Discussion on the Free Quenching Heat Treatment Process of Automotive Leaf Springs

Free quenching of automotive leaf springs is a new technology that has gradually started to be applied in the industry in China in recent years.Only a few manufacturers are applying it in the industry.Through more than half a year of on-site practice,the changes in the hot forming of spring plates before free quenching have been explored,and finally a heat treatment process that meets the production requirements of our company has been developed,achieving normal production.

基于Adams的Leaf Spring建模方法及刚度特性仿真测试

文章基于多点离散梁法,通过编写钢板弹簧属性文件,利用Adams/Car模块建立多片钢板弹簧模型,并在Adams/View中对所建多片钢板弹簧作静/动刚度特性仿真测试分析。又分别采用了两种方法对其静/动刚度进行仿真,将仿真结果与实际对比分析,结果表明通过Adams建立的多片钢板弹簧模型与实际钢板弹簧刚度特性基本吻合。

Numerical simulation and optimization of shell mould casting process for leaf spring bracket

Although the shell mould casting process has a wide range of application in many fields,the prediction of casting defects is still a problem.In the present work,a typical leaf spring bracket casting of ZG310-570 was fabricated by shell mold casting.The finite element model and ProCAST software were utilized for simulating the filling and solidification processes of the casting;and the formation mechanism of the gas pore,and shrinkage porosity defects were analyzed.The results indicate that the gas pore and shrinkage porosity defects are formed due to air entrapment,insufficient feeding and non-sequential solidification.Subsequently,through changing the position of risers,adding a connecting channel between the risers,and setting blind risers at the U-shaped brackets,an optimized gating and feeding system was established to improve the quality of the casting.After optimization,the gas pore and shrinkage porosity defects of the leaf spring bracket casting are effectively eliminated.The experiment results with the optimized casting process are in good agreement with the numerical simulation,which verifies the validity of the finite element model in the shell mould casting.

Design and experiment of an adaptive dynamic vibration absorber with smart leaf springs

An adaptive dynamic vibration absorber(ADVA)is designed for lowfrequency vibration suppression.The leaf springs are applied as the tuning stiffness elements.The principle of variable stiffness is analyzed to obtain the effective range of the first natural frequency variation.A classic simply supported manipulator is selected as the controlled system.The coupled dynamic model of the manipulator-ADVA system is built to obtain the maximum damping efficiency and the vibration absorption capacity of the designed ADVA.An experimental platform is set up to verify the theoretical results.It is revealed that the ADVA can adjust the first natural frequency on a large scale by changing the curvature of the leaf springs.The amplitude of the manipulator is reduced obviously with the installation of the designed ADVA.Finally,based on the short-time Fourier transformation(STFT),a stepwise optimization algorithm is proposed to achieve a quick tuning of the natural frequency of the ADVA so that it can always coincide with the frequency of the prime structure.Through the above steps,the intelligent frequency tuning of the ADVA is realized with high vibration absorption performance in a wide frequency range.

钢板弹簧建模模块LeafSpring的研究及其应用

LeafSpring是ADAMS中的一个专用模块,应用其可以快速建立钢板弹簧多体动力学模型。为更好应用LeafSpring,总结了其主要特点,分析了其建模基本原理,说明了其建模步骤。应用LeafSpring,在ADAMS/Car中建立了2片簧钢板弹簧多体动力学模型。通过对模型的必要修改,实现了钢板弹簧垂向刚度特性的仿真测试。通过与实际钢板弹簧刚度特性比较,验证了所建模型的有效性。

New ANCF solid-beam element:relationship with Bézier volume and application on leaf spring modeling

An eight-node solid-beam element based on absolute nodal coordinate formulation(ANCF)which uses cubic interpolation at the longitudinal direction and linear at the transverse direction is proposed.The element can accurately discretize the geometry represented by the Bézier volume with the same basis function order.The continuity property of the proposed beam element is verified.Advantages of the proposed element can be found in the application of leaf spring modeling.The parabolically varying thickness of the leaf can be accurately described.Components in leaf spring such as the spring eye and the rubber bushing can be assembled efficiently since the proposed element can be connected at any direction.The ANCF reference node is used to represent the rigid components and the revolute joints in the vehicle suspension system.Static I-shaped cross-section cantilever beam and flexible pendulum model are used to test the accuracy and dynamic performance of the proposed solid-beam element.The leaf spring model shows the flexibility of the element in modeling the complex mechanical system and the balance between the accuracy and the efficiency.

Design and Analysis of a 2-DOF Actuator with Variable Stiffness Based on Leaf Springs

Variable Stiffness Actuator(VSA)is the core mechanism to achieve physical human–robot interaction,which is an inevitable development trend in robotic.The existing variable stiffness actuators are basically single degree-of-freedom(DOF)rotating joints,which are achieving multi-DOF motion by cascades and resulting in complex robot body structures.In this paper,an integrated 2-DOF actuator with variable stiffness is proposed,which could be used for bionic wrist joints or shoulder joints.The 2-DOF motion is coupling in one universal joint,which is different from the way of single DOF actuators cascade.Based on the 2-DOF orthogonal motion generated by the spherical wrist parallel mechanism,the stiffness could be adjusted by varying the effective length of the springs,which is uniformly distributed in the variable stiffness unit.The variable stiffness principle,the model design,and theoretical analysis of the VSA are discussed in this work.The independence of adjusting the equilibrium position and stiffness of the actuator is validated by experiments.The results show that the measured actuator characteristics are sufficiently matched the theoretical values.In the future,VSA could be used in biped robot or robotic arm,ensuring the safety of human–robot interaction.

Analytical modeling and simulation on lateral mechanical characteristics of high-speed train traction motor hanging leaf spring

In this paper,using the theoretical analysis method,according to the actual structure of the hanging leaf spring of the traction motor mounted on the frame,the lateral force model of the hanging leaf spring of the traction motor was established.Then,through theoretical deduction,the deformation analytical calculation formula and the stress analytical calculation formula of the hanging leaf spring were established.The correctness of the leaf spring’s lateral force model was established and its deformation and stress analytical formulae were verified using ANSYS finite element analysis software.Based on this,according to the deformation analytical formula and the stress analytical formula of the leaf spring established,the influence of the main structural parameters on the mechanical characteristics of the leaf spring was discussed,and the reliability of the analytical analysis method of the lateral mechanical characteristics of the traction motor hanging leaf spring was verified by the loading–unloading test.The results show that the deformation and the load of the leaf spring change linearly.The changes of leaf spring’s stress at different positions can be considered as being composed of three sections:a linear change section in the root,a nonlinear change section in the middle,and a nonlinear change section in the end.In the structural parameters,the end thickness h2 has the greatest influence on the stiffness and the stress of the leaf spring,and the maximum thickness of the leaf spring eye h1 has the least influence on the stiffness and the stress of the leaf spring.The influence degree of other parameters on the stiffness of the leaf spring is h_(3),L_(1),L_(3),L_(2) in order,and the influence degree on the stress of the leaf spring is h_(3),L_(1),L_(2),L_(3) in order.In addition,when the root thickness h_(3) is greater than a certain value,the maximum stress point of the leaf spring appears at the end position L_(2).This study can provide a useful reference for the intelligent forward design and the rapid analysis of the mechanical characteristics of high-speed train traction motor hanging leaf spring.

A Design Method of Bending Deflection on Hyper-Static Leaf Spring

A group of leaf springs which provides the flexible support of stator is designed to satisfy the requirement of low vibration motor at megawatt （MW） level. Spring steel 65Mn is chosen as the material of the leaf spring. The size of the leaf spring is obtained by calculation and load analysis according to a deflection formula. The deflection and stiffness of the single leaf spring is calculated with both theoretical method and finite element analysis （FEA）. A deflection test platform is established based on actual force and boundary condition to verify the deflection and stiffness of the leaf spring. The results show that the maximal deflection of the three pieces of 1.2 mm leaf spring group is 0.71 mm and the stiffness of the leaf spring group is 364 N/mm, which satisfies the requirements of the motor. The design method is also applicable for other MW power level motors.

Finite element analysis on the static and fatigue characteristics of composite multi-leaf spring

This paper investigated the static and fatigue behaviors of steel and composite multi-leaf spring using the ANSYS V12 software. The dimensions of an existing conventional leaf spring of a light commercial vehicle were used. The same dimensions were used to design composite multi-leaf spring for the two materials, E-glass fiber/epoxy and E-glass fiber/vinyl ester, which are of great interest to the transportation industry. Main consideration was given to the effects of material composition and its fiber orientation on the static and fatigue behaviors of leaf spring. The design constraints were bending stresses, deflection and fatigue life. Compared to the steel leaf spring, the designed composite spring has much lower bending stresses and deflections and higher fatigue life cycles.

某房车用少片簧断裂原因

在对某房车进行可靠性路试过程中,其少片簧发生断裂现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验、扫描电镜分析等方法对少片簧断裂的原因进行分析。结果表明:少片簧表面存在局部折叠,在路试过程中,其表面产生了应力集中,使裂纹萌生并扩展,最终导致少片簧断裂。

某商用车钢板弹簧失效分析与结构优化

为解决某商用车钢板弹簧断裂问题,分别从板簧材质、成型工艺、结构设计强度多方面进行失效分析,考虑不同工况场景的载荷特点,建立板簧的非线性仿真模型。根据整车冲击工况加载标准,提取各工况下的板簧应力。建立板簧总成的详细模型,以提取的板簧应力为载荷,考察板簧及桥壳底板的可靠性,从而确定薄弱部位与断裂原因。以主簧的簧片厚度为设计变量,以板簧的结构应力为约束条件,以总质量最小为约束目标,对板簧进行尺寸优化,寻找满足应力要求的簧片最小厚度。对优化后的主、副簧进行疲劳耐久试验,验证仿真结果的准确性。

工程车平衡悬架钢板弹簧座疲劳断裂机理研究

为解决某工程车平衡悬架钢板弹簧座失效断裂问题,利用工艺分析、断口分析、金相检验、强度检测、硬度检测以及材料疲劳极限检测等方法,对平衡悬架钢板弹簧座进行分析。结果表明:平衡悬架钢板弹簧座所用材料满足标准要求,平衡悬架钢板弹簧座的失效形式为多源高应力、低周次弯曲疲劳开裂,裂纹源处于平衡悬架钢板弹簧座与U型螺栓配合的圆角根部位置,该位置较厚大在生产工艺上易产生缩孔缩松等缺陷,在结构上是平衡悬架钢板弹簧座承受应力最大的位置,为零件的危险截面。

某轻型客车钢板弹簧断裂失效原因分析

某轻型客车钢板弹簧在整车耐久试验过程中频繁出现断裂问题。文章通过断口宏观和微观分析、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相组织检测分析,以及铣削台阶位置和板簧受力特征分析,确定了钢板弹簧断裂的根本原因并制定了改进措施,结合台架试验及整车道路试验进行了验证。结果显示,钢板弹簧卷耳两侧铣削范围过长,导致板簧簧片R角处存铣削台阶,使得此处应力集中进一步提高,导致钢板弹簧在此处断裂。减小钢板弹簧卷耳两侧铣削长度,问题得以解决。

基于载荷谱的钢板弹簧耐久试验规范优化

文章以轻型客车的钢板弹簧为例,开展了基于试验场载荷谱的整车耐久试验规范优化。选取了能够表征钢板弹簧受力的板簧前端安装支座为载荷谱关键采集点,采集了试验场耐久规范的载荷谱,结合疲劳理论知识并通过N-code软件计算得到不同试验工况的伪损伤值。以保留原始载荷谱90%的伪损伤当量为目标生成了加速试验规范,进而从功率谱密度、统计值和雨流计数等方面对优化前后的耐久试验规范进行了分析和对比,结果表明,在保留原有试验规范的特征基础上可以实现明显的加速,试验周期缩短了60%。

氮肥后移对高温胁迫下春小麦旗叶生理特性和产量的影响

[目的]探究氮肥后移对高温胁迫下春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)旗叶膜脂过氧化作用、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量和产量的影响,筛选缓解春小麦花后高温早衰的科学施肥方法。[方法]2022年3月至2023年9月,以宁3015为试验材料,在宁夏农垦平吉堡农六队试验基地进行试验。采用裂区试验设计,主区为温度,设(25±2)℃(常温RT)和(35±2)℃(高温HT),副区为氮肥运筹。施氮总量一定(300 kg·N·km^(-2)),2022年设G1(分蘖期30%)、G2(拔节期30%)、G3(孕穗期30%)、G4(抽穗期20%)和G5(灌浆期20%)共5种施肥方式,2023年由前一年试验结果筛选出G1(分蘖期30%)、G3(孕穗期30%)和G5(灌浆期20%)共3个处理。于开花期开始取样,每5天取样一次,测定旗叶膜脂过氧化作用、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质等指标。[结果]连续两年氮肥运筹试验中旗叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和产量均在G5处理达到最高,丙二醛(MDA)和膜透性均在G5处理下最低,且与G1处理存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。根据皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析可知,春小麦籽粒产量和SOD、POD、CAT活性和脯氨酸含量显著正相关(P<0.05),与MDA含量和膜透性显著负相关(P<0.05)。综合评价表明,2022和2023年氮肥运筹的主成分得分排序为G5>G3>G4>G2>G1和G5>G3>G1,两年试验结果趋势一致。[结论]适当的氮肥后移可以降低高温胁迫下春小麦旗叶膜脂过氧化作用,增加抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,进而增加产量,本试验中灌浆期施氮总量20%的处理较为适宜。

基于有限元的板簧橡胶支座失效形式分析

板簧橡胶支座是重型运载车辆的重要减振部件,针对车辆在行驶过程中,因支座出现故障造成车辆无法正常行驶的问题,以板簧橡胶支座为研究对象,提出了一种橡胶趋近失效时的刚度修正方法,并对板簧橡胶支座进行仿真分析,找出支座的故障原因,最终对支座进行过载压力测试实验以及滑移测试实验来验证仿真的准确性。结果表明:修正后的刚度表达式更适合橡胶部件失效时的刚度计算,采用仿真与实验相结合的方式,能够有效地找出板簧橡胶支座的故障原因。同时在对支座进行故障分析的过程中积累了一定实验数据,也为后期的优化提供了基础准备。

Study on the Photosynthetic Characteristics in Spring Maize (Zea mays L.)of Different Quality Type

common maize synthetic rate（ Photosynthetic characteristics were probed by sweet maize, waxy maize, high starch maize and The results revealed that leaf area index （LAI）, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content,photo-PR） showed single peak curve at the whole growth stage. The stages of peak were different according to different varieties. NEAUS4 had the lowest peak and while SIDAN 19 had the highest among all stages. Ratio of chlorophyll a to b was low at seedling stage, reached the peak atjointing stage and then declined. SIDAN 19 had the lower level at the last stages.

春小麦叶片气体交换与产量对干旱响应的阈值差异

叶片气体交换过程是作物干物质及产量形成的基础,在干旱发展过程中作物叶片气体交换对水分胁迫存在阈值响应,众多相关生理指标也以此为基础用于监测作物受旱状况。然而作物叶片气体交换过程与产量对干旱的响应阈值是否具有同步性,目前尚不清楚,这在一定程度上影响了利用作物生长期叶片气体交换相关生理指标监测农业干旱的准确性。本研究通过控制试验确定春小麦叶片气体交换对干旱的响应阈值,并利用该阈值特征参数化春小麦生长模型,从而设计水分控制模拟试验,分析春小麦产量对干旱的阈值响应特征及其与叶片气体交换指标阈值的差异。结果表明:春小麦气孔导度对土壤有效含水量的响应阈值为0.50,大于蒸腾速率与净光合速率的响应阈值(0.40)。用净光合速率对土壤有效含水量的响应阈值参数化春小麦生长模型,能够准确模拟春小麦地上部生物量和产量的变化。春小麦地上部生物量与产量对根系层土壤有效含水量的响应阈值为0.18,明显小于叶片气体交换指标对土壤有效含水量的响应阈值。证明了利用作物生育期间叶片气体交换等生理指标表征作物受旱状况,反映作物最终产量降低程度会存在一定问题。本研究结果可为农业干旱监测、预测及干旱影响评估提供参考依据。

干旱胁迫下春玉米叶片光合参数对叶温的响应

气候变化背景下,为探索黄土高原半干旱区春玉米光合生理过程对土壤水分、温度变化的响应机制,以春玉米为研究对象,于2017年在中国气象局定西干旱气象与生态环境试验基地进行盆栽水分控制试验,在春玉米七叶期设置对照处理(Control,简称“CK处理”,土壤水分为田间持水量的80%)和控水处理(Water Stress,简称“WS处理”,土壤水分为田间持水量的45%~50%)以及3个叶片温度梯度,分别为适宜温度25℃、高温35℃及极端高温40℃(CK处理对应CK-25、CK-35及CK-40;WS处理对应WS-25、WS-35及WS-40),分析春玉米叶片气体交换参数和水分利用效率对土壤水分、温度变化的响应特征。结果表明:在一定的光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically Active Radiation,PAR)范围内,春玉米叶片净光合速率(Net Photosynthetic Rate,Pn)随PAR的增加逐渐增大。水分供给不足时,随着PAR不断增加,WS处理春玉米叶片气孔限制因素向非气孔限制因素转变,光合作用出现明显的光抑制,WS-35处理叶片Pn最大,WS处理叶片Pn在PAR高值区明显小于CK处理,且不同温度梯度下叶片达到光饱和的PAR下降;与CK-40处理相比,WS-40处理春玉米叶片Pn随PAR增大显著减小(P<0.05),光合作用表现出明显的光抑制。水分供给充足时,蒸腾速率(Transpiration Rate,Tr)随温度升高而增大;水分供给不足时,WS-40处理春玉米叶片Tr、气孔限制(Ls)较CK-40处理显著降低(P<0.05),胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)显著增加(P<0.05)。WS-40处理春玉米Tr随着PAR的增大而减小,水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency,WUE)较CK处理高。该研究可为气候变化背景下黄土高原半干旱区春玉米应对极端气候生理特征变化提供参考。