The Application of Reinforcement Theory in the Review Stage of English Teaching and Learning in Chinese Higher Vocational and Technical Colleges

Reinforcement theory is a behavioral psychology theory proposed by Skinner,which has been widely applied in various fields such as management and education.Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are the two types of reinforcement.By adopting these two different reinforcement methods appropriately,human behavior can develop in a positive direction.In the review stage of English teaching and learning in Chinese higher vocational and technical colleges,the use of different reinforcement methods based on various classes,individuals,conditions,and environments can effectively promote or change the behavior of teachers and students,thereby improving the effectiveness of the review.

Towards Lessening Learners’Aversive Emotions and Promoting Their Mental Health:Developing and Validating a Measurement of English Speaking Demotivation in the Chinese EFL Context

While a plethora of studies has been conducted to explore demotivation and its impact on mental health in second language(L2)education,scanty research focuses on demotivation in L2 speaking learning.Particularly,little research explores the measures to quantify L2 speaking demotivation.The present two-phase study attempts to develop and validate an English Speaking Demotivation Scale(ESDS).To this end,an independent sample of 207 Chinese tertiary learners of English as a Foreign Language(EFL)participated in the development phase,and another group of 188 Chinese EFL learners was recruited for the validation of the scale.Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)were employed to determine the factor structure of the scale.The EFA results revealed a six-factor solution with Teacher-related Factors in Learning Spoken English(TFLSE),Interest and Valence in Learning Spoken English(IVLSE),Self-efficacy in Learning Spoken English(SELSE),Negative Peer Influence in Learning Spoken English(NPILSE),Undesirable Environment for Learning Spoken English(UELSE),and Negative Influence of Assessment and Learning Materials in speaking class(NIALM).In the validation phase,Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)was performed to validate the internal structure of the scale.The CFA results showed that the model fits the data well.Overall,the ESDS is a robust and trustworthy psychometric tool that could be utilized to examine L2 speaking demotivation.Implications for diminishing EFL learners’demotivation,lessening their aversive emotions and promoting their mental health are also discussed.

Analyses on the Current Situation of the Vocabulary Teaching and Learning in College English

Through the analyses on the current situation of the vocabulary teaching and learning of College English,the necessity for improvement of vocabulary teaching is explained for exploring an effective way of the vocabulary teaching and learning with the aid of modern technology.

The Dynamic Interplay Between Language Motivation and English Speaking Fluency:Implications for Effective Teaching Strategies

In this study,we aim to investigate the reciprocal influence between language motivation and English speaking fluency among language learners,and to draw implications for effective teaching methodologies.By analyzing multiple cases of language learners in conjunction with relevant theories and practical insights,the study uncovers a dynamic correlation between language motivation and speaking fluency.The research findings indicate that heightened language motivation can positively impact learners’speaking fluency,while improved oral skills,in turn,bolster learners’language confidence and motivation.Building on these insights,the study proposes impactful teaching approaches,such as cultivating learners’enthusiasm for language acquisition,providing diverse opportunities for oral practice,and fostering active engagement in language communication.These strategies are designed to enhance language motivation and speaking fluency among learners,offering valuable guidance and reference for educators.

The Influences of Affective Variables on and Implications for English Teaching and Learning

Admittedly cognitive variables such as intelligence and aptitude exert great impact on English learning. Affective variables, however, are of intense importance in determining English learning as well, because affect is a starting machine that sets the learning mechanism in motion and learning will run into difficulty if affect does not work properly. Besides, there is mounting interest in exploring the affective domain. Therefore, this paper focuses upon the analyses of four affective variables(attitude, motivation, self-esteem and anxiety) that have bearings on English learning and sets forth Implications for English teaching.

The Integration Path and Teaching Innovation of Ideological and Political Education in Medical English Courses

This article discusses the specific path of integrating ideological and political education into Medical English courses and the innovative strategy of teaching theories,aiming to improve students’language ability and professional moral literacy.Confronted with the current challenges in education,the article proposes strategies including the ideological-political transformation of textbook content,the innovative design of teaching methods,the comprehensive expansion of extracurricular activities,and the diversified improvement of evaluation systems.In addition,the application of blended teaching,interdisciplinary integration,project-based learning,and technology-assisted teaching are elaborated in detail to realize the deep integration of knowledge transmission and value shaping,and to promote the overall and balanced development of students.

Application of Student-centered Learning Approach to English Listening and Speaking Class in Vocational Schools

Student-centered learning approach is focused on the students' demands and interests.Applying student-centered approach puts forward higher requirement to English teachers.This article first analyzes the theory of student-centered learning approach and compares teacher-centered approach with it.Based on the research information and teaching experience,the author summarizes four strategies about how to apply student-centered learning approach to English listening and speaking class in vocational schools.

The Construction and Application of Digital Resources in Rural Primary School English Teaching and Learning

To arouse rural primary school students’ English learning interest, broaden their horizon and promote their critical thinking, we construct a series of dig-ital education resources which include not only language points of phonetics, vocabulary, language skills of English teaching and learning but western and Chinese cultures. The results show teachers and students’ roles and discourse power changed by using the digital education resources in the process of rural primary school English teaching and learning.

Considerations on Speaking Skills： Essence of Learning and Teaching Speaking

Acquisition of speaking Turkish students since skills is among the most essential language skills for students currently, especially among language competency is measured through speaking. Every language learner desires to acquire correct communicative skills and fluency in speaking, while teachers aim to give the necessary education in speaking, as well. This study reveals the essence of acquiring speaking competency for learners, and how important it is to teach speaking skills with correct methods and methodology. With the questionnaire analysis on Turkish students and teachers at a Turkish university, the theoretical knowledge on ＂essence＂ is blended with the questionnaire results provided from students and teachers in order to emphasize the necessity and reach more practical solutions for the current need of learning and teaching speaking.

Study on the Psychology of Students in English Learning and the Teaching Strategies

In the new period, the importance of English is becoming increasingly significant, and it has gradually developed to be the first international language. Learning English has been one of the important tasks necessary for students to complete. In the process of English leaming, students will be in a different psychological state： some keeps confident, and some step back. All these psychological states in English leaming have exerted a huge impact on English education. Therefore, targeted teaching strategies are necessarily taken by teachers in combination with the students＇ psychological states in English learning, and then twofold results with half the effort will be achieved.

A Study on the Effectiveness of Autonomous-Cooperative Teaching and Learning Model Based on large -class English Teaching in Higher Vocational College

This paper just focuses on introducing the new model and testing its effectiveness in teaching English. Within this new model, both in-class learning and out-of-class learning are emphasized. In this paper, an experimental study is conducted upon non-English majors to test the effectiveness of autonomous-cooperative teaching and learning model for college English teaching (CET). The experimental study has lasted for half a year. Finally, from the experiment it can prove that the autonomous-cooperative teaching and learning model is feasible for English teaching and learning in large English classes in Higher Vocational College. It can improve English Teaching of Higher Vocational College and the students in the EG would surpass those in the CG in the performance of English learning.

A Study of Oral English Teaching and Learning in Vocational Collegesfrom the Perspective of Constructivism

With the increasing development of China’economy and society,the communication between China and other countries is on the rise,which contribute to the increasing demands of foreign languages especially English.As a result,oral English plays an important role in English learning and it is necessary for learners to improve their oral English.While the traditional teaching models cannot meet the teaching demand now,Constructivist learning theory(CLT),a very important branch of the cognitive theory has arisen a considerable amount of interest as a new teaching method.In the paper,the author try to apply constructivist learning theory to vocational college oral English teaching in order to explore some oral English teaching models from a constructivist perspective and hopes that this paper can provide some help to apply the CLT to vocational oral English teaching.

Some Thoughts on English Teaching of Listening and Speaking in Middle School

In the modern world,English is becoming more and more important.This encourages Chinese people to work harder to learn English well.To study a foreign language,we should master four abilities:listening,speaking,reading,and writing.Of course,communication is the main aim of learning a foreign language for ordinary learners.So in English teaching,we should pay more attention to listening and speaking.But in fact,English teachers and students are all in an ocean of paper.Because this is the best way to get a good mark.Although we can not change current situation,we can change ourselves.As English teachers,we should continue to study the methods of teaching and try our best to create the environment of listening and speaking for students.Here I would like to introduce some useful methods to help students to improve their listening and speaking and raise their interest.

Using Multimedia-Assisted Mode in the Course of English Teaching and Learning

With the development of the society & the economy,the pace of reformation & opening-up,and the modernization in China,English language,as a discipline,is being paid more and more attention to in the school.Good and high-standard English proficiency is required at present.With the influence of the traditional English teaching and learning mode,many students feel frustrated in the process of learning English.Therefore,the traditional English teaching and learning mode is greatly challenged.Based on the continuous development of the modern technology,the multimedia teaching and learning mode is widely applied.Multimedia,applied in the English teaching and learning process,create more authentic language environments,which enable the learners to communicate in English in real-life situations.Because both the authentic environment and communicative purposes are encouraged in modern EFL(English as a Foreign Language) teaching and learning classes,the combination of multimedia and basic teaching and learning skills will be a necessity.It is proved that the combination of the two is an effective way in the modern English language classes.

The Application of the Input Hypothesis in the Teaching and Learning of Tourism English

The national strategy,"One Belt One Road"put forward by China in 2013 resulted in an urgent demand for tourism Eng-lish of a high standard. There has rarely been related research in this field, so the essay will try to apply Krashen's Input Hypothe-sis theory in teaching and learning of tourism English to discuss the possibility of improvement.

Analysis on the Method of Humanistic English Teaching and Learning in College

An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching is a book written by Keith Johnson which offers me a comprehensive interpretation of English learning and teaching.Thus,I will analyze these viewpoints from the perspective of humanistic method about how to achieve effective English teaching and learning in college.

Research on the Problems of Blended Learning and How to Overcome Them——Taking HVC English Teaching for Example

Blended learning has caught many researchers’attention recently.This paper,taking HVC English teaching for example,first explores the problems in the current blended learning and then puts forward several corresponding strategies.

A Brief Analysis of Civil Aviation English Listening and Speaking Course in Teaching Mode Reform

With the enhancement of our country's comprehensive national strength, the unprecedented development of China's civil aviation provided more professional demand of civil aviation for society and also brought opportunities for vocational colleges in our country. This paper will takes Civil Aviation English Listening and Speaking course of flight attendants and aviation service majors in Chongqing Hailian Vocational for example. Several suggestions on civil aviation English teaching are put forward simply. It will discuss how to carry on the effective teaching of English curriculum reform.

The Impacts of Social Network Sites on English Teaching and Learning in China

This article mainly studies the impacts of social network sites on English teaching and learning from several aspects,such as the background knowledge of social network sites(SNSs),definition and types,as well as the common use of SNSs in China.The article uses a special view to analyze the possibility of using social network sites on English education.

An Examination on the Problems Existing in the Teaching and Learning of Oral English

The published studies on the issues in the teaching and leaming of ESL （English as a Second Language）/EFL （English as a Foreign Language） oral English shed lights on many of the unresolved problems in ESL/EFL teaching and learning. The writer＇s findings through literature review of the issues in the teaching and learning of ESL/EFL oral English indicate that further studies in this area may provide more valuable experiences to aid ESL/EFL speakers in producing fluent and accurate speech.