Simple electrode assembly engineering:Toward a multifunctional lead-acid battery

Electrochemical energy storage is a promising technology for the integration of renewable energy.Lead-acid battery is perhaps among the most successful commercialized systems ever since thanks to its excellent cost-effectiveness and safety records.Despite of 165 years of development,the low energy density as well as the coupled power and energy density scaling restrain its wider application in real life.To address this challenge,we optimized the configuration of conventional Pb-acid battery to integrate two gas diffusion electrodes.The novel device can work as a Pb-air battery using ambient air,showing a peak power density of 183 mW cm^(−2),which was comparable with other state-of-the-art metal-O_(2)batteries.It can also behave as a fuel cell,simultaneously converting H_(2)and air into electricity with a peak power density of 75 mW cm^(−2).Importantly,this device showed little performance degradation after 35 h of the longevity test.Our work shows the exciting potential of lead battery technology and demonstrates the importance of battery architecture optimization toward improved energy storage capacity.

Research on thin grid materials of lead-acid batteries

A detailed investigation on Pb-Ca-Sn alloys was made in order to choose suitable grid alloys materials for thin plate lead-acid batteries. The electrochemical performances of alloys were investigated by electrochemical corrosion experiment, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) test. The results indicate that Pb-Ca-Sn-Bi-Cu alloys can be used to make the grids used for thin grid lead-acid batteries, the content of bismuth has primary effects on the corrosion resistance of grid alloys, the composition of alloys plays an important role on batteries performance, and appropriate scale of elements can be choosed to obtain optimal electrochemical performance. The lead-acid batteries using this kind of grid show good performance by cycle life test.

Experiments Study on Charge Technology of Lead-Acid Electric Vehicle Batteries

The basic theory of the fast charge and several charge methods are introduced. In order to heighten charge efficiency of valve-regulated lead-acid battery and shorten the charge time, five charge methods are investigated with experiments done on the Digatron BNT 400-050 test bench. Battery current, terminal voltage, capacity, energy and terminal pole temperature during battery experiment were recorded, and corresponding curves were depicted. Battery capacity-time ratio, energy efficiency and energy-temperature ratio are put forward to be the appraising criteria of lead-acid battery on electric vehicle （EV）. According to the appraising criteria and the battery curves, multistage-current/negative-pulse charge method is recommended to charge lead-acid EV battery.

PREPARATION OF LEAD-ACID BATTERY USING ELECTROPLATED RETICULATED SiC AS THE POSITIVE CURRENT COLLECTOR

The possibility of using Pb-electroplated reticulated SiC as the positive current collector for lead-acid batteries was investigated. Reticulated SiC with two aperture sizes (3 and 2mm) were tested as the substrate of positive electrode. It was found that the reticulated SiC has an excellent corrosion resistance in H2SO4 solution, and the Pb layer electroplated on reticulated SiC showed analogous electrochemical behavior to metal Pb. Preliminary test of the battery performance indicated that the utilization efficiency of the positive active mass of new designed batteries are improved compared with the conventional batteries. The improvement could be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the reticulated structured positive current collector, which was further supported by the even better performance of the battery made from a smaller aperture size (2mm) reticulated SiC as the substrate of the positive electrode.

Self-Discharge in Valve-Regulated Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Factors that cause the self-discharge in valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries are discussed and measures to inhibit the self-discharge are put forward.

Study of the Charge Acceptance of Small-Size Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

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Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature Effect on Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery for PV Systems in Tropical Area

This paper presents Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature effect on Charge and Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery performance in PV system power supply. To test temperature effect on battery discharge cycles, a temperature range of tropical area from 25 - 60 degrees Celsius in a simulator is set up for testing. This temperature range is normally practical for battery usage. This allows the battery to determine the parameters of the battery quickly and high accurate. A Mathematical Model with MATLAB Program is written and constructed as block diagram using the equations of battery the parameters. By running program, the effects of various parameters are investigated. The results showed that time of discharge the battery is longer. Then, the experiment is set up by battery VRLA 12 V 20 AH. The results confirmed the mathematical model simulations.

A study on equivalent circuit model of lead-acid battery for electric vehicles

A 100Ah@42V lead-acid battery package for electric vehicles are used for study. 1he hybrid pulse test is applied to the battery package to acquire enough data, by which the partnership for a new generation of vehicles （PNGV） equivalent circuit model parameters are identified by the least square method. Then, the PNGV model is verified under two conditions, i.e., the composite pulse excitation and the constant-current respectively. The corresponding maximum relative errors of output voltage are less than 3 % and 3.5 %. Results show that the present PNGV equivalent circuit model and verification method is effective, which can satisfy requirement of simulation of power system of electric vehicles.

Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives

Measurement of state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries using potentiometric sensors would be convenient;however, most of the electrochemical couples are either soluble or are unstable in the battery electrolyte. This paper describes the results of an investigation of poly (divinylferrocene) (PDVF) and Poly(diethynylanthraquinone) (PAQ) couples in sulfuric acid with the view to developing a potentiometric sensor for lead-acid batteries. These compounds were both found to be quite stable and undergo reversible reduction/oxidation in sulfuric acid media. Their redox potential difference varied linearly with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 1 M - 5 M (i.e. simulated lead-acid electrolyte during battery charge/discharge cycles). A sensor based on these compounds has been investigated.

Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.

Battery Management System with State ofCharge Indicator for Electric Vehicles

Aim To research and develop a battery management system(BMS)with the state of charge(SOC)indicator for electric vehicles (EVs).Methods On the basis of analyzing the electro-chemical characteristics of lead-acid. battery, the state of charge indicator for lead-acid battery was developed by means of an algorithm based on combination of ampere-hour, Peukert's equation and open-voltage method with the compensation of temperature,aging,self- discharging,etc..Results The BMS based on this method can attain an accurate surplus capa- city whose error is less than 5% in static experiments.It is proved by experiments that the BMS is reliable and can give the driver an accurate surplus capacity,precisely monitor the individual battery modules as the same time,even detect and warn the problems early,and so on. Conclusion A BMS can make the energy of the storage batteries used efficiently, develop the batteries cycle life,and increase the driving distance of EVs.

含双头旋转脱模机构的车用电池组件盖注塑模设计

结合某车用电池组件盖塑件采用玻璃纤维改性聚醚醚酮自动化注塑的需要,针对该塑件中局部特征难以成型的问题,设计了一副含双头旋转脱模机构的注塑模具。模具中针对所使用改性材料流动性差而导致模腔充填存在潜在困难的问题,采用单一热浇口对模腔进行直接充填。针对塑件外表面成型后脱模困难问题,设计了5个侧抽芯滑块机构用于塑件外表面局部特征的成型与脱模,其中有2个侧抽芯滑块机构设计成二次抽芯滑块机构,有效地避免了侧抽芯时塑件局部特征的脱模变形和损伤。针对塑件圆弧面两侧都要实施旋转抽芯而圆弧形芯的驱动机构设计存在干涉导致机构设计难以进行的问题,设计了一种单油缸驱动双头旋转抽芯机构,机构中使用1个液压油缸通过两个传动滑块的改向动力传动,同步驱动了塑件圆弧面两侧两个圆弧滑块的同步抽芯,避免了驱动机构运动干涉问题。设计的模具为一种两板热流道模具,单次开模,保证了塑件的自动化注塑得以顺利进行。

新能源汽车电池盒冲压成形缺陷与模具调试技术

新能源汽车中,电池盒是将电芯壳体安装在其内部的大型冲压结构件,其在成形过程中容易产生开裂、起皱、回弹变形等缺陷。同时,电池盒涂胶面尺寸不一致会影响焊装的密封性,其质量要求高于一般的白车身覆盖件。本公司所开发的某电池盒复制模具为了进一步提高材料利用率,将焊接密封的法兰面放在压边圈上,同时缩小拉延筋和产品之间的间距,减小坯料尺寸进行拉深成形,其成形难度和质量控制难度大幅增加。本文从模具拉深成形的调试阶段入手,对成形缺陷进行了分析和总结,为其他类似零件的模具开发提供参考。

连续纤维增强复合材料在动力电池箱盖上的应用

动力电池能量密度是影响电动汽车续航、能耗的一项关键指标,轻量化复合材料用于动力电池壳体实现减重是提高电池能量密度的有效途径。文章首先回顾了复合材料概念及其用于动力电池上盖与其他材料的特性对比,然后针对某纯电动车型电池箱盖,选用高强度树脂基连续玻纤增强复合材料制作了方案,并对方案进行了仿真分析和实测验证。通过该方案与金属材质方案的对比,展现了复合材料在动力电池箱盖轻量化方面的优势和应用潜力。

连续纤维复合材料电池包上盖的设计研究

轻量化技术可有效提高新能源汽车续航能力和驾驶性能,已被广泛应用于汽车的生产制造中。连续纤维复合材料在比强度、比刚度、热膨胀系数与抗疲劳性能等方面比传统金属更具有优势,开启了轻量化新时代。文章以新能源汽车核心部件电池包为研究对象,基于高压树脂传递模塑成型(HP-RTM)工艺,根据碳纤维复合材料与玻璃纤维复合材料的材料特点,对电池包上盖进行了轻量化设计。通过结构优化、工艺优化、连接方式优化等技术手段完成了电池包上盖的轻量化量产方案。电池包样机测试结果表明,采用碳纤维复合材料和玻璃纤维复合材料制作的电池包上盖可以有效提升电池包结构的强度、刚度以及耐疲劳性,综合减重达50%以上。文章所述的连续纤维复合材料轻量化设计方案也可为汽车其他零部件设计提供指导。

PSO-LSSVM-based Online SOC Estimation for Simulation Substation Battery

As the emergency power supply for a simulation substation,lead-acid batteries have a work pattern featuring noncontinuous operation,which leads to capacity regeneration.However,the accurate estimation of battery state of charge(SOC),a measurement of the amount of energy available in a battery,remains a hard nut to crack because of the non-stationarity and randomness of battery capacity change.This paper has proposed a comprehensive method for lead-acid battery SOC estimation,which may aid in maintaining a reasonable charging schedule in a simulation substation and improving battery’s durability.Based on the battery work pattern,an improved Ampere-hour method is used to calculate the SOC during constant current and constant voltage(CC/CV)charging and discharging.In addition,the combined Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)and Least Squares Support Vector Machine(LSSVM)model is used to estimate the SOC during non-CC discharging.Experimental results show that this method is workable in online SOC estimation of working batteries in a simulation substaion,with the maximum relative error standing at only 2.1%during the non-training period,indicating a high precision and wide applicability.

Simple Rational Model for Discharge of Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes, Based on Nernst Equation

A simple rational model is proposed for discharge of batteries with aqueous electrolytes, based on Nernst equation. Details of electrode kinetics are not taken into account. Only a few overall parameters of the battery are considered. A simple algorithm, with variable time step-length Δt, is presented, for proposed model. The model is first applied to Daniel cell, in order to clarify concepts and principles of battery operation. It is found that initial pinching, in time-history curve of voltage E-t, is due to initial under-concentration of product ion. Then, model is applied to a lead-acid battery. In absence of an ion product, and in order to construct nominator of Nernst ratio, such an ion, with coefficient tending to zero, is assumed, thus yielding unity in nominator. Time-history curves of voltage, for various values of internal resistance, are compared with corresponding published experimental curves. Temperature effect on voltage-time curve is examined. Proposed model can be extended to other types of batteries, which can be considered as having aqueous electrolytes, too.

Pb-Ca-Sn-Ba Grid Alloys for Valve-Regulated Lead Acid Batteries

The effect of barium additives on the process of anodic corrosion of lead-tin-calcium alloys in a 4.8 М sulfuric acid solution was studied. Cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, weight loss measurements and scanning electronic microscope analysis have allowed exploring the oxidation process and characterizing the formed corrosion layer. According to our results, barium introduction into lead-tin-calcium alloys increases their hardness, reduces their electrochemical activity, and improves their corrosion stability. Reduction of the calcium content in the alloy can be compensated by adding barium. Barium dopation at lead-tin-calcium alloys decreases the resistance of the oxide layer formed on the grid surface, in a deeply discharged state, and raises its resistance during floating conditions and at a charged state of the positive electrode.

Battery Management for the Electric Hydraulic Pump System of a Lifting Trolley

This study proposed a battery management approach for the electric hydraulic pump system of a lifting trolley.The pump system was powered by two 12-V lead-acid batteries in series.Because direct measurement of the actual battery state of charge is unlikely,it has mostly been determined through estimation based on the measured open-circuit voltage.A discharge current will result in a voltage drop and hence a lower voltage during discharge;however,the battery voltage will return to the original open-circuit voltage once the discharge stops.The operating current of the electric hydraulic pump system employed in this study was associated with three factors:the lifting height,lifting load,and battery state of charge.The operating current remained constant during the first half of the lifting phase and increased gradually with the lifting height in the second half.The operating current peaked when the lifting height reached the maximum.The power management approach for the electric hydraulic pump system featured the following basic functions:overcharge protection,overdischarge protection,short-circuit protection,overload protection,and an operating timer established in accordance with the system’s operating current variation.According to the manufacturer-defined maximum lifting load and lifting height of the lifting trolley,this study conducted experiments to obtain the maximum required operating time.An operating time greater than the maximum required operating time indicates the occurrence of an unexpected event,discharge should be stopped until the fault is resolved.

基于模态试验的动力电池箱上盖的优化设计

为了提升电池箱上盖的模态性能同时实现轻量化,对电池箱上盖进行仿真模态分析和自由模态试验,比较两者数据发现,频率和振型一致性较好,验证了模型的正确性和有效性。通过形貌优化方法对上盖进行了结构优化,根据形貌优化云图重新设计了上盖的结构并进行模态分析。分析结果表明:优化后的上盖低阶频率提高,质量减轻了7.27%,证明了优化的可行性,为电池箱上盖的优化设计提供了参考。