Leaf Area Calculation Model of E.urophylla and E.grandis×E.urophylla

[Objective] The aim was to build an optimal leaf area measurement model of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla. [Method] The correlation between leaf area and leaf＇s eigenvalue of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla were studied. [Result] There was certain difference in leaf characteristics values between the 2 species. The leaf areas of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla both had significant correlation with leaf length,leaf width,leaf perimeter,leaf length × leaf width,the ratio of leaf length to leaf width,shape factor,etc.,so the factors could be constructed into a regression model with leaf area. Among them,the best 2 models for leaf area calculation which were built by leaf length × leaf width of E. urophylla and E. grandis×E.urophylla both had relatively high accuracy and practical applications. [Conclusion] The research provides a simple and effective leaf area measurement method for studies on the 2 tree species.

实交错代数上slice正则函数的逼近定理

研究了实交错代数上slice正则函数的Runge定理和Carelman型逼近定理.作为特例,在四元数和八元数情形下得出相应的结论.

A New Disease of Cherry Plum Tree with Yellow Leaf Symptoms Associated with a Novel Phytoplasma in the Aster Yellows Group

A novel phytoplasma was detected in a cherry plum（Prunus cerasifera Ehrh） tree that mainly showed yellow leaf symptom. The tree was growing in an orchard located in Yangling District, Shaanxi Province, China. The leaves started as chlorotic and yellowing along leaf minor veins and leaf tips. Chlorosis rapidly developed to inter-veinal areas with the whole leaf becoming pale yellow in about 1-4 wk. Large numbers of phytoplasma-like bodies（PLBs） were seen under transmission electron microscopy. The majority of the PLBs was spherical or elliptical vesicles, with diameters in range of 0.1-0.6 μm, and distributed in the phloem cells of the infected tissues. A 1 246-bp 16 S ribosomal RNA（rRNA） gene fragment was amplified from DNA samples extracted from the yellow leaf tissues using two phytoplasma universal primer pairs R16mF2/R16mR1 and R16F2n/R16R2. Phylogenetic analysis using the 16 S rRNA gene sequence suggested that the phytoplasma associated with the yellow leaf symptoms belongs to a novel subclade in the aster yellows（AY） group（16SrI group）. Virtual and actual restriction fragment length polymorphism（RFLP） analysis of the 16 S rRNA gene fragment revealed that the phytoplasma was distinguishable from all existing 19 subgroups in the AY group（16SrI） by four restriction sites, Hinf I, Mse I, Sau3 A I and Taq I. The similarity coefficients of comparing the RFLP pattern of the 16 S rRNA gene fragment of this phytoplasma to each of the 19 reported subgroups ranged from 0.73 to 0.87, which indicates the phytoplasma associated with the cherry plum yellow leaf（CPYL） symptoms is probably a distinct and novel subgroup lineage in the AY group（16SrI）. In addition, the novel phytoplasma was experimentally transmitted to periwinkle（Catharanthus roseus） plants from the tree with CPYL symptoms and then back to a healthy 1-yr-old cherry plum tree via dodder（Cuscuta odorata） connections.

Protective effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on dopaminergic neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain slices

BACKGROUND： To date, the use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease have solely focused on in vivo animal models. Because of the number of influencing factors, it has been difficult to determine a consistent outcome. OBJECTIVE： To establish an injury model in brain slices of substantia nigra and striatum using 1-methyl-4-phenylpytidinium ion （MPP＋）, and to investigate the effect of MSCs on dopaminergic neurons following MPP＋ induced damage. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： An in vitro, randomized, controlled, animal experiment using I mmunohistochemistry was performed at the Laboratory of the Department of Anatomy, Fudan University between January 2004 and December 2006. MATERIALS： Primary MSC cultures were obtained from femurs and tibias of adult Sprague Dawley rats. Organotypic brain slices were isolated from substantia nigra and striatum of 1-day-old Sprague Dawley rat pups. Monoclonal antibodies for tyrosine hydroxylase （TH, 1：5 000） were from Santa Cruz （USA）; goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies labeled with FITC were from Boster Company （China）. METHODS： Organotypic brain slices were cultured for 5 days in whole culture medium supplemented with 50% DMEM, 25% equine serum, and 25% Tyrode’s balanced salt solution. The medium was supplemented with 5 μg/mL Ara-C, and the culture was continued for an additional 5 days. The undergrowth of brain slices was discarded at day 10. Eugonic brain slices were cultured with basal media for an additional 7 days. The brain slices were divided into three groups： control, MPP＋ exposure, and co-culture. For the MPP＋ group, MPP＋ （30 μmol/L） was added to the media at day 17 and brain slices were cultured for 4 days, followed by control media. For the co-culture group, the MPP＋ injured brain slices were placed over MSCs in the well and were further cultured for 7 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： After 28 days in culture, neurite outgrowth was examined in the brain slices under phase-contrast microscopy. The percent of area containing dead cells in each brain slice was calculated with the help of propidium iodide fluorescence. Brain slices were stained with antibodies for TH to indicate the presence of dopaminergic neurons. Transmission electron microscopy was applied to determine the effect of MSCs on neuronal ultrastructure. RESULTS： Massive cell death and neurite breakage was observed in the MPP＋ group. In addition, TH expression was significantly reduced, compared to the control group （P 〈 0.01）. After 7 days in culture with MSCs, the co-culture group presented with less cell damage and reduced neurite breakage, and TH expression was increased. However, these changes were not significantly different from the MPP＋ group （P 〈 0.01）. Electron microscopy revealed reduced ultrastructural injury to cells in the brain slices. However, vacuoles were present in cells, with some autophagic vacuoles. CONCLUSION： Bone marrow-derived MSCs can promote survival of dopaminergic neurons following MPP＋-induced neurotoxicity in co-cultures with substantia nigra and striatum brain slices.

The activity of <i>Rhaphidophora pinnta</i>Lf. Schott leaf on MCF-7 cell line

Ekor naga’s leaf (Rhaphidophora pinnata (Lf) Schott) is a type of vines and climbing plant. The leaves are elongated round and hollowed inside. This plant had been using for the treatment of breast cancer. Extraction with percolation method has been done in ekor naga’s leaves with ethanol, and fractionated by nhexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Cytotoxicity assay of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction against MCF-7 cells were done using MTT method (3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). Phytochemical screening results showed the presence of the compounds such as triterpenoida/steroid, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin. n-hexane fraction was positive for the presence of triterpenoida/steroid, chloroform fraction containing alkaloids, saponin and triterpenoid;ethyl acetate fraction contained, flavonoid, tannin, and the fraction of water indicated the presence of tannin and saponin. Secondary metabolite compounds in ethanol extract, chloroform fraction and ethyl acetate fraction gave positive results against MCF-7 cells. Cytotoxicity assay of MCF-7 cell line showed that crude ethanol extracts had 112.240 mcg/ml IC50 chloroform fraction IC50 was 59.082 mcg/ml, and ethyl acetate fraction IC50 was 812.663 mcg/ml.

Insight from Lithostructural and Aeromagnetic Data from the Léo Square Degree, Central-Western Burkina Faso

This study, carried out in the Léo square degree (west-central Burkina Faso) in the Palaeoproterozoic domain of the Man/Léo ridge, aims to define the shapes and positions of granitic plutons and the organisation of deformation structures using aeromagnetic data. These data have shown that there are small sub-circular granitic bodies to the north of the granitic masses in this region, and a large sub-circular granitic body to the south, around which are other smaller granitic bodies. The lineament map shows that the deformation structures are organised along three main directions and largely form these sub-circular plutonic bodies. We suggest that the granitic plutons are coalescent, pending identification of the internal structures of these granites to further refine the geodynamic model.

马先蒿属(Pedicularis L.)植物稳定碳同位素组成与环境因子之间的关系

分析了马先蒿属 (PedicularisL .)植物叶片稳定碳同位素组成 (δ13C值 )特征以及δ13C值与环境因子之间的关系 .结果表明 ,所有样品的δ13C值属于C3植物的范围 ,最大值是碎米蕨叶马先蒿 (Pedic ularischeilanthifoilia) ,- 2 2 .4‰ ,最小值属于黄花鸭首马先蒿 (Pedicularisanasvar .xanthantha) ,- 31.5‰ ,平均值为 - 2 7.1‰ .相关分析表明 ,马先蒿植物叶片的δ13C值与年降水量和湿润度的相关性没有达到显著水平 (P >0 0 5 ) ,与年平均温度和≥ 10℃的总积温呈显著负相关 (P <0 0 5 ) .随着海拔的升高 ,δ13C值增大 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与经度的变化呈负相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而与纬度呈现弱的正相关 (P <0 0 5 )关系 .

Wistar乳鼠中脑黑质器官型脑片培养的实验研究

目的：探索Wistar乳鼠中脑黑质器官型脑片培养的方法，以更接近在体状态的体外培养方法研究PD的病因和发病机制。方法：Wistar乳鼠中脑黑质器官型脑片培养每只乳鼠在中脑黑质区切取300ban脑片5片，置Millicell—CM微孔膜上和6孔培养板中培养。根据培养时间随机平均分为4组。培养24h后加入终浓度为10μmal/L Ara—C抑制胶质细胞的生长。将上述终止培养后的脑片分别进行原位冰冻切片和石蜡切片，再行常规HE染色、TH免疫组化染色；同时行TH原位免疫组化和透射电镜观察。结果：倒置显微镜观察，在7～8天以后脑片的厚度由原来的350μm减为150μm左右。培养3天后脑片中的细胞逐渐清晰可见。细胞呈圆形或三角形。大小不等，边界清楚完整。白培养第2天开始在脑片腹侧正中裂隙中及脑片周围的沟裂中出现液体流动—“微血流”现象。组织切片观察可见，在整个培养过程中培养脑片的器官型细胞构架保持完好。HE染色可见各培养时间组神经元数量和形态结构正常。各时间组脑片中神经元的超微结构正常，胞浆内含有丰富的线粒体、粗面内质网、高尔基氏体和分泌颗粒，生物膜完整。结论：Wistar乳鼠中脑黑质器官型脑片培养是一种研究帕金森病发病机制的良好的方法。它可在有胶质细胞存在的状态下接受干预因素的影响，较之帕金森病的细胞模型更接近在体状态，而较之动物模型更容易控制非干预因索。活力检测显示，各时间组脑片中神经元的活力正常，生长状态良好。TH是DA神经元的主要标志。各时间组的TH阳性神经元数目及形态均无明显差异。说明该培养方法较好地保持了脑片中DA神经元的存活。

城市道路绿化植物叶层对重金属元素和N、S的吸收与蓄积作用

对南京市交通繁忙路段城市干线绿地中乔木香樟(Cinnamomun camphora(L.)Presl)、灌木海桐(Pittosporum tobiro(Thunb.)Ait.)和大叶黄杨(Buxus sinica(Rehd.et Wils.)Cheng),草坪植物狗牙根(Cynodondactylon(L.)Pars.)和马尼拉草(Zoysia matrella(L.)merr.)叶片中10种重金属元素和N、S的含量等进行测定,并分析比较了叶层对环境元素的蓄积量。结果表明:5种植物中,香樟叶片中Mo,海桐中Mn、Zn和Cd、Pb,狗牙根中Al、Fe、Cu和As、Cr的含量最高;在对N的吸收量方面,仅有香樟叶片的含N量高于相对清洁点,其他4种植物则均较相对清洁点低;香樟和两种灌木的含S量均超过相对清洁点,而两种草坪植物相反。香樟叶层对Al、Fe、Mo、Cu、Pb和Cr等重金属元素的蓄积量均较高;海桐叶层对Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Mo、Zn、As、Cr、Cd和Pb等10种重金属元素的总蓄积量最高,狗牙根和马尼拉草叶层对As、Cr、Cd和Pb等4种有害重金属元素的总蓄积量较高;香樟叶层对N的蓄积量明显高于其他植物;而对S的蓄积量在各植物种类间的差异较小。

大豆灰斑病(Cercospora sojina Hara)普遍率和严重度的关系

在田间自然发病的条件下,1989～1990年调查不同地区3个大豆品种大豆灰斑病的普遍率和严重度,证明普遍率和严重度的关系都可用 Gompertz 衍生模型描述,而以普遍率小于65％时拟合最好。3个品种的 I-S 关系可用一个通式描述。

S-诱抗素对枸杞叶片生长和光合生理参数的影响

以宁杞1号为试材,研究不同浓度S-诱抗素对枸杞叶片生长和光合生理参数的影响。结果表明:S-诱抗素处理降低了枸杞的叶面积、叶片的长和宽。各处理叶片厚度及含水量的影响没有明显的差异,其中S-诱抗素500倍液处理的单叶片的鲜、干质量显著低于对照。S-诱抗素提高了枸杞叶片的叶绿素含量、水分利用率,降低了叶片蒸腾速率。随着S-诱抗素浓度升高,气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)呈上升趋势,气孔限制值(Ls)呈下降趋势;其中S-诱抗素500倍液处理的叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度分别比对照提高7.7%、17.06%、6.5%,气孔限制值比对照降低13.08%;1 000倍、2 000倍液处理的Pn、Gs、Ci低于对照,Ls比对照高2.2%、10.02%。总体而言,在枸杞秋季采果后喷施500倍液的S-诱抗素能促进植物光合作用,有利于养分积累。

基于C/S模式的烟叶管理信息系统设计与实现

为了解决当前烟叶管理中存在的问题 ,设计了一个基于 C/ S模式的烟叶管理信息系统。介绍了该系统的设计目标、框架、功能及其特点等 ,通过应用现代信息技术 ,实现了生产数据采集 ,处理自动化、规范化 ,极大地提高了生产管理水平。该系统已在安徽、山东、湖南、广东、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁等省的 30 0多个烟站推广使用 ,取得了良好的经济效益。

一种基于复合域的国密SM4算法快速软件实现方法

成为ISO/IEC国际标准算法后,SM4的性能受到更多关注.目前针对SM4算法实现效率提升的方法主要集中在缩短S盒的运算时间,其中采用复合域实现的方法大都基于AES算法实现的复合域,而在GF((2^(4))^(2))上鲜有针对SM4算法软件实现的复合域被提出.本文首次在GF((2^(4))^(2))上找到了一个针对SM4算法S盒软件实现的复合域,给出一种基于复合域的SM4算法快速软件实现方法,使用穷举搜索和数学分析优化了算法S盒的复合域数学构造,构建了同构映射矩阵及其最小化目标函数,仅使用175个门函数就完成了S盒运算,平均每个输出比特占用22个门函数.基于比特切片技术,利用扩展指令集AVX2实现了SM4算法256组消息的并行化加密.每字节加解密平均耗时仅6.5个时钟周期.对硬件依赖程度低,经测试在Intel i5、Intel i7和AMD R7环境下均能显著提升SM4算法的计算效率,对有相似S盒结构的密码算法快速软件实现具有重要的参考价值.

Different histological subtypes of parotid gland tumors: CT findings and diagnostic strategy

AIM:To present computed tomography(CT) findings of different histological subtypes of parotid gland masses in detail and to establish diagnostic strategy.METHODS:From January 2009 to November 2011,56 patients were collected through the histopathology and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems records,which revealed 5 basal cell adenoma(BCA),16 pleomorphic adenoma(PA),25 Warthin's tumor(War-T),3 Kimura's disease(KD) and 7 parotid carcinoma(PCa) cases.All the CT images were retrospectively analyzed by two radiologists in consensus,based on their description of morphology(location,number,size,margin and fibrous capsule) and enhancement patterns of masses.In addition,the diagnostic efficiency of diagnostic strategy is tested.RESULTS:War-T and BCA patients' mean age was 59.9 ± 12.6 years and 58.4 ± 18.2 years;the significant difference was seen in War-T vs PA and BCA vs PA.About 40% of War-Ts presented with bilateral multifocal lesions,a higher ratio than others.Seventy two percent of War-Ts were limited to the superficial lobe,followed by BCA 60% and PA 40%.Vessel facing sign and enlarged lymph nodes were both frequent in War-T,which respectively accounts for 84% and 76% of cases.Rapid contrast enhancement and decreases were unique for War-T.BCA and PA showed obvious delayed enhancement.The diagnostic strategy of parotid gland tumor had a good diagnostic efficiency,with high accuracy,sensitivity and specificity.CONCLUSION:Determination of the histological subtypes of parotid gland masses might be possible based on CT findings and clinical data.A diagnostic strategy with high diagnostic efficiency was established.

四叶树Hosoya指标显式公式及其序列

为研究四叶树Hosoya指标的规律,利用图论的分支分析法,解决了四叶树Hosoya指标的显式公式和序列.对于一般的t叶树,仍然用同样分支分析法,得到相应的t叶树Hosoya指标的显式公式和序列.发现了一族初值不一样的Fibonacci序列,在科学上对组合数学和图论提供了一定参考.

S形两叶刀片豆浆机腔内流场数值模拟

对S形两叶刀片的家用豆浆机粉碎腔体进行研究,以获得腔内流体的运动特性。利用FLUNET软件中的多参考系模型处理旋转的刀片与静止的壁面之间的相互作用,对无凸筋的腔体和有凸筋的腔体进行数值模拟,得到腔内速度流线分布、湍动能分布及刀片表面压力分布等规律。比较发现,腔体加凸筋后流场流动性能有很大提高,研究结果可为家用豆浆机粉碎腔体结构改进提供理论依据。

Improving Acacia auriculiformis seedlings using microbial inoculant(Beneficial Microorganisms)

A microbial inoculant, known as effective microorganisms （EM）, was applied to determine its efficacy on seed germination and seedling growth in the nursery of Acacia auriculiformis A Curm. ex Benth. The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soil and cow dung （3：1） and kept in polybags; EM was poured at different concentra- tions （0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%）. Seed germination rate and growth parameters of seedlings - shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, vigor, volume, and quality indices and stur- diness - were measured. The nodulation status influenced by EM was also observed, along with the measurement ofpigrnent contents in leaves. The highest germination rate （72%） was observed in 2% EM solution while the lowest （55%） was found in control treatment. The highest shoot and root lengths （30.6 cm and 31.2 cm respectively） were recorded in 2% EM and were significantly （p 〈0.05） different from control. Both fresh and dry weights of shoots were maximum （8.66 g and 2.99 g respectively） in 2% EM, whereas both fresh and dry weights of root were maximum （2.56 g and 1.23 g respectively） in 5% EM solution. Although the highest vigor index, volume index, and sturdiness （4450, 628 and 67.5 respec- tively） were found in 2% EM, the highest quality index （0.455） was found in 5% EM solution. The nodule number was higher at a very low （0.5%） concentration of EM but it normally decreased with the increase of concentration. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid were maximum （43.26 mg.L-1, 13.56 mg.L-1 and 17.99 mg.L-1 respectively） in 2% EM. Therefore, low concentration of EM （up to 2%）can be recommended for getting maximum seed germination and seed- ling development ofA. auriculiformis in the nursery.

An entirely new approach based on remote sensing data to calculate the nitrogen nutrition index of winter wheat

The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI)is a reliable indicator for diagnosing crop nitrogen(N)status.However,there is currently no specific vegetation index for the NNI inversion across multiple growth periods.To overcome the limitations of the traditional direct NNI inversion method(NNI_(T1))of the vegetation index and traditional indirect NNI inversion method(NNI_(T2))by inverting intermediate variables including the aboveground dry biomass(AGB)and plant N concentration(PNC),this study proposed a new NNI remote sensing index(NNI_(RS)).A remote-sensing-based critical N dilution curve(Nc_(_RS))was set up directly from two vegetation indices and then used to calculate NNI_(RS).Field data including AGB,PNC,and canopy hyperspectral data were collected over four growing seasons(2012–2013(Exp.1),2013–2014(Exp.2),2014–2015(Exp.3),2015–2016(Exp.4))in Beijing,China.All experimental datasets were cross-validated to each of the NNI models(NNI_(T1),NNI_(T2)and NNI_(RS)).The results showed that:(1)the NNI_(RS)models were represented by the standardized leaf area index determining index(sLAIDI)and the red-edge chlorophyll index(CI_(red edge))in the form of NNI_(RS)=CI_(red edge)/(a×sLAIDI~b),where"a"equals 2.06,2.10,2.08 and 2.02 and"b"equals 0.66,0.73,0.67 and 0.62 when the modeling set data came from Exp.1/2/4,Exp.1/2/3,Exp.1/3/4,and Exp.2/3/4,respectively;(2)the NNI_(RS)models achieved better performance than the other two NNI revised methods,and the ranges of R2 and RMSE were 0.50–0.82 and 0.12–0.14,respectively;(3)when the remaining data were used for verification,the NNI_(RS)models also showed good stability,with RMSE values of 0.09,0.18,0.13 and 0.10,respectively.Therefore,it is concluded that the NNI_(RS)method is promising for the remote assessment of crop N status.

Nursery practice on seed germination and seedling growth of Dalbergia sissoo using beneficial microbial inoculants

Nursery practice using microbial inoculants was performed to find out the efficacy of the inoculants on seed germination and seedling growth of sissoo（Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.）.Microbial inoculants or effective microorganisms（EM） are a mixture of many different beneficial microorganisms in a solution.The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soil and cowdung（3：1） kept in polybags with pouring EM solution at different concentrations（0.1%,0.5%,1%,2%,5% and 10%） before and after a week of sowing the seeds.Seed germination rate and growth parameters of seedlings were measured,such as,shoot and root length,vigor index,fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and total biomass increment.The nodulation status influenced by EM was also observed along with the measurement of pigment contents in leaves.The highest germination rate（69%） was observed in 2% EM treatment,followed by 67% and 65% in 1% and 5% EM.The highest shoot length（33.2 cm） was in 2% EM,whereas highest root length（26.3 cm） was in 1% EM.Both fresh and dry weights from shoot and root,were maximum（4.16 g and 1.57 g;2.12 g and 0.83 g respectively） in 2% EM and were significantly（p ≤ 0.05） different from control.Vigor index was highest（4071） in 2% EM,which was significantly（p ≤ 0.05） different from control.Total dry weight increment was highest in 2% EM treatment,followed by 1% and 5% concentrations of EM.Nodulation number was higher at very low（0.1%） concentration of EM solution but it normally decreased with the increase of EM concentrations.The contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoid were highest（60.11,17.05 and 42.48 mg·L1respectively） in 2% EM treatment and lowest（39.35,13.55 and 27.29 mg·L-1 respectively） in control treatment.Therefore,low concentration of EM（up to 2%） can be used for getting maximum seed germination rate and seedling development of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

S-诱抗素对花生叶斑病防治和产量的影响

S-诱抗素是植物五大激素中最后一个产业化的植物激素,其更多的实际应用还有待发现,本试验将探索S-诱抗素在花生种植中的应用。以花生叶斑病防治试验国家标准规定的方法进行,以杀菌剂的防治效果和花生的产量为指标,观察S-诱抗素对2种杀菌剂防效和花生产量的影响。结果发现,2种杀菌剂添加S-诱抗素后,防治效果显著高于未添加的;同时,各处理对花生的产量都有促进作用,最高可达>30%;同等条件下,添加了S-诱抗素的处理的产量要比未添加的增加约4%~10%。结果表明,S-诱抗素可以增加2种杀菌剂防治花生叶斑病的效果,增加花生的产量,可以在花生种植中应用,达到增产的效果。