,further analyzing dynamic change of water consumption of P.szechuanica and revealing water demand law of 1-0 rooted cuttings of P.szechuanica.The results showed that total change of water consumption of 1-0 rooted cuttings of P.szechuanica had"slow-fast-slow-fast"double-peak trend in the growth period of the current year,and corresponded with univariate linear relation(R^(2)=0.7137),with significant difference.In whole growth period,water consumption in August was the highest,which was 2.7 times of that in June and July and 1.5 times of that after September.In different water control treatments,the dynamic changes of daily and monthly water consumption were significantly different.In seven water control treatments,monthly water consumption was between(6315.95±1690.70)and(10105.28±3065.30)g/month,and mean was(8211.07±2308.23)g/month.With intensification of water control treatment,water consumption increased,but there was no seedling death due to water shortage.P.szechuanica has great plasticity in water demand,and can survive in both arid and humid environments.Meanwhile,it is revealed that P.szechuanica is the most widely distributed tree species in the region.

LAW AND LUXURY IN AUGUSTAN ROME (TACITUS, ANNALS 3.53-4)

Introduction: Tacitus on Law and Luxury'quid enim primum prohibere et priscum ad morem recidere adgrediar? villarumne infinita spatia? familiarum numerum et nationes? argenti et auri pondus? aeris tabularumque miracula? promiscas viris et feminis vestis atque illa feminarum propria,