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Hydrometallurgical processing of chalcopyrite:A review of leaching techniques
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作者 Darwin Michell Cheje Machaca Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior +2 位作者 Thamyres Cardoso de Carvalho Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa 《International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第12期2537-2555,共19页
Copper,an essential metal for the energy transition,is primarily obtained from chalcopyrite through hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods.The risks and harmful impacts of these processes pose significant co... Copper,an essential metal for the energy transition,is primarily obtained from chalcopyrite through hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods.The risks and harmful impacts of these processes pose significant concerns for environmental and human safety,highlighting the need for more efficient and eco-friendly hydrometallurgical methods.This review article emphasizes current pro-cesses such as oxidative leaching,bioleaching,and pressure leaching that have demonstrated efficiency in overcoming the complicated chalcopyrite network.Oxidative leaching operates under benign conditions within the leaching media;nevertheless,the introduction of oxidizing agents provides benefits and advantages.Bioleaching,a non-aggressive method,has shown a gradual increase in copper extrac-tion efficiency and has been explored using both primary and secondary sources.Pressure leaching,known for its effectiveness and se-lectivity in copper extraction,is becoming commercially more viable with increased research investments.This research also provides im-portant data for advancing future research in the field. 展开更多
关键词 chalcopyrite leaching BIOleachING ionic liquids CHLORIDE hydrogen peroxide
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Study on synergistic leaching of potassium and phosphorus from potassium feldspar and solid waste phosphogypsum via coupling reactions
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作者 Chao Li Shizhao Wang +3 位作者 Yunshan Wang Xuebin An Gang Yang Yong Sun 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第1期117-129,共13页
To achieve the resource utilization of solid waste phosphogypsum(PG)and tackle the problem of utilizing potassium feldspar(PF),a coupled synergistic process between PG and PF is proposed in this paper.The study invest... To achieve the resource utilization of solid waste phosphogypsum(PG)and tackle the problem of utilizing potassium feldspar(PF),a coupled synergistic process between PG and PF is proposed in this paper.The study investigates the features of P and F in PG,and explores the decomposition of PF using hydrofluoric acid(HF)in the sulfuric acid system for K leaching and leaching of P and F in PG.The impact factors such as sulfuric acid concentration,reaction temperature,reaction time,material ratio(PG/PF),liquid–solid ratio,PF particle size,and PF calcination temperature on the leaching of P and K is systematically investigated in this paper.The results show that under optimal conditions,the leaching rate of K and P reach more than 93%and 96%,respectively.Kinetics study using shrinking core model(SCM)indicates two significant stages with internal diffusion predominantly controlling the leaching of K.The apparent activation energies of these two stages are 11.92 kJ·mol^(-1)and 11.55 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively. 展开更多
关键词 PHOSPHOGYPSUM Potassium feldspar Coupling reaction leachING Waste treatment Kinetics
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Effect of Na_(2)CO_(3)Roasting Activation on Acid Leaching Property of Fly Ash
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作者 LIU Chenjia ZHAO Aichun +4 位作者 YE Xin ZHAO Zi ZHANG Tingan YANG Xiaorong QIN Yanmei 《Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第6期1613-1620,共8页
By using high-alumina fly ash as raw material,a process was proposed for activating the fly ash with Na_(2)CO_(3)calcination and extracting aluminum from activated clinker with sulfuric acid leaching.The feasibility o... By using high-alumina fly ash as raw material,a process was proposed for activating the fly ash with Na_(2)CO_(3)calcination and extracting aluminum from activated clinker with sulfuric acid leaching.The feasibility of roasting process of activated fly ash by Na_(2)CO_(3)was discussed based on thermodynamic analysis.The experimental results showed that Na_(2)CO_(3)gradually reactes with mullite over 700 K to produce NaAlSiO_(4).The optimal process conditions for the activation stage are:a material ratio of 1:1 between sodium carbonate and fly ash,a calcination temperature of 900℃,and a calcination time of 2.5 hours.Under these conditions,the leaching rate of aluminum is 90.3%.By comparing the SEM and XRD analysis of raw and clinker materials,it could be concluded that the mullite phase of fly ash is almost completely destroyed and transformed into sodium aluminosilicate with good acid solubility. 展开更多
关键词 fly ash calcination activation acid leaching ALUMINUM
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Experimental investigation of dynamic characteristics of leaching tubing for solution mining of salt cavern carbon and energy storage
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作者 Yin-Ping Li Xin-Bo Ge +1 位作者 Xi-Lin Shi Hong-Ling Ma 《Petroleum Science》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第4期2703-2722,共20页
Salt caverns are extensively utilized for storing various substances such as fossil energy,hydrogen,compressed air,nuclear waste,and industrial solid waste.In China,when the salt cavern is leached through single-well ... Salt caverns are extensively utilized for storing various substances such as fossil energy,hydrogen,compressed air,nuclear waste,and industrial solid waste.In China,when the salt cavern is leached through single-well water solution mining with oil as a cushion,engineering challenges arise with the leaching tubing,leading to issues like damage and instability.These problems significantly hinder the progress of cavern construction and the control of cavern shape.The primary cause of this is the flowinduced vibration instability of leaching tubing within a confined space,which results in severe bending or damage to the tubing.This study presents a model experimental investigation on the dynamic characteristics of leaching tubing using a self-developed liquid-solid coupling physical model experiment apparatus.The experiment utilizes a silicone-rubber pipe(SRP)and a polycarbonate pipe(PCP)to examine the effects of various factors on the dynamic stability of cantilevered pipes conveying fluid.These factors include external space constraint,flexural rigidity,medium outside the pipe,overhanging length,and end conditions.The experiments reveal four dynamic response phenomena:water hammer,static buckling,chaotic motion,and flutter instability.The study further demonstrates that the length of the external space constraint has a direct impact on the flutter critical flow velocity of the cantilevered pipe conveying fluid.Additionally,the flutter critical flow velocity is influenced by the end conditions and different external media. 展开更多
关键词 Salt cavern storage Solution mining leaching tubing Experimental investigation Flutter instability
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Recovery of Li, Ni, Co and Mn from spent lithium-ion batteries assisted by organic acids: Process optimization and leaching mechanism
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作者 Liuyi Ren Bo Liu +5 位作者 Shenxu Bao Wei Ding Yimin Zhang Xiaochuan Hou Chao Lin Bo Chen 《International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第3期518-530,共13页
The proper recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)can promote the recovery and utilization of valuable resources,while also negative environmental effects resulting from the presence of toxic and hazardous subs... The proper recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)can promote the recovery and utilization of valuable resources,while also negative environmental effects resulting from the presence of toxic and hazardous substances.In this study,a new environmentally friendly hydro-metallurgical process was proposed for leaching lithium(Li),nickel(Ni),cobalt(Co),and manganese(Mn)from spent LIBs using sulfuric acid with citric acid as a reductant.The effects of the concentration of sulfuric acid,the leaching temperature,the leaching time,the solid-liquid ratio,and the reducing agent dosage on the leaching behavior of the above elements were investigated.Key parameters were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM)to maximize the recovery of metals from spent LIBs.The maxim-um recovery efficiencies of Li,Ni,Co,and Mn can reach 99.08%,98.76%,98.33%,and 97.63%.under the optimized conditions(the sulfuric acid concentration was 1.16 mol/L,the citric acid dosage was 15wt%,the solid-liquid ratio was 40 g/L,and the temperature was 83℃ for 120 min),respectively.It was found that in the collaborative leaching process of sulfuric acid and citric acid,the citric acid initially provided strong reducing CO_(2)^(-),and the transition metal ions in the high state underwent a reduction reaction to produce transition metal ions in the low state.Additionally,citric acid can also act as a proton donor and chelate with lower-priced transition metal ions,thus speeding up the dissolution process. 展开更多
关键词 spent lithium-ion batteries leachING response surface methodology sulfuric acid citric acid
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Selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid
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作者 Haijun Yu Dongxing Wang +6 位作者 Shuai Rao Lijuan Duan Cairu Shao Xiaohui Tu Zhiyuan Ma Hongyang Cao Zhiqiang Liu 《International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第4期688-696,共9页
Traditional hydrometallurgical methods for recovering spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)involve acid leaching to simultaneously extract all valuable metals into the leachate.These methods usually are followed by a seri... Traditional hydrometallurgical methods for recovering spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)involve acid leaching to simultaneously extract all valuable metals into the leachate.These methods usually are followed by a series of separation steps such as precipitation,extraction,and stripping to separate the individual valuable metals.In this study,we present a process for selectively leaching lithium through the synergistic effect of sulfuric and oxalic acids.Under optimal leaching conditions(leaching time of 1.5 h,leaching temperature of 70°C,liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL/g,oxalic acid ratio of 1.3,and sulfuric acid ratio of 1.3),the lithium leaching efficiency reached89.6%,and the leaching efficiencies of Ni,Co,and Mn were 12.8%,6.5%,and 21.7%.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES)analyses showed that most of the Ni,Co,and Mn in the raw material remained as solid residue oxides and oxalates.This study offers a new approach to enriching the relevant theory for selectively recovering lithium from spent LIBs. 展开更多
关键词 selective leaching oxalic acid sulfuric acid spent lithium-ion batteries
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Process engineering of demineralisation of moderate to high ash Indian coals through NaOH‑HCl leaching and HF leaching
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作者 Heena Dhawan D.K.Sharma 《International Journal of Coal Science & Technology》 EI CAS CSCD 2024年第2期111-122,共12页
Chemical leaching of coals would be required to produce cleaner coals for some special applications where physical benefi-ciation may not be effective enough.This would also help in recovering Li and rare earth metals... Chemical leaching of coals would be required to produce cleaner coals for some special applications where physical benefi-ciation may not be effective enough.This would also help in recovering Li and rare earth metals besides in the sequestration of CO_(2).About 20 Indian coals having complexly distributed moderate to high ash contents were sequentially treated with various alkali–acid such as NaOH-HCl,HF,HCl,HCl-HF,and NaOH-HCl-HF leaching.This aimed to establish and design the best stepwise sequential process for the highest degree of demineralisation through a chemical leaching process.Kinetics and process intensification studies were carried out.More than 80%demineralisation of Madhaipur and Neemcha coals was observed using the best sequential treatment designed presently.The repeated stepwise treatment of the alkali and the acid was also studied,which was found to significantly enhance the degree of demineralisation of coals.The integrated process of alkali–acid leaching followed by solvent extraction(Organo-refining)and vice versa of the treated coal was also studied for producing cleaner coals. 展开更多
关键词 Alkali–acid leaching DEMINERALISATION Integrated process Rare earth elements
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Extraction of Valuable Metals from Titanium-bearing Blast Furnace Slag by Acid Leaching
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作者 刘燕 CHEN Xuegui +2 位作者 MAO Shuaidong XIAO Yadong LI Jiacong 《Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第2期376-385,共10页
To realize the resource utilization of the valuable metals in the titanium-containing blast furnace slag,the process route of “hydrochloric acid leaching-electrolysis-carbonization and carbon dioxide capture-preparat... To realize the resource utilization of the valuable metals in the titanium-containing blast furnace slag,the process route of “hydrochloric acid leaching-electrolysis-carbonization and carbon dioxide capture-preparation of calcium carbonate” was proposed.In this study,the influences of process conditions on the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron and the phases of the leaching residue were investigated for the leaching process.The experimental results show that the HCl solution could selectively leach the elements from the titanium-containing blast furnace slag.The better leaching conditions are the HCl solution concentration of 4 mol/L,the leaching time of 30 min,the ratio of liquid volume to solid gas of 10 mL/g,and the stirring paddle speed of 300 r/min.Under the conditions,the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron can reach 85.87%,73.41%,81.35%,and 59.08%,and the leaching rate of titanium is 10.71%.The iron and the aluminum are removed from the leachate to obtain iron-aluminum water purification agents,and the magnesium is removed from the leachate to obtain magnesium hydroxide.The leaching residue phase is dominated by perovskite,followed by magnesium silicate and tricalcium aluminate,and the titaniumrich material could be obtained from the leaching residue by desiliconization. 展开更多
关键词 titanium-containing blast furnace slag acid leaching valuable metals comprehensive utilization
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Preparation of sodium molybdate from molybdenum concentrate by microwave roasting and alkali leaching
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作者 Fengjuan Zhang Chenhui Liu +2 位作者 Srinivasakannan Chandrasekar Yingwei Li Fuchang Xu 《International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials》 SCIE EI CSCD 2024年第1期91-105,共15页
The preparation process of sodium molybdate has the disadvantages of high energy consumption,low thermal efficiency,and high raw material requirement of molybdenum trioxide,in order to realize the green and efficient ... The preparation process of sodium molybdate has the disadvantages of high energy consumption,low thermal efficiency,and high raw material requirement of molybdenum trioxide,in order to realize the green and efficient development of molybdenum concentrate resources,this paper proposes a new process for efficient recovery of molybdenum from molybdenum concentrate and preparation of sodium molybdate by microwave-enhanced roasting and alkali leaching.Thermodynamic analysis indicated the feasibility of oxidation roasting of molybdenum concentrate.The effects of roasting temperature,holding time,and power-to-mass ratio on the oxidation product and leaching product sodium molybdate (Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O) were investigated.Under the optimal process conditions:roasting temperature of 700℃,holding time of 110 min,and power-to-mass ratio of 110 W/g,the molybdenum state of existence was converted from MoS_(2) to Mo O3.The process of preparing sodium molybdate by alkali leaching of molybdenum calcine was investigated,the optimal leaching conditions include a solution concentration of 2.5 mol/L,a liquid-to-solid ratio of 2 mL/g,a leaching temperature of 60℃,and leaching solution termination at pH 8.The optimum conditions result in a leaching rate of sodium molybdate of 96.24%.Meanwhile,the content of sodium molybdate reaches 94.08wt%after leaching and removing impurities.Iron and aluminum impurities can be effectively separated by adjusting the pH of the leaching solution with sodium carbonate solution.This research avoids the shortcomings of the traditional process and utilizes the advantages of microwave metallurgy to prepare high-quality sodium molybdate,which provides a new idea for the highvalue utilization of molybdenum concentrate. 展开更多
关键词 molybdenum metallurgy microwave oxidation roasting removing impurities sodium hydroxide leaching
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Study on metal recovery process and kinetics of oxidative leaching from spent LiFePO_(4)Li-batteries
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作者 Xiaoming Zhang Wen Xie +5 位作者 Xiaolei Zhou Wenjie Zhang Jiawei Wen Xin Wang Guoyong Huang Shengming Xu 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第4期94-102,共9页
A green environmental protection and enhanced leaching process was proposed to recover all elements from spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4)) lithium batteries.In order to reduce the influence of Al impurity in th... A green environmental protection and enhanced leaching process was proposed to recover all elements from spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4)) lithium batteries.In order to reduce the influence of Al impurity in the recovery process,NaOH was used to remove impurity.After impurity removal,the spent LiFePO_(4) cathode material was used as raw material under the H_(2)SO_(4) system,and the pressure oxidation leaching process was adopted to achieve the preferential leaching of lithium.The E-pH diagram of the Fe-P-Al-H_(2)O system can determine the stable region of each element in the recovery process of spent LiFePO_(4)Li-batteries.Under the optimal conditions(500 r·min^(-1),15 h,363.15 K,0.4 MPa,the liquid-solid ratio was 4:1 ml·g^(-1)and the acid-material ratio was 0.29),the leaching rate of Li was 99.24%,Fe,Al,and Ti were 0.10%,2.07%,and 0.03%,respectively.The Fe and P were precipitated and recovered as FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O.The kinetic analysis shows that the process of high-pressure acid leaching of spent LiFePO_(4) materials depends on the surface chemical reaction.Through the life cycle assessment(LCA)of the spent LiFePO_(4) whole recovery process,eight midpoint impact categories were selected to assess the impact of recovery process.The results can provide basic environmental information on production process for recycling industry. 展开更多
关键词 Spent LiFePO_(4)Li-batteries Oxidative leaching Kinetic study Life cycle assessment
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Effect of Saline Water on Soil Acidity, Alkalinity and Nutrients Leaching in Sandy Loamy Soil in Rwamagana Bella Flower Farm, Rwanda
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作者 Abel Mwubahaman Wali Umaru Garba +3 位作者 Hussein Bizimana Jean de Dieu Bazimenyera Eric Derrick Bugenimana Jean Nepomuscene Nsengiyumva 《Agricultural Sciences》 2024年第1期15-35,共21页
The necessity to saline and sodic waters is sometimes used for irrigating agricultural activities under certain circumstances, but it is important to note that the use of these waters comes with specific consideration... The necessity to saline and sodic waters is sometimes used for irrigating agricultural activities under certain circumstances, but it is important to note that the use of these waters comes with specific considerations and limitations. One way to decrease undesirable effects of sodic waters on the physical and chemical properties of soils is to apply organic and chemical amendments within the soil. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of saline water on soil acidity, alkalinity and nutrients leaching in sandy loamy soil at Bella flower farm, in Rwamagana District, Rwanda. The water used was from the Muhazi Lake which is classified as Class I (Saline water quality). Column leaching experiments using treated soils were then conducted under saturated conditions. The soil under experimental was first analyzed for its textural classification, soil properties and is classified as sandy loamy soil. The t-test was taken at 1%, 5% and 10% levels of statistical significance compared to control soil. The results indicated that the application of saline water to soils caused an increase in some soil nutrients like increase of Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K<sup>+</sup>), Magnesium (Mg2<sup>+</sup>), Sulphur (S), CN ratio and Sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>) and decreased soil texture, physical and chemical properties and remained soil nutrients. Consequently, the intensive addition of saline water leachates to soil in PVC pipes led to decreased of soil EC through leaching and a raiser Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP). The rate of saline water application affected the increase accumulation of SAR and Na% in the top soil layers. The study indicated that saline water is an inefficient amendment for sandy soil with saline water irrigation. The study recommends further studies with similar topic with saline water irrigation, as it accentuated the alkalinity levels. 展开更多
关键词 NUTRIENTS leachING Saline Water Soil Acidity Soil Alkalinity
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基于遗传算法和蚁群算法的LEACH改进协议
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作者 徐巍 钟宇超 余成成 《无线电工程》 2024年第1期199-205,共7页
针对无线传感器网络低功耗自适应集簇分层(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy,LEACH)路由协议因能耗不均衡导致节点过早死亡的问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法和蚁群算法改进的LEACH路由协议。在分簇阶段,通过遗传算法选举合理的... 针对无线传感器网络低功耗自适应集簇分层(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy,LEACH)路由协议因能耗不均衡导致节点过早死亡的问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法和蚁群算法改进的LEACH路由协议。在分簇阶段,通过遗传算法选举合理的簇头节点并根据节点的分布划分簇群;在数据传输阶段,通过蚁群算法使簇头节点尽可能选择能量充足且距离较短的路径进行数据传输。仿真结果表明,与传统的分簇路由协议LEACH和LEACH-C相比,改进算法可以使网络的能量消耗更加均衡,并延长网络的生命周期。 展开更多
关键词 低功耗自适应集簇分层协议 节点能耗 分簇 遗传算法 蚁群算法
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无线传感器网络LEACH协议的改进
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作者 崔盼盼 陈冉冉 《微处理机》 2024年第2期31-33,共3页
为提高经典LEACH路由协议的功能表现,解决因选取过程中簇头节点过于集中带来的相关问题,对LEACH协议中簇首的选取以及簇首到基站的通信进行优化。从原理上详细分析LEACH的算法原理,并在此基础上提出改进的LEACH路由算法。改进算法在簇... 为提高经典LEACH路由协议的功能表现,解决因选取过程中簇头节点过于集中带来的相关问题,对LEACH协议中簇首的选取以及簇首到基站的通信进行优化。从原理上详细分析LEACH的算法原理,并在此基础上提出改进的LEACH路由算法。改进算法在簇首选取过程中考虑节点的剩余能量和空间位置,在数据稳定传输阶段采用多跳方式传递数据。通过MATLAB进行仿真实验,结果显示改进后的LEACH算法有助于减少节点的能量消耗,延长了网络节点的生命周期。 展开更多
关键词 无线传感器网络 路由协议 leach算法
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无线传感器网络LEACH算法的改进与仿真分析
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作者 雒明世 何潘金 《无线通信技术》 2023年第4期38-42,共5页
对无线传感器网络分簇路由协议中LEACH算法进行了研究,针对算法中簇头节点随机选取、节点能量分布不均等不足之处,提出一种基于节点剩余能量、邻居密度与基站相对距离等因素改进的LEACH算法。改进后的算法通过网络最低能耗计算得出最优... 对无线传感器网络分簇路由协议中LEACH算法进行了研究,针对算法中簇头节点随机选取、节点能量分布不均等不足之处,提出一种基于节点剩余能量、邻居密度与基站相对距离等因素改进的LEACH算法。改进后的算法通过网络最低能耗计算得出最优簇头数目,在簇头选取阶段,优化簇头的阈值计算公式,使节点剩余能量高、节点邻居数目多、相对基站距离近的节点更容易成为簇头。利用MATLAB软件,对LEACH算法、HEED算法及改进的LEACH算法的性能进行了仿真分析和比较。实验结果表明,改进的LEACH算法的网络整体能耗要低于LEACH算法和HEED算法,并显著地延长了网络的生存时间。 展开更多
关键词 无线传感器网络 分簇路由 leach 能耗控制
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Environmental availability and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in zinc leaching residue 被引量:26
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作者 闵小波 谢先德 +3 位作者 柴立元 梁彦杰 李密 柯勇 《Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2013年第1期208-218,共11页
Four different methods,namely mineralogical analysis,three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure,dynamic leaching test and Hakanson Potential Ecological Risk Index Method were used to access the environmental acti... Four different methods,namely mineralogical analysis,three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure,dynamic leaching test and Hakanson Potential Ecological Risk Index Method were used to access the environmental activity and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in zinc leaching residue.The results demonstrate that the environmental activity of heavy metals declines in the following order:CdZnCuAsPb.Potential ecological risk indices for single heavy metal are CdZnCuAsPb.Cd has serious potential ecological risk to the ecological environment and contributes most to the potential toxicity response indices for various heavy metals in the residue. 展开更多
关键词 heavy metals BCR sequential extraction environmental availability leaching toxicity dynamic leaching potential ecological risk index method zinc leaching residue
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基于簇头节点能量均衡选择的LEACH优化算法 被引量:1
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作者 吴英浩 石元博 黄越洋 《辽宁石油化工大学学报》 CAS 2023年第6期82-88,共7页
针对无线传感网络中LEACH协议在进行簇头节点选择时能量消耗过快导致的生存周期短、数据吞吐量低等问题,提出了一种基于簇头节点能量均衡选择的LEACH优化算法。该算法选取WSNs中剩余能量高的普通节点作为簇头节点,同时考虑普通节点与簇... 针对无线传感网络中LEACH协议在进行簇头节点选择时能量消耗过快导致的生存周期短、数据吞吐量低等问题,提出了一种基于簇头节点能量均衡选择的LEACH优化算法。该算法选取WSNs中剩余能量高的普通节点作为簇头节点,同时考虑普通节点与簇头节点、簇头节点与基站之间的距离,以及所有节点的剩余能量和平均能量等因素来选择通信方式和传输路径。通过MATLAB工具,对提出的算法进行了仿真实验。结果表明,在100 m×100 m的小面积监测区域和200 m×200 m的大面积监测区域内,与LEACH、DEEC、IMP-LEACH算法相比,该算法降低了WSNs中节点的能量消耗,延长了生存周期,同时提高了数据吞吐量。 展开更多
关键词 无线传感网络 leach协议 簇头节点选择 能量均衡 网络生存周期
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Atmospheric oxygen-rich direct leaching behavior of zinc sulphide concentrate 被引量:9
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作者 徐志峰 江庆政 王成彦 《Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2013年第12期3780-3787,共8页
The leaching behavior of main metallic sulphides in zinc concentrate under atmospheric oxygen-rich direct leaching conditions was studied through mineralogical analysis. The results show that the sulphides dissolve ob... The leaching behavior of main metallic sulphides in zinc concentrate under atmospheric oxygen-rich direct leaching conditions was studied through mineralogical analysis. The results show that the sulphides dissolve obviously except pyrite. Based on the relationship between elemental sulfur and the residual sulphides in the leaching residue, the dissolution of sphalerite, chalcopyrite, covellite and galena is assumed to follow the indirect oxidation reactions, where the acidic dissolution takes place firstly and then the released H2S transfers from the mineral surface into bulk solution and is further oxidized into elemental sulfur. The interface chemical reaction is further supposed as the controlling step in the leaching of these sulphides. The direct electrochemical oxidation reactions are assumed to contribute to the dissolution of pyrrhotite, which is controlled by the diffusion through elemental sulfur layer. 展开更多
关键词 zinc sulphide concentrate atmospheric direct leaching oxygen-rich leaching leaching behavior MINERALOGY
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基于能量均衡高效的LEACH改进算法 被引量:1
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作者 谢佳 张玲华 《电子技术应用》 2023年第1期63-68,共6页
LEACH路由协议是无线传感器网络一个经典的分簇路由方法,但在限能严重的无线网络中,节点功耗高、生存时间短等问题严重影响网络性能,为此提出了改进的基于能量均衡高效的LEACH-X协议。通过加入最优簇首数,提出修正的剩余能量因子,考虑... LEACH路由协议是无线传感器网络一个经典的分簇路由方法,但在限能严重的无线网络中,节点功耗高、生存时间短等问题严重影响网络性能,为此提出了改进的基于能量均衡高效的LEACH-X协议。通过加入最优簇首数,提出修正的剩余能量因子,考虑节点的剩余能量、周期内当选过簇首的次数以及密度因子,并对部署区域分区,针对区域调整距离因子增益参数的权重来修正簇首选举阈值函数;接着进行二次竞争并最终选举簇首,从而减小节点能耗,使WSN存活时间得到一定的延长。仿真结果表明,与传统LEACH协议进行对比,LEACH-X协议降低了网络能耗,延长了网络生存时间。 展开更多
关键词 无线传感器网络 leach 最优簇首 剩余能量因子 密度因子 距离因子 分区
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基于最优簇头数的LEACH改进算法研究 被引量:2
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作者 丁俊美 《佳木斯大学学报(自然科学版)》 CAS 2023年第2期58-60,共3页
在LEACH协议的基础上,计算出最优簇头数,并使用数学期望值法计算得到簇头节点与普通节点之间最佳距离。仿真结果表明,改进后的LEACH协议降低了网络能耗,增长了网络存活时间,增加了数据发送总量。
关键词 无线传感器网络 leach协议 最优簇头数 能量消耗
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An insight on the mechanism of efficient leaching of vanadium from vanadium shale induced by microwave-generated hot spots 被引量:3
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作者 Sheng Li Yimin Zhang +1 位作者 Yizhong Yuan Pengcheng Hu 《International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第2期293-302,共10页
Microwave heating can rapidly and uniformly raise the temperature and accelerate the reaction rate.In this paper,microwave heating was used to improve the acid leaching,and the mechanism was investigated via microscop... Microwave heating can rapidly and uniformly raise the temperature and accelerate the reaction rate.In this paper,microwave heating was used to improve the acid leaching,and the mechanism was investigated via microscopic morphology analysis and numerical simulation by COMSOL Multiphysics software.The effects of the microwave power,leaching temperature,CaF_(2) dosage,H_(2)SO_(4) concentration,and leaching time on the vanadium recovery were investigated.A vanadium recovery of 80.66%is obtained at a microwave power of 550 W,leaching temperature of 95℃,CaF_(2) dosage of 5wt%,H_(2)SO_(4) concentration of 20vol%,and leaching time of 2.5 h.Compared with conventional leaching technology,the vanadium recovery increases by 6.18%,and the leaching time shortens by 79.17%.More obvious pulverization of shale particles and delamination of mica minerals happen in the microwave-assisted leaching process.Numerical simulation results show that the temperature of vanadium shales increases with an increase in electric field(E-field).The distributions of E-field and temperature among vanadium shale particles are relatively uniform,except for the higher content at the contact position of the particles.The analysis results of scaleup experiments and leaching experiments indicate high-temperature hot spots in the process of microwave-assisted leaching,and the local high temperature destroys the mineral structure and accelerates the reaction rate. 展开更多
关键词 vanadium shale microwave-assisted leaching hot spots numerical simulation
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