Preventing formation of intermetallic compounds in ultrasonic-assisted Sn soldering of Mg/Al alloys through pre-plating a Ni coating layer on the Mg substrate

Magnesium and aluminum alloys are widely used in various industries because of their excellent properties,and their reliable connection may increase application of materials.Intermetallic compounds(IMCs)affect the joint performance of Mg/Al.In this study,AZ31 Mg alloy with/without a nickel(Ni)coating layer and 6061 Al alloy were joined by ultrasonic-assisted soldering with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu(SAC)filler.The effects of the Ni coating layer on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg/Al joints were systematically investigated.The Ni coating layer had a significant effect on formation of the Mg_(2)Sn IMC and the mechanical properties of Mg/Al joints.The blocky Mg_(2)Sn IMC formed in the Mg/SAC/Al joints without a Ni coating layer.The content of the Mg_(2)Sn IMC increased with increasing soldering temperature,but the joint strength decreased.The joint without a Ni coating layer fractured at the blocky Mg_(2)Sn IMC in the solder,and the maximum shear strength was 32.2 MPa.By pre-plating Ni on the Mg substrate,formation of the blocky Mg_(2)Sn IMC was inhibited in the soldering temperature range 240–280℃and the joint strength increased.However,when the soldering temperature increased to 310℃,the blocky Mg_(2)Sn IMC precipitated again in the solder.Transmission electron microscopy showed that some nano-sized Mg_(2)Sn IMC and the(Cu,Ni)_(6)Sn_(5)phase formed in the Mg(Ni)/SAC/Al joint soldered at 280℃,indicating that the Ni coating layer could no longer prevent diffusion of Mg into the solder when the soldering temperature was higher than 280℃.The maximum shear strength of the Mg(Ni)/SAC/Al joint was 58.2 MPa for a soldering temperature of 280℃,which was 80.7%higher than that of the Mg/SAC/Al joint,and the joint was broken at the Mg(Ni)/SAC interface.Pre-plating Ni is a feasible way to inhibit formation of IMCs when joining dissimilar metals.

A review of soldering by localized heating

In recent years,the rapid development of the new energy industry has driven continuous upgrading of high-density and high-power devices.In the packaging and assembly process,the problem of differentiation of the thermal needs of different modules has become increasingly prominent,especially for small-size solder joints with high heat dissipation in high-power devices.Localized soldering is con-sidered a suitable choice to selectively heat the desired target while not affecting other heat-sensitive chips.This paper reviews several local-ized soldering processes,focusing on the size of solder joints,soldering materials,and current state of the technique.Each localized solder-ing process was discovered to have unique characteristics.The requirements for small-size solder joints are met by laser soldering,microres-istance soldering,and self-propagating soldering;however,laser soldering has difficulty meeting the requirements for large heat dissipation,microresistance soldering requires the application of pressure to joints,and self-propagating soldering requires ignition materials.However,for small-size solder junctions,selective wave soldering,microwave soldering,and ultrasonic soldering are not appropriate.Because the magnetic field can be focused on a tiny area and the output energy of induction heating is large,induction soldering can be employed as a significant trend in future research.

Interfacial reaction behavior and mechanical properties of 5A06 Al alloy soldered with Sn-1Ti-xGa solders at a low temperature

Active soldering of 5A06 Al alloy was performed at 300 ℃ by using Sn-1Ti and Sn-1Ti-0.3Ga active solders, respectively. Theeffects of soldering time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. The results showed that the Sn-1Tisolder broke the oxide film on the surface of the Al substrate and induced intergranular diffusion in the Al substrate. When Ga was added tothe solder, severe dissolution pits appeared in the Al substrate due to the action of Sn-1Ti-0.3Ga solder, and many Al particles were flakedfrom the matrix into the solder seam. Under thermal stress and the Ti adsorption effect, the oxide film cracked. With increasing solderingtime, the shear strength of 5A06 Al alloy joints soldered with Sn-1Ti and Sn-1Ti-0.3Ga active solders increased. When soldered for 90 min,the joint soldered with Sn-1Ti-0.3Ga solder had a higher shear strength of 22.12 MPa when compared to Sn-1Ti solder.

Research Progress on the Solder Joint Reliability of Electronics Using in Deep Space Exploration

The spacecraft for deep space exploration missions will face extreme environments,including cryogenic temperature,intense radiation,wide-range temperature variations and even the combination of conditions mentioned above.Harsh environments will lead to solder joints degradation or even failure,resulting in damage to onboard electronics.The research activities on high reliability solder joints using in extreme environments can not only reduce the use of onboard protection devices,but effectively improve the overall reliability of spacecraft,which is of great significance to the aviation industry.In this paper,we review the reliability research on SnPb solder alloys,Sn-based lead-free solder alloys and In-based solder alloys in extreme environments,and try to provide some suggestions for the follow-up studies,which focus on solder joint reliability under extreme environments.

Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Behavior of Sn-9Zn-xAg-ySb;{(x, y) = (0.2, 0.6), (0.2, 0.8), (0.6, 0.2), (0.8, 0.2)} Lead-Free Solder Alloys

The tensile properties of Sn-9Zn-xAg-ySb;{(x, y) = (0.2, 0.6), (0.2, 0.8), (0.6, 0.2), (0.8, 0.2)} lead-free solders were investigated. All the test samples were annealed at 150°C for 1 hour. The tests are carried out at room temperature at the strain rate of 4.17 × 10-3 s-1, 20.85 × 10-3 s-1, and 208.5 × 10-3 s-1. It is seen that the tensile strength increases and the ductility decrease with increasing the strain rate over the investigated range. From the strain rate change test results, the strain sensitivity values are found in the range of 0.0831 to 0.1455 due to the addition of different alloying elements.

大尺寸AlN活性金属焊接覆铜基板的界面结合机理

基于190 mm×139 mm×0.635 mm的大尺寸AlN表面活性金属钎焊(AMB)覆铜板工艺制程,开展其界面显微组织、物相组成等的研究,确定钎焊界面结合机理,为制备大尺寸、低气孔、高剥离强度AlN-AMB覆铜板提供支持。结果表明,在大尺寸AlN-AMB覆铜板钎焊过程中,Ag-Cu-Ti合金钎料中的Ag-Cu合金与Cu箔扩散溶合,形成强的冶金结合界面。同时,钎料中的活性Ti原子向AlN基板表面扩散,并与其反应,生成厚度为0.5~1μm的TiN反应层,形成强的反应结合界面。此外,钎料熔体难以填充基板的AlN晶界和凹坑,其中的Ti原子也不与Y-Al-O第二相颗粒反应,导致AlN基板表面TiN反应层不连续分布,形成气孔,降低大尺寸AlN-AMB覆铜板的界面结合强度及可靠性。

SnAgCu/SnBi混装焊点的热循环可靠性研究

Sn-Bi和Sn-Ag-Cu混装焊点是利用低熔点的Sn-58Bi锡膏将高熔点的Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu(SAC305)的小球回流焊接在印制电路板(PCB)上,从而实现高温芯片的低温焊接工艺.文中研究了SnAgCu/SnBi混装焊点在热循环条件下的可靠性并通过有限元模拟揭示了混装焊点热循环可靠性的应变演变行为.热循环试验发现混装焊点的寿命要优于SAC305无铅焊点.有限元计算表明,结构混装焊点内SnBi钎料层的添加能够减小最大非弹性应变范围,从而提升混装焊点的热循环可靠性.

PCB中耐高温有机可焊保护剂成膜机理及性能研究

印制电路板铜焊盘表面生成耐高温有机可焊保护剂(HT-OSP)膜是克服无铅高温回流焊工艺并获得良好焊点的关键。选用2-[(2,4-二氯苯基)甲基]-1H-苯并咪唑(C_(14)H_(10)Cl_2N_2)作为成膜剂,在铜层表面生成了HT-OSP膜。理论计算结合对比实验,研究C_(14)H_(10)Cl_2N_2分子与Cu原子反应生成HT-OSP膜机理。基于量子化学密度泛函理论,模拟C_(14)H_(10)Cl_2N_2分子与Cu~+之间的络合反应;利用红外光谱对HT-OSP膜中的特征官能团进行表征;借助X射线光电子能谱测试HT-OSP膜中Cu元素的化合价;设计对比实验分析Cu~(2+)对生成HT-OSP膜的影响。结果表明:HT-OSP膜生成机理是C_(14)H_(10)Cl_2N_2分子与Cu原子发生反应生成HT-OSP膜并沉积在铜层表面,Cu~(2+)通过络合反应促进HT-OSP膜生长。另外,HT-OSP膜的分解温度高达531℃,HT-OSP膜保护的铜层放置在自然环境中180天没有被氧化,证明HT-OSP膜具有优异的耐热性和抗氧化性。

基于度量学习的电路焊点缺陷检测方法

针对目前电路焊点缺陷检测方法效率低、准确度差、焊点图像样本量小的问题,提出了一种基于度量学习的快速识别焊点缺陷的方法.首先利用工业相机搭配远心镜头获取焊点图像.通过挖掘焊点图像特征,设计交点检测法来分割焊接单元图像,制作焊点缺陷数据集.在此基础上,设计焊点图像全局特征与局部表征提取方法来对焊点的两类特征进行融合,并对注意力机制进行改进,加入到全局特征提取模块中.对焊点缺陷的检测实验结果表明该方法最终实现了准确率达到98.4%,满足焊点缺陷检测的实际生产要求.

基于双目结构光的三维立体电路板焊点定位

三维立体电路将传统二维集成电路拓展至三维,在提高了电路板形状设计柔性的同时,也提升了电路板上元器件焊点定位的复杂度.为了降低三维立体电路加工过程中的人力成本,提高加工效率,设计了一种用于焊接机床对三维立体电路板焊点定位的双目结构光系统,并针对双目结构光系统在与焊接机床结合应用过程中存在的坐标转换、焊点识别困难等问题,从硬件与算法层面提出了解决方案.在软硬件的配合下,可以简单快速地完成双目结构光系统与焊接机床之间的坐标转换,并对电路板焊点完成定位与坐标计算,代替了人工对三维立体电路板焊点测量定位的复杂流程.实验表明,提出的方案具有较高的精度,能够满足机床焊接元器件过程中对焊点的定位需求.

基于波峰焊桥连改善的设计优化研究

波峰焊是一种常见的电装工艺焊接方式,而桥连是波峰焊工艺最为常见的焊接缺陷之一。介绍了波峰焊接桥连产生的机理,并分析了焊盘间距过近、引脚出脚长度过长,以及器件布局方向不当三种典型可制造性设计引起桥连的原因,并探讨了有助于波峰焊接桥连改善的可制造性设计优化方案。

回流焊工艺对SMT器件热翘曲的影响

集成电路正在向小型化、高集成度的方向发展,回流焊工艺已成为其组装过程中的关键技术。在回流焊过程中集成电路容易发生热翘曲现象。采用阴影云纹法对PBGA1296、PBGA1024器件在不同回流焊温度、升降温速率的回流焊工艺下的热翘曲进行测量,在此基础上通过建模仿真对实验结果进行分析。结果表明,采用表面贴装技术(SMT)的BGA器件的热翘曲会随着回流焊温度的升高而增大,回流焊升降温速率较快同样会导致严重的热翘曲。实验结果与仿真结果高度一致,进而验证了仿真模型的准确性和有效性。采用实验结合有限元分析的方法为改善集成电路热翘曲提供了参考。

温度循环和随机振动载荷下堆叠封装焊点可靠性模拟研究

采用有限元模拟研究了堆叠封装(Package on package, PoP)在温度循环和随机振动载荷下的焊点可靠性,包括封装内部的基板堆叠焊点和封装外部的板级互连焊点。通过应力分析定位危险焊点并计算焊点在温度循环下的疲劳寿命。模拟结果表明:在温度循环载荷下,应力主要集中于基板边角处焊点,基板堆叠焊点的疲劳寿命为3 002周次,板级互连焊点的疲劳寿命为1 552周次;在随机振动载荷下,两层焊点的应力值均较低,在50~2 000 Hz的随机振动频率范围内具有较高的可靠性。

基于Anand模型的BGA封装热冲击循环分析及焊点疲劳寿命预测

BGA封装在电子元器件中的互连、信息传输等方面起着重要作用,研究封装元件的可靠性以及内部焊点在高温、高湿、高压等极限条件下的稳定性显得尤为重要。基于Anand模型分析了封装元件在热冲击下的塑性变形和应力分布,同时对不同空间位置焊点的最大应力与主要失效位置进行了对比,并运用Darveaux模型计算出焊点最危险单元的裂纹萌生、裂纹扩展速率和疲劳寿命。结果表明,在热冲击极限载荷下,封装元件的温度呈现对称分布,表面温度与内部温度差较大,约为15℃;最大变形为0.038 mm,最大变形位置为外侧镀膜处;最大应力为222.18 MPa,内部其余部分的应力值为20 MPa左右。对于内部焊点,最大应力为19.02 MPa (250 s),应力最大位置在锡球下方边缘,预估其疲劳寿命为6.29天。

多场耦合下RF组件的焊点信号完整性

随着集成电路和5G技术的迅猛发展,射频(RF)组件作为关键设备被广泛使用。RF组件需要在复杂多变的工作环境下服役,而焊点作为RF组件封装中相对脆弱的部分,其稳定性和可靠性尤为重要。介绍了焊点在多场耦合下的性能表现。RF组件焊点需要有效传输高频信号,从电气性能和信号完整性两方面对其进行概述,对多场耦合下的焊点信号完整性进行了总结,探讨了在高频条件下对焊点的机械性能和信号完整性进行综合研究和优化的必要性。

电子封装高温焊料研究新进展

随着先进封装和第三代半导体的快速发展,具有高熔化温度、耐持久温度考验的高温焊料逐渐成为学界追逐的热点,也成为推动电子产业无铅化和升级换代等“卡脖子”问题的瓶颈。本文综述了传统高温Sn-80Au和Pb-Sn焊料、IMC焊料、纳米及纳米-微米混合焊料,提出未来高温焊料在成分上必将以金、银、铜、铝等金属或石墨烯、碳纳米管等轻质、高导热、高熔化温度的碳基材料及其复合材料为主流;在微观尺度上,纳-微米混合焊料既具有纳米焊料的温度效应,又具有颗粒选择的灵活性,能在一定程度上解决纳米焊料的氧化、团聚及烧结时的相转变等问题;基于颗粒焊料的多尺度、颗粒种类选择的多维度,具有低温快速制备、高温长期服役的IMC高温焊料也具有极大的前途。加速高温焊料研发,突破低温封装、高温服役的技术瓶颈,必将极大推动先进封装和功率封装的快速发展。

美容器烙铁时间对成品烟质量的影响

[目的]明确美容器烙铁时间对成品烟外观质量和内在质量的影响。[方法]自主研发了一套条盒透明纸松紧度测量工具,以透明纸松紧度、条盒凹陷度、烟丝常规化学成分、常规烟气成分释放量和感官品质为衡量指标,比较不同美容器烙铁时间对成品烟质量的影响。[结果]烙铁温度低于135℃、时间低于2 min条件下,对成品烟条盒凹陷度、透明纸松紧度、烟丝化学成分、烟气成分释放量、感官质量均无显著性影响。卷烟机短暂停机(不超过2 min)时,无需考虑美容器烙铁的影响,可正常开机生产;停机超过2 min后,应及时将停留在美容器烙铁上的条盒烟取出,避免影响产品质量。[结论]该研究可为卷烟生产透明纸包装环节的优化提供参考。

多通道微波组件接插件及基板焊接技术研究

介绍了一种多通道微波组件接插件及基板一体化焊接的技术。通过焊接工装设计、焊接温度和真空控制、多通道接插件焊接短路及电路板焊接压力控制等问题的解决,实现了微波组件一体化自动焊接。得到的电路板单位面积压力控制为0.87 gf/cm^(2)(1 gf≈0.0098 N),关键的回流焊温度曲线控制参数为最高焊接温度及时间,控制范围分别为235~240℃和90~120 s。此焊接方法解决了多通道微波组件中不同种类且较多数量器件同时焊接时采用传统手工焊接方式难度大的问题,避免了在焊接过程中出现二次熔融问题。一体化焊接的方法在满足接插件及基板焊接要求的同时,提高了装配一致性及可靠性,且提高了生产效率。此方法可推广应用于同类型的多通道复杂组件的接插件及基板的一体化焊接。

基于变可信度近似模型的BGA焊点可靠性预测与优化方法

焊点可靠性预测研究多采用有限元仿真与单一精度近似模型相结合的模式,存在仿真时间长、效率低、准确性差等问题,为此,提出了一种基于变可信度近似模型的球栅阵列(ball grid array,BGA)焊点可靠性预测与优化方法.首先,对不同网格细化方案进行收敛性验证,分别设计高/低精度样本点进行有限元仿真;其次,基于CoKriging模型融合高/低精度仿真数据进行焊点可靠性预测;最后,将预测结果与单一精度近似模型进行对比分析,并采用遗传算法优化模型获得对应结构参数.结果表明,在更少的仿真成本下,变可信度模型的预测效果更好,在同等预测精度下,变可信度模型高精度样本点数量仅为单一精度模型的1/4,相比高精度神经网络预测模型,在寻优过程中收敛更快.

钎料合金蠕变行为及非耦合型本构理论研究进展

在严苛的服役环境与小型化结构设计需求的双重作用下,航天仪器设备所承受的载荷不断增加并愈加复杂,而焊点、引线等封装结构作为仪器设备的薄弱环节,一旦破坏往往会导致器件甚至设备功能丧失,为了提升仪器设备的环境适应性与可靠性,需要准确把握封装结构材料蠕变行为与损伤机理,完善钎料合金本构理论并提升材料蠕变性能预测精度,发展封装结构精细化仿真分析方法。本文梳理了钎料合金蠕变性能及其影响因素,回顾了非耦合型本构理论的发展历程与研究热点,分析了相关模型的预测能力,为深入理解钎料合金蠕变行为与性能预测奠定基础。