Improved combustion stability of biogas at different CO_(2) concentrations using inhomogeneous partially premixed stratified flames

Biogas is a renewable and clean energy source that plays an important role in the current environment of lowcarbon transition.If high-content CO_(2) in biogas can be separated,transformed,and utilized,it not only realizes high-value utilization of biogas but also promotes carbon reduction in the biogas field.To improve the combustion stability of biogas,an inhomogeneous,partially premixed stratified(IPPS)combustion model was adopted in this study.The thermal flame structure and stability were investigated for a wide range of mixture inhomogeneities,turbulence levels,CO_(2) concentrations,air-to-fuel velocity ratios,and combustion energies in a concentric flow slot burner(CFSB).A fine-wire thermocouple is used to resolve the thermal flame structure.The flame size was reduced by increasing the CO_(2) concentration and the flames became lighter blue.The flame temperature also decreased with increase in CO_(2) concentration.Flame stability was reduced by increasing the CO_(2) concentration.However,at a certain level of mixture inhomogeneity,the concentration of CO_(2) in the IPPS mode did not affect the stability.Accordingly,the IPPS mode of combustion should be suitable for the combustion and stabilization of biogas.This should support the design of highly stabilized biogas turbulent flames independent of CO_(2) concentration.The data show that the lower stability conditions are partially due to the change in fuel combustion energy,which is characterized by the Wobbe index(WI).In addition,at a certain level of mixture inhomogeneity,the effect of the WI on flame stability becomes dominant.

Numerical Simulation of Flameless Premixed Combustion with an Annular Nozzle in a Recuperative Furnace

This paper reports an investigation of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)on the influence of injection momentum rate of premixed air and fuel on the flameless Moderate or Intense Low oxygen Dilution(MILD) combustion in a recuperative furnace.Details of the furnace flow velocity,temperature,O2,CO2 and NOx concentrations are provided.Results obtained suggest that the flue gas recirculation plays a vital role in establishing the premixed MILD combustion.It is also revealed that there is a critical momentum rate of the fuel-air mixture below which MILD combustion does not occur.Moreover,the momentum rate appears to have less significant influence on conventional global combustion than on MILD combustion.

Large eddy simulation of turbulent premixed and stratified combustion using flame surface density model coupled with tabulation method

Large eddy simulations(LESs) are performed to investigate the Cambridge premixed and stratified flames, SwB1 and SwB5, respectively. The flame surface density(FSD) model incorporated with two different wrinkling factor models, i.e., the Muppala and Charlette2 wrinkling factor models, is used to describe combustion/turbulence interaction, and the flamelet generated manifolds(FGM) method is employed to determine major scalars. This coupled sub-grid scale(SGS) combustion model is named as the FSD-FGM model. The FGM method can provide the detailed species in the flame which cannot be obtained from the origin FSD model. The LES results show that the FSD-FGM model has the ability of describing flame propagation, especially for stratified flames. The Charlette2 wrinkling factor model performs better than the Muppala wrinkling factor model in predicting the flame surface area change by the turbulence.The combustion characteristics are analyzed in detail by the flame index and probability distributions of the equivalence ratio and the orientation angle, which confirms that for the investigated stratified flame, the dominant combustion modes in the upstream and downstream regions are the premixed mode and the back-supported mode, respectively.

Experimental Investigation of Flame Structure and Combustion Limit During Premixed Methane/Air Jet Flame and Sidewall Interaction

The effects of inlet gas parameters and sloping sidewall angle on the flame structure and combustion limit with and without sidewall were experimentally investigated.Flame height and impact angle were obtained by chemiluminescence intensity analysis of CH*distribution.First,the combustion characteristics of flame with and without sidewall at different equivalence ratios were explored;then,the influence of Reynolds number and inlet gas temperature on flame structure and combustion limit of v-shaped flame with sidewall were analyzed,and the results with sidewall were compared with those without sidewall.Finally,the variation trend of flame parameters with different sloping sidewall angles was analyzed.The experimental results show that the existence of sidewall makes flame shape change from“M-shaped”to“inverted N-shaped”,and conical shape to trapezoidal shape.The inhibition effect of sidewall on flame stretching downstream is strengthened with the increase in Reynolds number;but as the temperature of the inlet gas increases,the inhibitory effect is obviously weakened.When sloping sidewall angle decreases from 90°to 55°at 5°intervals,flame height and impact angle of v-shaped flame reach the extreme value whenβ=80°.Compared with the case without sidewall,the range of v-shaped flame with sidewall has no obvious trend of broadening or shrinking when inlet gas temperature is increased;however,as sloping sidewall angle decreases,the range of the v-shaped flame shrinks obviously and flammability limit increases significantly.

Flow characterization and dilution effects of N_2 and CO_2 on premixed CH_4/air flames in a swirl-stabilized combustor

Numerically-aided experimental studies are conducted on a swirl-stabilized combustor to investigate the dilution effects on flame stability, flame structure, and pollutant emissions of premixed CH4/air flames. Our goal is to provide a systematic assessment on combustion characteristics in diluted regimes for its application to environmentally-friendly approaches such as biogas combustion and exhanst-gas recirculation technology. Two main diluting species, N2 and CO2, are tested at various dilution rates. The results obtained by means of optical diagnostics show that five main flame regimes can be observed for Nz-diluted flames by changing excess air and dilution rate. CO2-diluted flames follow the same pattern evolution except that all the domains are shifted to lower excess air. Both N2 and CO2 dilution affect the lean blow- out （LBO） limits negatively. This behavior can be counter-balanced by reactant preheating which is able to broaden the flammability domain of the diluted flames. Flame reactivity is degraded by increasing dilution rate. Meanwhile, flames are thickened in the presence of both diluting species. NOx emissions are significantly reduced with dilution and proved to be relevant to flame stability diagrams： slight augmentation in NOx emission profiles is related to transitional flame states where instability occurs. Although dilution results in increase in CO emissions at certain levels, optimal dilution rates can still be proposed to achieve an ideal compromise.

Mitigation of Combustion Instability and NO_(x)Emissions by Microjets in Lean Premixed Flames with Different Swirl Numbers

Swirl combustion serves as a helpful flame stabilization method,which also affects the combustion and emission characteristics.This article experimentally investigated the effects of CO_(2)microjets on combustion instability and NO_(x)emissions in lean premixed flames with different swirl numbers.The microjets’control feasibility was examined from three variables of CO_(2)jet flow rate,thermal power,and swirl angles.Results indicate that microjets can mitigate the combustion instability and NO_(x)emissions in lean premixed burners with different swirl numbers and thermal power.Still,the damping effect of microjets in low swirl intensity is better than that in high swirl intensity.The damping ratio of pressure amplitude can reach the maximum of 98%,and NO_(x)emissions can realize the maximum reduction of 10.1×10^(−6)at the swirl angle of 30°.Besides,the flame macrostructure switches from an inverted cone shape to a petal shape,and the flame length reduction at low swirl intensity is higher than that of high swirl intensity.This research clarified the control differences of mitigation of combustion instability and NO_(x)emissions by microjets in lean premixed flames with different swirl numbers,contributing to the optimization of microjets control and the construction of high-performance burners.

The Effect of Swirl Intensity on the Flow Behavior and Combustion Characteristics of a Lean Propane-Air Flame

The effect of swirl number(Sn)on the flow behavior and combustion characteristics of a lean premixed propane FlameФ=0.5 in a swirl burner configuration was numerically verified in this study.Two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed using ANSYS-Fluent software.For turbulence closure,a standard K-εturbulence model was applied.The turbulence-chemistry interaction scheme was modeled using the Finite Rate-Eddy Dissipation hybrid model(FR/EDM)with a reduced three-step reaction mechanism.The P1 radiation model was used for the flame radiation inside the combustion chamber.Four different swirl numbers were selected(0,0.72,1.05,and 1.4)corresponding to different angles(0°,39°,50°,and 57.8°).The results show that the predicted model agrees very well with the experimental data,especially with respect to the axial and radial velocity and temperature profiles.An outer recirculation zone(ORZ)is present in the combustor corner at Sn=0 and an inner recirculation zone(IRZ)appears at the combustor centerline inlet at a critical Sn=0.72.When the Sn reaches an excessive value,the IRZ moves toward the premixing tube,leading to a flame flashback.The flame structure and its length are strongly affected by changes in the Sn as well as the formation of NOx and CO at the combustor exit.

Effect of equalising ignition delay on combustion and soot emission characteristics of model fuel blends

This paper examines the effect of equalizing ignition delay in a compression ignition engine.Two sets of tests were conducted,i.e.a set of constant injection timing tests with start of fuel injection at 10°crank angle degree(CAD)before top dead center(BTDC)and a set of constant ignition timing tests while also keeping the 10℃AD BTDC injection and adding ignition improver(2-ethylhexylnitrate-,2-EHN)to the fuel mixtures.Soot particles were characterized using DMS-500 instrument in terms of mass,size,and number.The experimental results showed that adding 2-EHN to the model fuel blends reduced the soot surface area,soot mass concentration and soot mean size.Replacing 20 vol%of a C 7-heptane with 20 vol%methyl-decanoate(an oxygenated C 11 molecule)did not affect the ignition delay or rate of fuel air premixing,the peak in-cylinder pressure or heat release rates.Toluene addition(0−22.5 vol%)to heptane increased the mean size of the soot particles generated by only 3%while also resulted in a slight increase in the peak cylinder pressure and peak heat release rates.Blending toluene and methyl-decanoate into heptane without adding 2-EHN increased the premix phase fraction by at least 13%.However,by adding 2-EHN(4×10^(−4)−1.5×10^(−3)),the premixed phase fraction decreased by at least 11%.

Numerical investigation of optimal geometry parameters for ejectors of premixed burner

An ejector of low NO~ burner was designed for a gas instantaneous water heater in this work. The flowing and mixing process of the ejector was investigated by computational fluid dynamics （CFD） approach. A comprehensive study was conducted to understand the effects of the geometrical parameters on the static pressure of air and methane, and mole fraction uniformity of methane at the outlet of ejector. The distribution chamber was applied to balance the pressure and improve the mixing process of methane and air in front of the fire hole. A distribution orifice plate with seven distribution orifices was introduced at the outlet of the ejector to improve the flow organization. It is found that the nozzle exit position of 5 mm and nozzle diameter d 〉1.3 mm should be used to improve the flow organization and realize the well premixed combustion for this designed ejector.

Experimental research on spray and combustion characteristics of the third generation conical spray

A new generation conical spray system for conventional diesel engines or premixed combustion diesel engines is introduced. By means of oriented impingement method, flexible spray penetration in design is realized. High-speed photograph was used to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of the new spray for cases of different impingement angles and needle valve opening pressures. The results show that, by applying spray impingement orientation, fuel jets spread along the cone surface as shape of sectors, so the dispersion of jets is increased obviously. Changing on impingement angle leads to variation of penetration, which is critical in homogeneous mixture preparation. Due to the flexibility of spray penetration in design, the spray impingement on liner is avoided in a great extent. The results also indicate that higher needle valve opening pressure results in longer penetration and larger spray angle after impingement. Combustion characteristics of the impinged conical spray were studied in the 1135 type diesel engine. The new impinged conical spray system work smoothly in full load range with better fuel economy and lower emissions of NOx and soot than the original test engine.

Theoretical Analysis and Derivation of Combustion Wave Parameters

Theoretical relations of pressure,density,velocity,temperature and Mach number of combustion waves are built. The parameters’ curves with different combustion energy are illustrated in which four zones are pointed out to represent different combustion states. The expressions and curves of parameters are important to analyze the trends of combustion waves,and to determine conditions on which detonation waves or deflagration waves occur.

Combustion characteristics of low concentration coal mine methane in divergent porous media burner

Low-concentration methane(LCM) has been one of the biggest difficulties in using coal mine methane.And previous studies found that premixed combustion in porous media is an effective method of low calorific gas utilization. This paper studied the combustion of LCM in a divergent porous medium burner(DPMB) by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD), and investigated the effect of gas initial temperature on combustion characteristic, the distribution of temperature and pollutant at different equivalence ratios in detail. Besides, the comparison of divergent and cylindrical burners was also performed in this paper. The results show that: the peak temperature in DPMB increases as the increasing of equivalence ratio, which is also suitable for the outlet NO discharge; the linear correlation is also discovered between peak temperature and equivalence ratios; NO emission at the initial temperature of 525 K is 5.64 times,larger than NO emission at the initial temperature of 300 K. Thus, it is preferable to balance the effect of thermal efficiency and environment simultaneously when determining the optimal initial temperature range. The working parameter limits of divergent burner are wider than that of cylindrical one which contributes to reducing the influence of LCM concentration and volume fluctuation on combustion.

沼气多孔介质燃烧换热器的燃烧换热特性研究

为促进沼气的实际应用,解决燃烧器对沼气热值变化的适应性问题,设计了一台基于沼气的多孔介质燃烧换热器.通过试验研究了沼气热值变化时,不同燃烧强度、不同水量下多孔介质燃烧换热器的燃烧室壁面温度分布、热效率及污染物排放情况.结果表明:沼气中甲烷含量为50%~70%时均可在燃烧换热器中稳定燃烧,燃烧室壁面温度变化在75℃以内;热值瞬时变化时,燃烧换热器仍能维持稳定燃烧,出口水温相较于燃烧室壁面最高温度响应速度略滞后;燃烧换热器有良好的换热能力,热效率随燃烧强度的增加而减小,随燃气热值和水量的增加而增加;尾部换热器传热系数和燃烧室传热系数都随燃烧强度的增加而增加;NOx排放随燃烧室壁面温度降低而降低,最高为27 mg/m^(3);CO排放量最大为151 mg/m^(3)。

低浓度甲烷旋流燃烧器性能数值模拟

为了解决煤层气中低浓度甲烷燃烧利用问题,基于贫燃预混、旋流燃烧等方法,运用传统导向叶片的成型原理提出一种新型旋流叶片.采用数值模拟研究了叶片的结构参数对燃烧器性能的影响.结果表明:随着叶片内径、包络角、数量和出口角增大,旋流强度增大,火焰的形状由细长向短粗转变,火焰向燃烧室中轴线靠近;未燃烧的混合气与高温烟气接触后可以更快达到燃烧温度,燃烧效率提高.但叶片包络角达到90°后,再次增大包络角,燃尽率稳定在98.2%.叶片内径增大,燃尽率先增大后减小,这是因为随着叶片出口速度的增大,混合气在高温区的停留时间反而减少,燃料燃烧效率下降.

有机固体废弃物热解气掺氨预混旋流火焰结构研究

由于有机固废热解产生的热解气热值较低,在一些燃烧器中无法燃烧,故采用旋流和掺混无碳燃料氨气的燃烧方式,以增强热解气燃烧的稳定性并减少碳排放.采用化学发光法对火焰结构进行了实验研究,基于CCD摄像系统,获得了不同当量比和掺氨比下热解气/氨气/空气预混旋流火焰中OH^(*)的化学发光分布.结果表明,不同类型热解气的旋流火焰形态结构差异较大;当量比增加到φ≥1时,OH^(*)辐射强度增强;掺氨使得热解气燃烧极限范围变窄,氨气的添加不仅会抑制OH^(*)自由基的产生,且会对火焰结构产生影响.

正十六烷引燃甲烷预混合气可视化实验研究

为探究环境温度、甲烷预混时间以及引燃燃料喷射压力对正十六烷引燃甲烷预混合气着火及火焰传播特性的影响,本文利用高速摄影技术及阴影拍摄方法,基于定容光学测试系统进行了可视化实验。研究结果表明:提高环境温度,引燃燃料滞燃期缩短,火焰发展速率增加并出现主燃区外预混合气局部着火;预混时间较短时,燃烧产生的碳烟较多,火焰发展速率随混合时间的增加而减小,当预混时间较长时,火焰发展速率趋于稳定;提高引燃燃料喷射压力,引燃燃料喷雾贯穿距离增大,滞燃期缩短,起始着火点位置发生变化,火焰发展速率增加。

次级燃烧对轴向分级燃烧室燃烧特性影响的试验研究

为了获得燃气轮机轴向分级燃烧室非预混燃烧模式下次级燃烧对排放和燃烧振荡特性的影响规律,探索燃料轴向分级条件下稳定低排放的升负荷方式,选用某型F级燃气轮机轴向分级燃烧室开展试验研究.试验结果表明:较低燃烧室出口温度下加入次级燃料会抑制CO的消耗,导致CO排放急剧增加;次级燃料的加入以及次级当量比的增高会导致NO_(x)排放降低,但负荷增加会削弱次级燃烧降低NO_(x)排放的能力.次级燃料的加入以及次级当量比的增高会抑制较低频带(75~90 Hz)内的燃烧振荡;当次级当量比高于阈值(0.19)时,次级燃料的加入才会对较高频带(175~210 Hz)内的燃烧振荡起到抑制效果.此外,综合考虑次级燃烧对排放和燃烧振荡影响规律,获得了轴向分级燃烧室在较高负荷区间(20%~50%负荷)内的低排放、稳定燃烧的运行范围和升负荷方式,为机组升负荷过程中的稳定低排放运行提供参考.

高校实验室自制气体燃烧装置风险防控研究

高校实验室自制气体燃烧装置存在较高风险。首先介绍了计算可燃混合气爆炸极限、绘制燃烧三元相图两种方法,用于判断常压室温条件下混合气体燃爆特性。然后以常压燃烧器和爆燃/爆轰装置为例研究爆炸风险,分析了装置冲击部位异常温升的关键因素,给出了负压状态下预混可燃气发生绝热压缩导致爆炸的计算实例。最后,基于本质安全,从实验方案安全技术要点、实验装置设计制造安全要求、实验室环境安全提升、个人防护用品配置四方面提出爆炸防控措施。

全预混紧凑缝隙式水冷燃气锅炉燃烧特性模拟

为解决传统燃气锅炉污染物排放量高、体积大等问题,研发了一种全预混冷凝式燃气锅炉,采用并排的水冷板翅插合形成燃烧器头部及冷凝换热段,二者之间设为炉膛,锅炉本体采用挤压铝工艺一体化成型,结构紧凑、换热能力强、耐腐蚀、工艺简单、成本低。由于模型对称,对其基础单元的流场、温度场、火焰长度及污染物排放特性进行数值模拟研究,并通过燃烧实验对模拟结果进行验证。结果表明,该燃气锅炉在12~24k W的热负荷范围内流场均匀,易于点火和稳定燃烧。钝体与火孔出口之间的距离为4mm、钝体宽度为1.0mm、过量空气系数为1.2、燃烧室长度为120mm,满负荷24k W燃烧时,锅炉排放的NOx<95mg/m^(3),CO<50mg/m^(3),锅炉本体尺寸仅为229mm×251mm×60mm,实现了燃气锅炉的超紧凑低排放,对全预混水冷燃气锅炉的节能减排及低碳设计、改造具有重要的现实指导意义。

航改燃机多点喷射贫预混燃烧室燃料分级实验研究

为保证多点喷射贫预混燃烧室在50%~100%载荷工况范围的NO_(x)和CO排放量满足排放标准,本文实验研究了燃料分级数及不同工况、进口压力、进口温度下燃料分级比例对七喷嘴燃烧室NO_(x)和CO排放的影响规律。结果表明:主模燃料不分级方案,50%~60%载荷工况CO排放量较高而不满足排放标准;主模燃料分两级方案,50%~100%载荷工况范围内NO_(x)和CO排放量均满足f_(NOx)≤25×10^(-6),fCO≤50×10^(-6)(@15%O_(2))的排放标准,且70%工况是打开主模第二级燃料的过渡工况点。另外随着进口压力和温度升高,能同时满足NO_(x)和CO排放标准的R_(pilot)(副模燃料质量流量与总燃料质量流量之比)范围逐渐缩小,且NO_(x)排放量与进口压力关系为F_(NOx)∝p30.44。因此采用主模燃料两级分级方案且适当调节R_(pilot),本文多点喷射贫预混燃烧室NO_(x)和CO能满足目前航改地面燃机燃烧室排放要求。