Numerical Study on the Duct Noise Control of Single-Stage Axial Flow Fan with Wave Leading Edge Stator Blade Configurations

This study focuses on a single-stage axial flow fan, investigating the effect of three kinds of wave leading edge stator blades on its noise reduction. The DDES method and the duct acoustic analogy theory based on the penetrable data surface were used for noise prediction. The results showed that the three kinds of wave leading edge blades were effective in reducing the rotor-stator interaction tonal noise and also have a certain inhibitory effect on broadband noise. The A10W15 stator blade can effectively reduce broadband noise in the frequency range of 2200 - 4200 Hz. When the amplitude is increased to 20, the noise reduction effect is further enhanced. However, when the amplitude is increased to 30, the broadband noise reduction effect is no longer significant. Further research shows that the wave leading edge stator blades can significantly change the pressure fluctuation distribution on the leading edge and suction surface, which control the modal energy distribution. Finally, this paper analyzed multiple factors affecting the broadband noise reduction, such as the noise source cut-off and cut-on effect and correlation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the laws of the influence of wave leading edge blades on the duct noise of real fan, and to reveal its noise control mechanism. .

Heat Transfer and Flow Structure of a Turbine Blade's Air-cooled Leading Edge Considering Different Hole Shapes and Additional Flow Angles

A numerical study is conducted to elucidate the impact of hole shapes and additional flow angles on the flow structure of the coolant and temperature field in the leading edge area of the gas turbine rotor.Four typical hole shapes are considered for the GE-E3 blade.The impact of the additional flow angle(E)within each hole shape on the temperature field is investigated.The results indicate that for the leading edge area and suction surface,the fan-shaped hole case performs best in decreasing temperatures,with a decrease of about 43 K.This is mainly due to the fact that the fan-shaped hole has the maximum expansion in hole spanwise direction.For the pressure surface,the console hole case performs best in decreasing temperatures,with a maximum reduction of about 47.2 K.The influence of E on the surface temperature at leading edge area varied between the different hole shapes.For the cylinder hole and console hole,the E=-20°case has the lowest area-averaged temperature.Because both the fan-shaped hole and the 7-7-7 shaped hole are expansion holes,the pattern of variation of the leading edge area temperature with increasing E is similar for the fan-shaped hole case and 7-7-7 shaped hole case.The E=20°case shows the lowest spanwise-averaged temperature near the hole outlet,and the E=-20°case shows the lowest spanwise-averaged temperature further downstream.

Numerical Analysis and PIV Measurements of Tip Vortex in an Axial Rotor with Skewed-Swept Blade at Its Leading Edge

Based on the characteristics of axial fans of outdoor units of centralized air-conditioners, using the finite-volume method, applying three-dimensional steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model equation, and adopting SIMPLE algorithm, numerical analysis is made and applied to analyze the internal flow field of axial rotors with skewed-swept blade at its leading edge. This numerical simulation mainly investigates the formation and development of the tip vortex. Based on the tip vortex characteristics that have been captured, the internal flow numerical results are compared with those obtained by the PIV experiments. This comparison indicates a good agreement between numerical results and PIV results, thus proving the validity of the numerical simulation. In addition, based on the internal flow analyses of the axial rotor with skewed-swept blade at its leading edge, different flow phenomena features are presented. These flow features can be used for further improvements of the present rotor performance characteristics.

钛合金包边复合材料风扇叶片的鸟撞数值仿真

为降低鸟体撞击航空发动机中带钛合金包边树脂基复合材料风扇叶片的试验成本,开展了数值仿真研究,为钛合金包边在航空发动机风扇叶片上的应用提供参考和依据。对风扇叶片进行简化,采用ABAQUS有限元软件构建了鸟撞带钛合金包边和不带钛合金包边的风扇叶片模型,其中,钛合金包边和复合材料叶片之间用粘结界面单元进行粘接,研究了不同鸟体冲击角度和速度下2种风扇叶片的损伤。结果表明:在鸟体冲击速度相同时,随着冲击角度的增大,风扇叶片的损伤增大且能量吸收率提高,在冲击角度也相同时,带钛合金包边的风扇叶片损伤更小且能量吸收率更高;在鸟体冲击角度相同时,随着冲击速度的加快,风扇叶片的损伤增大且能量吸收率提高;在鸟体冲击下,粘结界面单元最终发生拉伸破坏,在低速度冲击下还会发生剪切损伤。

Investigation of film cooling on the leading edge of turbine blade based on detached eddy simulation

In order to assess the influences of curved hole passage on cooling effectiveness and flow structure of turbine blade leading edge,the detached eddy simulation is applied to numerically investigate the AGTB turbine cascade under the condition of global blowing ratio M=0.7.The straight or curved cooling holes are located at either the pressure or suction side near the leading edge.The analysis and discussion focus on the local turbulence structure;influence of pressure gradient on the structure,and distribution of cooling effectiveness on the blade surface.The numerical results show that cooling hole with curved passage could bring positive impact on the increase of the local cooling effectiveness.On the suction side,the increased cooling effectiveness could be about 82% and about 77% on the pressure side,compared to the conventional straight hole.

Method for utilizing PIV to investigate high curvature and acceleration boundary layer flows around the compressor blade leading edge

Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)is a well-developed and contactless technique in experimental fluid mechanics,but the strong velocity gradient and streamline curvature near the wall substantially limits its accuracy improvement.This paper presents a data processing procedure combining conventional PIV and newly developed Mirror Interchange(MI)based Interface-PIV for the measurement of the boundary layer parameter development in the blade leading edge region.The synthetic particle images are used to analyze the measurement errors in the entire procedure.Overall,three types of errors,namely the errors caused by the Window Deformation Iterative Multigrid(WIDIM)algorithm,the discrete data interpolation and integration,and the wall offset uncertainty,comprise the main measurement error.Specifically,the errors due to the discrete data interpolation and integration and the WIDIM algorithm comprise the mean bias,which can be corrected through the error analysis method proposed in the present work.Meanwhile,the errors due to the WIDIM algorithm and the wall offset uncertainty contribute to the measurement uncertainty.Computational fluid dynamics-based synthetic particle flows were generated to verify the newly developed PIV data processing procedure and the corresponding error analysis method.Results showed that the data processing method could improve the accuracy of PIV measurements for boundary layer flows with high curvature and acceleration and even with significant flow separation bubbles.Finally,the data processing method is also applied in a PIV experiment to investigate the boundary layer flows around a compressor blade leading edge,and several credible boundary flow parameters were obtained.

电火花成型电极修整航空发动机叶片的加工误差分析

针对航空发动机叶片电解加工后前后缘存在较大加工误差这一问题,采用电火花加工技术对叶片前后缘进行修整,并分析前后缘的加工误差。使用自研的六轴电火花成型机床,采用成型电极对叶片后缘进行修整加工,并利用三坐标测量机完成叶片点云数据的测量。采用遗传算法和迭代最近点算法,完成包络加工后叶片点云数据与理论模型的配准,通过最小二乘椭圆以及NURBS曲线拟合处理点云数据。针对拟合的叶片加工后轮廓曲线,通过在该曲线上等间距取点并计算这些点到叶片理论轮廓线的距离来反映叶片后缘的加工误差和加工误差的整体趋势。结果显示:经过电火花成型电极修整后叶片后缘的面轮廓度误差在-16.4~88.5μm之间,平均误差为53.7μm,叶片后缘的缘头处轮廓度误差最小,验证了电火花加工技术包络修整叶片前后缘的可行性。

激光冲击强化对外物损伤叶片前缘的疲劳强度影响研究

为研究激光冲击强化对某型离心叶轮外物损伤后疲劳强度的影响,设计了反映真实叶片前缘部位的特征模拟件,并结合空气炮法模拟外物损伤,对比有/无激光冲击强化模拟件的高周疲劳试验结果,发现经激光冲击强化处理后,模拟件的疲劳强度提高约37%。同时,开展了激光冲击强化以及外物损伤后的残余应力/应变场数值仿真,结合Kitagawa-Takahashi(K-T)图法建立了考虑外物损伤与激光冲击强化的疲劳强度预测方法,与试验结果相比平均误差为7.3%,验证了方法的有效性。

基于SODIX方法的叶片前缘噪声指向性及降噪实验研究

以NACA 65(12)–10独立基准叶片为对象,使用线性传声器阵列和SODIX(SOurce DIrectivity modeling in the cross-spectral matriX)方法对基准叶片前缘噪声指向性分布特征及波浪前缘对叶片前缘噪声的影响进行了实验研究。开发了SODIX数据处理程序并进行了数值仿真验证,结果表明:不同指向角下计算结果的最大误差不超过0.26 dB。在半消声室内,利用由31个传声器组成的非均匀分布优化阵列,对NACA 65(12)–10独立基准叶片和仿生学叶片的前缘噪声开展了参数化声学实验。结果表明:在40°~142°指向角测量范围内,基准叶片前缘噪声指向性符合典型偶极子声源特征,峰值在130°指向角附近;随着频率升高,基准叶片前缘噪声指向性产生了显著的“波瓣”现象,频率越高,“波瓣”越多。进一步研究表明:不同波长和幅值的前缘构型都可以有效降低指向角测量范围内的前缘噪声;与波浪前缘的波长相比,波浪前缘的幅值对前缘噪声的影响更为显著,特别是在90°~120°指向角范围内,A30W20叶型的降噪量可达7.71 dB。

风电叶片前缘雨蚀测试及防护方法研究

随着风电机组大型化及漂浮式海上风电的发展,风电叶片服役环境越来越复杂,叶片前缘的损伤及防护越来越被重视。文章以固/液冲击过程的“水锤压力”为切入点简述了航空、航天以及风电行业对雨蚀损伤的研究,介绍了单射流法、火箭撬法、旋转臂法等常用的耐雨蚀测试方法,并提出了耐雨蚀评估方法的改进方向。列举了叶片常用的几类前缘防护材料性能特点,对比了不同制样环境下前缘漆材料的耐雨蚀性能差异。阐述了前缘防护材料的选型评估思路,提出了考虑项目地域降雨情况、叶片线速度等因素的前缘差异化防护思路。

基于鸮翼特征提升风力机叶片气动性能的研究

为了提高风能利用率,研发气动性能优异的叶片,以模仿鸮翼生物特征来提升大型风力机叶片的气动性能。选择以NREL 5MW风力机的叶片作为研究对象,基于生物翼型和传统翼型构建了组合翼型,并将其与鸮翼的非光滑前缘结构耦合,设计了具有这两种特征的仿生耦合叶片。根据相似理论,建立原型叶片和仿生耦合叶片的缩比模型,并通过数值计算方法探究仿生耦合叶片在不同风速下的气动性能。数值计算结果表明,相比原型叶片,在额定风速11.4m/s时,仿生耦合叶片的风能利用率提高了6.76%,当风速达到15m/s时,仿生耦合叶片的扭矩提高9.89%。在叶尖区域,仿生耦合叶片吸力面流速明显增强,增大了吸力面负压区域面积,进而增大了叶片表面压差。同时,仿生耦合叶片能够有效抑制展向流动,减小尾缘分离涡,增强弦向流动,降低湍动能强度,减小了能量的损耗。

风电叶片前缘保护概述

风电行业追求更长的叶片长度和更高的叶尖线速度以及海上风电快速发展,叶片的前缘雨蚀已成为叶片维修的重要原因。前缘雨蚀采用Springer模型,耐雨蚀时间主要与叶片线速度和降雨强度有关。耐雨蚀性能应按照DNVGL-RP-0171标准测试,按照DNVGL-RP-0573标准可推算不同线速度下前缘保护材料的服役年限。前缘保护材料以前缘保护漆和保护膜为主,在施工过程易引入各种缺陷,导致实际耐雨蚀时间低于理论值。

Experimental Investigation on the Adiabatic Film Effectiveness for Counter-Inclined Simple and Laid-Back Film-Holes of Leading Edge

The adiabatic film effectivenessηof the counter-inclined film-holes fed by varying internal coolant intake on the turbine vane leading edge model was experimentally investigated.A semi-cylinder model was adopted to model the vane leading edge which was arranged with two-row holes,which located at±15°on both sides.The four Leading edge model with the combinations of hole-shape(simple holes and laid-back holes)and intake structure(plenum and impingement)were tested under four blowing ratios M of 0.5,1.0,1.5,and 2.0.Theηcontours were obtained by the transient measurement technique based on double thermochromic liquid-crystals.The results present that theηis sensitive to the M for the four studied leading edge cases.The addition of impingement enhances theηfor the two studied holes.The film jets make the coolant-flow closed to the target surface,resulting in higherηunder lower M.The core with higherηappears in the downstream area of hole-exit.Theηenhancement can be provided to almost the identical level by adding the impingement-holes and improving the hole-exit shaping in most areas.With increasing M,the jets with stronger exit normal momentum penetrate into the main-flow.The impingement addition may be a more effective program to upgrade theηrelatively to the exit shaping under larger M.Besides,the laid-back holes with impingement case produce the highest film cooling performance among the four cases,providing great potential in the leading edge especially under larger M.

关于叶片前缘加工缺陷及气动合格性的探讨

为了指导压气机叶片前缘的精细化加工,以某高亚声速压气机叶型为研究对象,基于叶片前缘的实际加工过程,建立“过切前缘”与“欠抛前缘”2类典型加工缺陷模型,并采用数值模拟方法研究了不同形式、不同大小、不同位置的前缘缺陷对气动合格性的影响。研究结果表明:前缘过切角度是影响叶片气动合格性的重要因素。随着过切角度的减小,叶片的气动不合格性逐渐增大。不同位置的前缘缺陷对叶片气动合格性的影响与来流攻角有关。叶片前缘双侧加工缺陷对气动合格性的影响要高于单侧前缘加工缺陷。对于“过切”和“欠抛”前缘缺陷,均存在前缘实际轮廓满足加工公差要求,但叶片气动合格性不满足设计期望的情况。所获得的前缘加工缺陷影响规律可用于指导前缘精细化加工以及制定叶片前缘质量评判标准。

叶片前缘障碍物对轴流风机气动噪声的影响

噪声已成为风机选型的重要指标,因此在设计和研发过程中必须将其作为重点考虑因素。文章以CZTY-400轴流风机为研究对象,基于湍流模型及宽频声学模型,采用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)软件进行数值模拟,探索通过合理设置叶片前缘障碍物减少叶片尾缘涡的脱落和压力脉动,以达到降低风机气动噪声的目的。结果表明:叶片前缘设置障碍物后,障碍物附近湍动能增大,而叶片尾缘湍动能下降;风机出口域的湍动能和噪声声压显著降低;压力脉动频域特性与噪声信号频域特性整体变化趋势相似,障碍物对低频处的噪声及压力脉动作用效果良好。

异侧多级旋流冷却结构对横流抑制及强化传热的影响

为进一步强化前缘旋流冷却,解决目前燃气透平叶片前缘多级旋流冷却结构相邻级之间流动折转带来的高压力损失问题,并提高叶片前缘传热均匀度,在已有研究基础上提出了一种新型的异侧多级旋流冷却结构。建立了原始同侧多级旋流冷却结构和新型异侧多级旋流冷却结构的模型,采用三维定常数值模拟分析方法,在保持靶面温度不变的条件下,对比分析了多个进口雷诺数条件下不同旋流冷却结构的流动与传热特性。仿真结果表明:冷却气体通过切向喷嘴射入旋流腔内部形成高速旋流,显著提高强化传热能力;对于单级旋流冷却,冷气的周向速度逐渐减小,轴向速度增大,横流逐渐形成,横流对下游射流产生冲击作用,削弱下游换热;多级旋流冷却结构对于旋流腔内部横流可起到横流抑制作用,周向平均努塞尔数有明显提高,但原始同侧多级旋流冷却结构相邻级之间的流动折转带来了很高的压力损失;异侧多级冷却结构在原有模型优点的基础上减少了22%的压力损失,改善了冷却气体分配的均匀度,实现了旋流冷却整体传热性能的进一步提升。

基于刀轨调整的叶片前后缘几何自适应加工

航空发动机压气机叶片在前期净近成形工艺中,其前后缘曲率变化剧烈,形状特殊,无法直接成形,需要进行二次加工。然而,前期工艺会使叶片产生变形,理论数模已经无法适用于其二次加工。因此,为了解决因变形带来的前后缘加工问题,实现前后缘与叶身的光滑转接加工,提出了一种基于刀轨修改的叶片前后缘几何自适应的加工方法。首先,在前后缘附近的已成形区域上提取特征测量点并对其进行实测;然后,通过特征点实测数据分析叶片前期工艺变形情况,并基于变形数据建立叶片截面Z坐标值与变形规律的映射关系函数;最后,根据变形映射函数,相应地调整原始理论刀位文件,以调整完的刀轨实现叶片前后缘的自适应加工。以某型号航空发动机精锻叶片为例进行仿真试验验证,试验结果表明该方法优化效果显著,原理论刀位文件与调整后的刀位文件的加工误差相比,后者偏差基本在0.01 mm以内,极大程度地减少了加工误差。该方法能有效解决精锻叶片进排气边的光滑转接加工问题。

Fast prediction of rain erosion in wind turbine blades using a data-based computational tool

Wind turbines(WTs)face a high risk of failure due to environmental factors like erosion,particularly in high-precipitation areas and offshore scenarios.In this paper we introduce a novel computational tool for the fast prediction of rain erosion damage on WT blades that is useful in operation and maintenance decision making tasks.The approach is as follows:Pseudo-Direct Numerical Simulation(P-DNS)simulations of the droplet-laden flow around the blade section profile are employed to build a high-fidelity data set of impact statistics for potential operating conditions.Using this database as training data,a machine learning-based surrogate model provides the feature of the impact pattern over the 2-D section for given wind and rain conditions.With this information,a fatigue-based model estimates the remaining lifetime and erosion damage for both homogeneous and coating-substrate blade materials.This prediction is done by quantifying the accumulated droplet impact energy and evaluating operative conditions over time periods for which the weather at the installation site is known.In this work,we describe the modules that compose the prediction method,namely the database creation,the training of the surrogate model and their coupling to build the prediction tool.Then,the method is applied to predict the remaining lifetime and erosion damage to the blade sections of a reference WT.To evaluate the reliability of the tool,several site locations(offshore,coastal,and inland),the coating material and the coating thickness of the blade are investigated.In few minutes we are able to estimate erosion after many years of operation.The results are in good agreement with field observations,showing the promise of the new rain erosion prediction approach.

风电机组叶片前缘防护技术研究进展

本文介绍了叶片前缘部分腐蚀的表现形式以及磨蚀程度等级,说明了叶片前缘出现磨蚀损伤给机组本身带来的负面影响;介绍了国内外现有的前缘防护技术手段,最后介绍了几种常见的前缘防护材料性能评价方法。

风电机组叶片前缘防护材料性能实验研究

本文对一种新型前缘防护材料性能进行了研究,分别测试了该材料的拉伸性能、耐磨性能、与玻璃钢基底的粘结性能等。模拟实际应用环境,对前缘防护材料进行了老化后的耐雨蚀性能测试,并结合雨蚀数据分析该材料使用寿命。测试结果表明:该前缘防护材料的各项常规性能以及耐老化性能、抗雨蚀性能均能满足实际应用要求,理论设计寿命超过15年,是一款能够保障风电机组在多种极端环境运行的优异材料。