Improve Labor Contract System, Safeguard Lawful Rights and Interests of Laborers——An interview with Prof. Guan Huai of Law School of Renmin University of China

EDITOR＇S NOTE： The Draft Labor Contract Law of the People＇s Republic of China has been completed and was published for soliciting comments on March 20. In a short period of one month, 191,849 pieces of comments and opinions were received. Prior to the promulgation of the law, this reporter interviewed Mr. Guan Huai, a noted Chinese expert in labor law, professor of the Law School of the Renmin University of China and law advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.

On the Lawful Rights and Interests of Mentally Retarded Children——A case study of a rehabilitation center in Liaoning Province

Mentally retarded children are the most disadvan- taged among disabled children. Since the reform and opening up, with sup- port from the Communist Party of China, the government and the public, the legitimate rights and interests of mentally retarded children have greatly improved. But problems in this respect remain serious, and vari- ous levels of government, relevant departments and the public should attach much importance to these problems. This paper, taking a reha- bilitation center in Liaoning Province for mentally retarded children as a single case, studies the protection of these children＇s lawful rights and in- terests in a systematic manner.

The Legal Support for the Protection of the Disabled Children's Rights and Interests

How to protect the disabled children’s rights and interests legally has been a very serious,urgent realistic subject.Today,the problems in the protection of the disabled children’s rights and interests become obvious,mainly including that the right to exist is not protected,the right to education is changed,the right to development is not implemented,the right to participate is not respected,and the right to be protected is not safeguarded,etc.As the legal position of the protection of the disabled children’s rights and interests is absent,it is imperative to choose the legal support ways for the protection of the disabled children’s rights and interests.

Discussion on Administrative Law protection for Pension Rights and Interests of the Lost Only-Child Elderly in China

Lacking of shelter and care from their children, Chinese lost only-child elderly are impoverished and their mental state compared to older people in general are more fragile and sensitive. They have even united themselves for self-help, while their efforts have been often unhelpful. Their scale has been increasingly expanding and risen to many serious social problems. Appearance of lost only-child old man people and vulnerability of protection for those elderly is mainly due to the faultiness of Birth Control Policy, lack of government finance and imperfect social security system. Chinese government should establish a mechanism to increase and maintain the value of administrative compensations, strengthen administrative pay and protection of administrative contracts, broaden administrative relief channels for the elderly, and effectively protect the pension interests of the lost only-child elderly.

Improvement of Legislation System of Protecting Women’s Rights and Interests in China——Taking the Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests as an Opportunity

The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests has been amended twice since it was promulgated 1992,and it has formed a relatively complete legislation system together with relevant laws and regulations,accumulating experience of judicial application in practice.In the current proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests,the main issues that should be considered are:First,the legislative purpose of this law should be reviewed to clarify the three legislative positions of the Law on Women’s Rights and interests,in terms of protection,practice and foundation.Second,it is necessary to grasp whether the text content is appropriate and rectify any defects in the existing text.Third,it should explore how to reform and implement specific systems from the micro perspective to improve the specific systems of women’s personal,property,and social rights and interests.Fourth,it should strengthen the systematic interaction with other norms at different levels and implement the principle of gender equality stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.Fifth,attention should be paid to the necessity of invoking the Law in judicial practice,the possibility of operation and the effectiveness of enforcement.The proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests should also sum up the experience of local legislation and judicial decisions and improve the quality of judicial application of the law so that is truly responds to the practical needs and challenges of the protection of women’s rights and interests and the implementation of gender equality in the new era.

Safeguarding Farmer Workers' Rights and Interests——An interview with Ye Jingyi, professor of Beijing University Law School

Farmer workers are a new powerful workforce that has sprung up amid China＇s reform and door opening and in the process of the country＇s industrialization and urbanization. They have made great contributions to urban prosperity, rural development and their country＇s modernization. At present, however, farmer workers face numerous difficulties and problems in income, work safety, social security, vocational training, the schooling of their children and living conditions. To safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmer workers, the State Council in March 2006 issued Ideas of the State Council on Solving Farmer Workers-related Problems. In the document, the State Council promises to strengthen and improve leadership over work regarding farmer workers and prioritize the solving of farmer workers-related problems.

Revision of Trade Union Law: For Better Protection of Workers' Rights and Interests

On October 27, 2001, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress adopted a decision on revision of the People's Republic of China Trade Union Law. Guan Huai, legal advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, had the following to say in an interview with the Human Rights:

A Study on China＇s Marine Rights and Interests and Their Maintenance

Marine rights and interests is an important part of national sovereignty, it is also an important part of national interests. At present, the maritime economy and coastline security of China is facing some new situation and challenges. In view of the strategic significance and maritime situation of ocean development, it needs to work out a feasible ocean strategy of China from the need of safeguarding the interests of the whole country urgently. We must establish the maintenance strategies of China＇s marine rights and interests in order to realize the sustainable development of marine fights and interests.

Pay Attention to Vulnerable Groups & Safeguard Citizens' Marriage, Family Rights——On New Marriage Law

Marriage and family remain a universal and eternal subject of study. It covers law, ethics, sociology, psychology and even economics. Law and ethics play the most outstanding role in it. Family ethics and moral standards constitute an important part of social ethical system while marriage and family constitute part of the legal system nearest to the life of the common people. Since the founding of New China, the Party and the State have paid full attention to the marriage and family system. Compared with other laws, the law about marriage and family was the first to be legislated. On May 1, 1950, New China’s first law, the 1950 version of Marriage Law, was promulgated. Commenting on the legal document, Chairman Mao Zedong had this to say: Marriage law concerns

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

能源法的法权构造及其体系展开

能源法的核心范畴界定较为模糊,亟待澄清。基于能源权利与能源权力的交互性、能源公益与能源私益的均衡性、能源监管与能源市场的协调性等需求考量,法权可作为能源法的核心范畴。能源法法权结构可从本体论、运行论和价值论三个层面予以构造,形成体系化安排。本体论上,应以公民能源权利与国家能源权力的交互为基础,强调公民能源权作为法权结构的逻辑起点、以落脚为能源普遍服务的能源权力作为法权结构的基本保障;运行论上,应以能源合同作为法权结构运行的具体承载;价值论上,应以能源正义作为法权结构价值的最终目的。由此,可仰仗能源法的法权结构构筑能源法学体系。

论外资立法的国内法国际化原则

国家外资立法是衡量一国对外开放程度的重要标志,应当遵循“国内法国际化”原则。该原则要求国家在制订和实施国内法时遵守国际规则,也可以让国内法对国际规则产生影响。全球治理格局已经变化,国内法性质的外资立法面对国际上性质不同、程度差别的投资竞争性规则,亟需坚持“立基于整体、从个体切入”的共同体利益。一方面,国内外资立法的健全和实施不能忽略国际规则,也应科学合理地设定东道国的“剩余控制权”;另一方面,还应坚持国际上的义利平衡和兼顾,在关键议题上把握高水平与适应性、渐进性之间的均衡,以此形成对国际公法产生影响的中国方案。

为形成新型生产关系提供数据法治保障

随着大数据、人工智能等数字技术的飞速发展与广泛应用,数据已成为推动经济社会发展的重要驱动力。数据不仅成为一种新型生产要素,而且还引发传统生产模式和生产主体关系发生变革,因此,必须形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。在此背景下,形成新型生产关系需要遵循数据法治逻辑,建立明晰的数据产权制度、合理的数据流通制度和公正的数据权益分配制度。为此,有必要制定综合性的数据法律规范、建立跨部门协同的数据治理机制、推动数据技术的负责任创新和构建数字化的权利救济机制。

集体成员诉权的组织法配置:法理、实践和解释性构造

《农村集体经济组织法》从体系性视角初步构建集体成员诉权机制,但仍然存在粗疏遗漏和诉权克减现象。运用组织法逻辑配置集体成员诉权并构设诉讼规则,纵向维度上应当尊重其不同诉讼阶段动态递进的三阶构造,横向维度上适用以诉讼目的为依据划分形成的三种类型。《农村集体经济组织法》主要沿着以撤销权保护成员权益、以代表诉权保护组织权益、以行政行为监督决议合法性的进路展开,尚存撤销诉讼规则错裂、代表诉讼规则疏漏、决议纠纷可诉性不明的问题,在司法实践的具体适用仍有极大解释空间。应结合集体成员诉权原理构设侵权诉讼、代表诉讼和决议诉讼,通过出台司法解释或法官采取扩张性解释拓展细化具体规则。

民行交叉视域下居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调

为尽可能避免居住权对抵押权实现的不利影响,部分不动产登记机构、住房公积金管理中心等通过行政规范性文件规定居住权的设立前置条件及其消极法律后果。这类规则既缺乏上位法依据,亦难与既有民法体系兼容,甚至已僭越了行政权合理介入物权的权力半径,不具备增设限制性条款的可行性。考虑到抵押权人及行政机关的风险防范与特殊利益,居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调应回归民法的私益对抗范畴,排除与民法规范相悖的绝对限制性规则,允许当事人在相对限制的界限内自主分配各自所应承担的风险并在一定条件下赋予抵押权人防御性救济权,减少抵押权人对居住权的抵触心理。为了发挥当事人之约定应有的对抗性效力,需辅之以不动产登记中心的特殊约定记载义务与风险提示义务,完善住房公积金管理中心、银行等机构的事前风险预警机制,从根本上消解居住权与抵押权的权利冲突状态。

高价彩礼的法治因应

彩礼以缔结婚姻为目的,传统婚姻模式、现代婚姻模式与理想婚姻模式下彩礼的制度原理各不相同。现代婚姻与理想婚姻模式之下,适当彩礼作为一种不违反法律与公序良俗的赠与行为,发挥着平衡男女双方婚育成本和保障女性权益的功能,具备合法性与合理性,被法治社会所允许。由于存在婚育隐忧、攀比之风、儿女有别及性别失衡现象,适当彩礼在一些地方畸变为高价彩礼。后者有悖社会公共利益,国家法律介入符合比例原则,具备法治正当性。高价彩礼呼吁“软硬混治”:在硬法治理层面,需要明确彩礼的范围并增加倡导性规则,同时完善用人单位保障、社会保障以及家庭保障等综合配套措施。在软法治理层面,要善用软法工具、提高立“法”科学性,宣扬先进文化、完善激励机制并打造多元治理主体格局、树立多措并举意识,让彩礼止于礼。

新时代高校劳动法治教育新探索

无论从保护、关爱高校毕业生,关注学生就业实际出发;还是从提升大学生法治素养达成高校法治育人目标;抑或是为了建立稳定的劳动关系、促进和谐社会的发展、建立社会主义法治国家,高校劳动法治教育都不可或缺。高校应为学生搭建一个比较完整的劳动法治教育体系,依托劳动教育课程向大学生普及劳动法相关内容;同时多层次、多形式地开展劳动法治活动,进而帮助大学生形成劳动权利意识、证据意识以及维权意识,不断提升劳动法治素养。

违法建筑上合法权益的行政赔偿研究

违法建筑不为我国法律所认可,但其在强制拆除过程中存在部分符合我国法律规定的合法权益。违法强拆侵害行政相对人合法权益应予行政赔偿,赔偿范围包括可回收利用建筑材料、建筑材料的损失扩大、室内物品及行政相对人信赖利益损失。违法强拆侵害合法权益应予行政赔偿具有法理支撑,具体可从行政赔偿功能、以人为本的执法理念、行政赔偿归责原则及职务侵权行为的应责性四个方面证成。违法建筑认定绝对化、贵重物品举证难、赔偿惩戒性不足及赔偿执行难度大成为违法强拆行政赔偿的实践难题。为充分保障行政相对人合法权益,可从综合考虑认定违法建筑、做好拆除证据收集、增强赔偿惩戒性及对赔偿义务机关依法强制执行等方面探索完善行政赔偿的路径。

智力残疾人权益保障:现状、困境与法律对策

智力残疾人是存在认知能力和适应能力障碍的特殊群体,其法律权益保障不容忽视。现阶段我国智力残疾人权益保障已基本形成规范体系,存在倡导性保障、默示性保障以及特定情境下的特殊保护三种规范类型,但在具体实施中仍面临不少挑战。其中,有三大问题较突出,即尚缺少针对智力残疾人特殊性的保障规范、残疾证办理困难以及特殊保护保障缺乏可操作性等问题。为此,宜以我国现行《行政处罚法》新增的有关智力残疾人免于以及从轻或者减轻行政处罚的条款为契机,加强智力残疾人权益特殊保护;优化执法程序、完善法律援助,为智力残疾人增添执法与司法中的人性化保障;提升智力残疾人服务体系与无障碍设施建设,为落实智力残疾人权益保障提供便利。

卫生健康治理体系现代化的私法进路--以人格利益保护为视角

健康权概念的发展引发了各国对卫生健康法治进行重新整合的热潮,我国采取的是多元、全方位和基本医疗为主的大健康战略。私主体参与是医疗服务市场化改革和大健康理念引领的制度建设下,卫生健康治理去中心化的现实必然。为此,应发挥私法的开放性,把握《民法典》的基础性定位,把人格权制度融入卫生健康法治体系中,以此弥补公法治理的法律滞后短板:健康权诉讼可调节社会活动对健康的影响,实现环境健康治理;就医歧视阻碍健康权实现并增加疾病防控难度,可从增加强制缔约、精神损害赔偿等救济途径加以应对;落实患者隐私权和健康信息权利可保护个人尊严和数据安全,长远推进医疗建设战略;根据具体医疗活动的风险细化知情同意的内容并倒置举证责任,可以促进医患沟通、降低医疗操作错误的风险。