Formal Inferring the Law of Conservation of Energy from Assuming A-Priori-ness of Knowledge in a Formal Axiomatic Epistemology System Sigma

The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy;2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.

NEW CONSERVATION LAWS OF ENERGY AND C-D INEQUALITIES IN CONTINUA WITHOUT MICROSTRUCTURE

Fundamental laws and balance equations as well as C-D inequalities in continuum mechanics are carefully restudied, incompleteness of existing balance laws of angular momentum and conservation laws of energy as well as C-D inequalities are pointed out, and finally new and more general conservation laws of energy and corresponding balance equations of energy as well as C-D inequalities in local and nonlocal asymmetric continua are presented.

NEW CONSERVATION LAWS OF ENERGY AND C-D INEQUALITIES IN CONTINUA WITH MICROSTRUCTURE

Existing fundamental laws, balance equations and Clausius-Duhem inequalities in continua with microstructure are systematically restudied, and the incomplete formulations of conservation laws of energy and related C-D inequalities are pointed out. Some remarks on existing results are made, and new conservation laws of energy and related C-D inequalities are presented.

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CONTINUUM THEORIES (Ⅷ)—PRINCIPLE OF TOTAL WORK AND ENERGY

Theoretical incompleteness of the existing conservation laws of energy for polar continuum mechanics is further clarified. For completeness, the principles of total work and energy and of total work and energy of incremental rate type are postulated. Via total variations of the former and the latter of them, the principles of virtual displacement and microrotation & stress and couple stress as well as virtual velocity and angular velocity & stress rate and couple stress rate are immediately obtained, respectively. From these principles all balance equations and boundary conditions for micropolar mechanics are naturally and simultaneously deduced. The essential differences between the nontraditional results obtained in this paper and the existing conservation laws of energy are expounded.

Unidentified Infrared Discrete Emission Bands

Unidentified Infrared emission bands (UIBs) are infrared discrete emissions from circumstellar regions, interstellar media (ISM), star-forming regions, and extragalactic objects for which the identity of the emitting materials is unknown. The main infrared features occur around peaks at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 μm with the photon’s rest energy at the peaks 0.376, 0.200, 0.161, 0.144, 0.111, and 0.098 eV, respectively. The UIB emission phenomenon has been studied for about forty five years. The prevailing hypothesis is that the materials responsible for UIB are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. PAHs are thought to be one of the main forms in which carbon exists in space. And yet, not a single member of this group of compounds had been identified in space definitively until now [1]. In frames of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), we introduced Dark Matter (DM) particles, named DIONs, with the rest energy 0.199 eV and an energy density of 68.8% of the total energy density of the World. DIONs compose Outer shells of DM Supercluster’s Cores—the main objects of the World [2]. In this paper, we give an explanation of UIB emission based on the self-annihilation of DM particles DIONs and biDIONs (DIONs pairs) with a rest energy about 0.38 eV that depends on the binding energy. To the best of our knowledge, WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with UIB emission phenomenon.

Antigravity—Its Manifestations and Origin

Dark energy has been introduced in order to explain the observed acceleration of the expansion of our Universe. It seems to be distributed almost uniformly and it has an essential influence on the present value of the Hubble constant which characterizes the rate of this expansion. The Newtonian theory of gravitation is formulated so that the laws of conservation of energy and momentum hold. However, the Universe is designed so that the total amount of energy is slowly, but continually increasing, since its expansion is accelerating. Our examples show that even the Solar System and also our Galaxy imperceptibly expand thanks to dark energy whose origins are tiny antigravity forces. We claim that these forces appear due to the finite speed of gravitational interaction, which causes gravitational aberration effects. We show that effects of dark energy are observable;they are not only globally, but also in local systems. These effects can be measured and are comparable with the present value of the Hubble constant.