Role and Effects of Eucommia ulmoides Leaves in the Growth Process of Livestock and Poultry

Substitutes of feed antibiotics have been a key research topic in the new stage of animal husbandry.Chinese veterinary medicine refers to decoction pieces and their preparations processed from natural plants,animals,and minerals and used for animal disease prevention and improvement of animal production performance under the guidance of Chinese veterinary pharmacy theory.Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract has many active functional components such as chlorogenic acid,E.ulmoides polysaccharides and flavonoids,which have many biological properties such as antibacterial,antioxidant,immune-regulation,sugar ester-and bone metabolism-regulation effects.This paper explored active ingredients and biological properties of E.ulmoides leaf extract,as well as its role and effects in livestock and poultry breeding,providing a scientific basis for the use of E.ulmoides leaves in livestock and poultry breeding.

Comparative analysis of chemical components between barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

The chemical components of the essential oils in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were analyzed and compared by chromatograms and mass spectra technique, heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA) algorithms and normalization method based on the peak areas; the flavones in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were separated on an ODS column by gradient elution carried out with the flow phase consisting of water, methanol and phosphoric acid (0.1%), and their contents were quantitatively determined by standard curve method and diode array detection (DAD) at 362 nm. The results show that 68 and 73 compounds respectively from essential oils of the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are identified, and there are 33 mutual compounds among 108 compounds determined. The total contents of these volatile components of the two samples possess 92.9% and 97.75% of the gross of the relevant essential oils, respectively; the contents of the rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are 0.016 9, 0.003 6, 0.002 1 and 0.064 4, 0.030 2, 0.010 0 mg/g, respectively, and the determination recoveries are 95.2%-106.2%. The comparative analysis shows that for the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, there are significant differences in their components of the relevant essential oils and flavones.

Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Eucommia ulmiodes Oliver Leaves on Liver Mitochondria

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of aqueous extract of Eucommia ulmiodes Oliver leaves （AEO） on liver mitochondrial injury induced by free radicals. [Method] MDA content was determined by thiobarbituric acid colorimetric method; mitochondrial swelling degree was determined by spectrophotometry; the superoxide anion radical scavenging ability was determined using reduced coenzyme I-tetrazolium-phenazine methosulfate as the superoxide anion generation system. Mice were hypodermically injected in the back and neck with D- galactose, after 50 d, the effects of AEO on the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） and anti-hydroxyl radicals in mouse liver were determined using kits. [Result] AEO can efficiently reduce the liver injury and inhibit mitochondrial swelling induced by Fe2＋-L-Cys, which can also scavenge superoxide anion and improve the activities of antioxidant enzymes. [Conclusion] This study provided scientific basis for the development and application of AEO resources.

Chemical constituents,biological functions and pharmacological effects for comprehensive utilization of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a native plant and valuable tonic Chinese medicine in China with a long history,great economic value and comprehensive development potential.Traditionally,the comprehensive utilization rate of E.ulmoides Oliv.is still very low,only bark has been used as medicine and other parts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.cannot be fully utilized,even the leaves have been well utilized in food products in Japan in the past decades.In order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of E.ulmoides Oliv.,in this review,we summarized the varieties and contents of main active compounds,biological functions and pharmacological effects in different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.The findings suggest that other parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.could replace the bark of E.ulmoides Oliv.to some extent besides of their respective applications.The unique and extensive physiological functions between different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.indicate that the comprehensive utilization of E.ulmoides Oliv.has a wide space to develop,which is also an effective way to protect E.ulmoides Oliv.resources and improve its the utilization rate.

The Extraction of Eucommia Ulmoides Oliv Polysaccharides and Its Protective Effect on Liver of Clophasphamidecy Injured Mice

Objective:To study the influenceof eucommia polysaccharide on the mice' liver damaged by clophasphamidecy (CY).Methods:Injecting CY build mice liver damage model,eucommia polysaccharide given different doses, measured blood serum ALT,AST and the liver's SOD,MDA. Results:After the injection CY,blood serum ALT,AST and the MDA of liver rise and the SOD of liver reduce comparedwith the blank group. The eucommia polysaccharide can improve these index.Conclusion:The Eucommia polysaccharide may protect the mice' liver damaged by CY.

Isolation of a novel antifungal peptide from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv

A novel Eucommia antifungal peptide, named EAFP3, was isolated from the bark of Eucommia ul- moides by NaC1 extract, gel filtration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The molecular mass of EAFP3 is 4157.3 Da, and its partial amino acid sequence is -. LYQQLIAGITLNK.-. EAFP3 exerts an inhibitory activity against Candida albicans in vitro and the drug concentration required for 50% growth inhibition （IC50） is 31.25μg/mL.

Cloning and Characterization of EuGID1 in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Gibberellic acid controlled the key developmental processes of the life cycle of landing plants,and regulated the growth and development of plants.In this study,a novel gibberellin receptor gene EuGID1 was obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.The cDNA of EuGID1 was 1556 bp,and the open reading frame was 1029 bp,which encoded 343 amino acids.EuGID1 had the homology sequence with the hormone-sensitive lipase family.Amino acid sequence alignment confirmed EuGID1 protein had the highest homology with the GID1 protein of Manihot esculenta.EuGID1 was located in the nucleus and cell membrane and had expression in four plant organs.Overexpression of EuGID1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants promoted plant elongation and increased siliques yield.

Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex and Its in vitro Antioxidant Activity

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex,establish the extraction and content determination methods of its medicinal materials,and study its in vitro antioxidant activity.[Methods]The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex were extracted by reflux extraction method,and the effects of extraction method,extraction solvent concentration,extraction volume,and extraction time on the total flavonoids content of the medicinal materials were explored through the single factor experiment.Orthogonal experiment was carried out to optimize the extraction process conditions,and the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was screened out.The total antioxidant capacity index was used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex.[Results]The optimal extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was 50%ethanol,1∶40 solid-to-liquid-ratio,and 1.5 h reflux extraction time.Through the antioxidant experiment in vitro,it is found that the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have a higher scavenging ability for the total antioxidant capacity,and there is a certain positive correlation with the mass concentration of total flavonoids.[Conclusions]This method can effectively determine the total flavonoids content of Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material,and provide a certain scientific basis for the quality standard research of the medicinal material.The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have good in vitro antioxidant activity.And the method for extracting total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material in this experiment has good repeatability,high stability and feasibility.

Ectopic Overexpression of EuCHIT30.7 Improves Nicotiana tabacum Resistance to Powdery Mildew

Various strains of powdery mildew(PM),a notorious plant fungal disease,are prevalent and pose a significant threat to plant health.To control PM,transgenic technology can be used to cultivate more resistant plant varieties.In the present study,we utilized the rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE)technique to clone the full-length cDNA sequence of the EuCHIT30.7 gene to explore plant genes with disease resistance functions.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that this gene belongs to the GH18 family and is classified as a class III chitinase.The EuCHIT30.7 gene is expressed throughout the Eucommia ulmoides plant,with the most abundant expression in male flowers.Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the protein encoded by this gene was detected within both the cell membrane and cytoplasm.Upon PM inoculation,overexpression of EuCHIT30.7 in tobacco plants led to a significantly reduced relative lesion area and a decreased spore count compared to both wild-type and empty vector control plants.Activities of the protective enzymes,namely,peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and phenylalaninammo-nialyase(PAL),in tobacco plants overexpressing EuCHIT30.7 were significantly greater than those in wild-type and empty vector tobacco plants.Furthermore,the rate of increase in malondialdehyde(MDA)content was significantly lower in tobacco plants expressing EuCHIT30.7 compared to control tobacco plants.In EuCHIT30.7 transgenic tobacco,the expression of pathogen-related protein genes,namely,PR2,PR5,PR1a,PDF1.2,and MLP423,along with the tobacco PM negative regulatory gene,MLO2,were significantly higher compared to control tobacco plants.These findings suggested that EuCHIT30.7 significantly enhances the resistance of tobacco to PM.

杜仲协同拟茎点霉XP-8合成木脂素类的条件优化及其功能活性

对杜仲协同拟茎点霉XP-8生物合成松脂醇(Pinoresinol,Pin)、松脂醇单葡萄糖苷(Pinoresinol-4-O-β-Dglucopyranoside,PMG)和松脂醇二葡萄糖苷(Pinoresinol diglucoside,PDG)的条件进行优化,研究培养方式、杜仲添加量和静息处理时间对Pin、PMG和PDG产量的影响,并对相关产物的抗氧化性和抑癌性进行研究。结果表明,3%杜仲PDB培养基培养菌体并静息处理5 d时Pin、PMG和PDG产量较高。该条件下代谢产物液对DPPH和ABTS+自由基的清除能力显著高于杜仲空白培养基,说明发酵过程中产生了增强抗氧化功能的物质。其还能抑制肝癌细胞HepG-2的增殖,通过纯品验证活性说明,Pin是其中主要抑制癌细胞的活性成分,代谢产物液抑制肝癌细胞的作用是一种协同效应。

杜仲叶黄酮纯化及其抗炎活性研究

对杜仲叶总黄酮提取物及其4种单体进行纯化,并对其抗炎作用进行初步研究。含量65.19%总黄酮杜仲叶提取物通过液-质联用确定其活性组分,经95%乙醇萃取,萃取料液比为1 g∶10 mL,萃取次数为1次,得到80.35%总黄酮含量杜仲叶提取物,通过半制备液相色谱分离,得到槲皮素-3-O-桑布双糖苷、异槲皮苷、芦丁、紫云英苷4种单体黄酮化合物;经测定,4种杜仲叶单体黄酮化合物和杜仲叶18.14%总黄酮提取物及其78.78%总黄酮提取物均有一氧化氮致炎抗炎活性,其中含量为78.78%的总黄酮提取物抗炎活性最好,而单体化合物的一氧化氮生成抑制率为紫云英苷>芦丁>槲皮素-3-O-桑布双糖苷>异槲皮苷。

杜仲叶 红枣 枸杞复合饮料工艺配方的研究

以杜仲叶、红枣、枸杞为原料,辅以柠檬酸和木糖醇,优化和确定复合饮料工艺配方。以感官评分为考查指标,利用单因素试验和正交试验对影响复合饮料的杜仲叶添加量、红枣添加量、枸杞添加量、柠檬酸添加量、木糖醇添加量配方组合进行优化。结果表明,杜仲叶浸提液添加量15%,枸杞浸提液添加量20%,红枣浸提液添加量15%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%,木糖醇添加量9%为复合饮料的最佳配方。此复合配方饮料酸甜适中风味最佳,生产方法简单可行。

杜仲叶多糖的提取、结构及抗氧化活性研究

【目的】探究微波辅助提取杜仲叶多糖的最佳条件,分析杜仲叶多糖的结构组成及抗氧化活性,为杜仲叶综合利用提供依据。【方法】采用微波辅助提取法,以杜仲叶多糖得率为指标,m(杜仲叶粉/g)∶V(H_(2)O/mL)(以下简称质量体积比)、微波时间、水浴温度、微波功率为影响因素设计单因素试验,在此基础上采用正交试验优化得到杜仲叶多糖最佳提取条件。根据该条件提取6个品种杜仲叶(华仲1号、华仲5号、华仲12号、华仲13号、华仲15号、华仲24号)多糖,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪及红外光谱仪测定杜仲叶多糖结构组成,并通过电子顺磁共振波谱法测定杜仲叶多糖1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical,DPPH)自由基清除率表征其抗氧化活性。【结果】杜仲叶多糖的最佳提取条件是质量体积比1∶30,微波时间1.5 min,水浴温度40℃,微波功率230 W。在该条件下6个品种杜仲叶得率分别为华仲1号6.90%±0.04%、华仲5号6.47%±0.13%、华仲12号6.68%±0.11%、华仲13号6.53%±0.07%、华仲15号7.21%±0.02%和华仲24号7.64%±0.05%。在结构组成方面,单糖组成结果显示,6个品种杜仲叶多糖均由L-鼠李糖、D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖组成,其中D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖含量最高,但其单糖组成比例存在差异;多糖红外光谱显示,不同杜仲叶多糖具有相似的多糖特征吸收峰。在抗氧化活性方面,6个品种杜仲叶多糖DPPH自由基清除能力顺序为华仲1号>华仲13号>华仲12号>华仲24号>华仲5号>华仲15号。【结论】微波辅助提取可以提高杜仲叶多糖得率,不同杜仲叶多糖均有良好的抗氧化活性,且以华仲1号的DPPH自由基清除能力最强。

杜仲对黄曲霉的抑制及在养殖中的有益作用

饲料中黄曲霉污染严重制约了饲料业和养殖业的高质量发展,在我国目前饲料端全面禁抗背景下,天然植物原料作为理想的抗生素替代品被推崇。杜仲是我国传统的药食两用植物资源,将其提取物或原粉添加到饲料中可有效遏制黄曲霉污染,并提高畜禽品质,是理想的饲料替抗物。文章阐述了杜仲提取物及其活性成分对黄曲霉的抑制作用以及在养殖中的有益作用,旨在为其在饲料行业中的应用推广提供参考。

杜仲翅果果实形态和含胶量与产地环境相关性分析

该研究选择我国7个杜仲产地的杜仲为研究对象,采用随机取样的方法,利用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果表明:不同产地果实形态和含胶量存在显著差异,贵州剑河最高为13.16%,河北保定最低为9.34%,含胶量与所在环境气候条件密切相关,纬度越高,年日照时数越长,翅果含胶量越低;无霜期越长,翅果含胶率越高。

探究杜仲叶多糖的超声提取优化及透析纯化工艺与抗氧化性能

为探索杜仲叶多糖的超声辅助水提工艺及其对自由基的体外抗氧化性能,文章在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面BBD优化超声辅助水提杜仲叶多糖,且采用透析膜对多糖提取物进行透析纯化,最后研究了多糖提取物对羟基和DPPH自由基的清除能力。结果表明:该超声辅助水提工艺在优化后的条件下,即液料比20 mL/g、夹层温度62℃、超声功率500 W、超声时间65 min时,测得的多糖提取率为2.66%,多糖提取物中多糖含量为23.21%,经过透析纯化后其多糖含量为58.75%;杜仲叶多糖对羟基和DPPH自由基都有较好的清除作用,但更有利于羟基自由基的清除;透析纯化处理不仅能改善多糖纯度,还可以提高多糖对羟基和DPPH自由基的清除能力,尤其在清除DPPH自由基时表现明显。该分离纯化工艺高效绿色,可直接用于杜仲叶多糖的提取,促进杜仲多糖在饲料、食品、医药等领域的开发应用。

日粮中添加杜仲叶对育肥肉牛血清生化指标和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中杜仲叶添加量对育肥肉牛血清生化指标和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。试验选用75头初始体重为(252.67±6.00) kg的本地黄牛×西门塔尔杂交公牛,采用随机区组试验设计分为5个处理组(1个对照组、4个试验组),每个处理组3个重复,每个重复5头牛。0组(对照组)饲喂精粗比为3∶7的基础日粮,4个试验组分别在基础日粮中添加1%、2%、3%和4%的杜仲叶以替代基础日粮中的粗料。预试期15d,正试期150d。结果表明:(1)各组肉牛血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、白球比(A/G)、尿素氮(BUN)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,以及血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活性差异均不显著(P>0.05);(2)与0组相比,2%组肉牛血清中补体C3、补体C4、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量显著上升(P<0.05),分别较0组提高了101.24%、79.13%和102.61%,其余各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);而血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但2%组IgG和IgM含量分别比0组提高了44.43%和75.50%;血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)含量各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)与0组相比,1%组和4%组肉牛瘤胃液氨态氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05),但各处理组肉牛瘤胃液pH、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、乙酸浓度、丙酸浓度、丁酸浓度、乙/丙差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上可知,在本试验条件下,育肥肉牛日粮中添加杜仲叶对血清生化指标和抗氧化指标均无显著影响,但2%杜仲叶的添加具有提高血清中补体C3、C4及IgA、IgG、IgM的含量,降低肉牛瘤胃液氨态氮浓度的作用。

杜仲叶提取物对湖羊生长性能、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响

文章旨在分析杜仲叶提取物对湖羊生长性能、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响。试验将80只体重27.53 kg左右,健康状况良好的育肥湖羊随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只。对照组湖羊参考《肉羊营养需要量(NY/T816-2021)》标准饲喂基础日粮,其余3组湖羊分别饲喂基础日粮+500、1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物的试验日粮。预饲期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明,(1)与对照组相比,基础日粮+1000 g/t杜仲叶提取物,湖羊末重显著提高8.56%(P<0.05);与对照组相比,基础日粮+1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物,湖羊平均日增重显著提高29.25%、25.00%(P<0.05),湖羊平均日采食量显著提高22.33%、20.94%(P<0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,基础日粮+500、1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物均显著提高湖羊血清中总蛋白、白蛋白含量(P<0.05),基础日粮+1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物均显著降低湖羊血清中低密度脂蛋白含量(P<0.05)。(3)与对照组相比,基础日粮+500、1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物均显著提高湖羊血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P<0.05),且显著降低了血清丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05),基础日粮+1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物均显著提高了湖羊血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P<0.05)。结论:杜仲叶提取物能提高湖羊生长性能,改善血清生化及抗氧化指标,且基础日粮中杜仲叶提取物的适宜添加量为1000 g/t。

正交实验法优化杜仲叶发酵工艺

以杜仲叶为原料,采用酵母菌进行发酵,利用单因素实验、正交实验结合隶属度综合评分法优化杜仲叶发酵工艺。结果表明,杜仲叶的最佳发酵工艺为料液比1∶11、发酵时间42 h、接种量5%。此条件下,杜仲叶发酵液芦丁含量为0.33 mg·g^(-1)、桃叶珊瑚苷含量为0.37 mg·g^(-1)、DPPH·清除率为80.67%、·OH清除率为5.21%。

HPLC对不同采摘时期杜仲叶活性成分的测定

目的:采用高效液相色谱法对不同采摘时期的杜仲叶中活性成分变化规律进行研究。方法:通过变换波长法对不同采摘时期的杜仲叶中四种主要活性成分变化规律进行考查,以此来确定适宜的采摘时期。结果:以杜仲叶中的综合有效成分作为采收指标,确定杜仲叶最佳采收期为5月底至6月上旬。结论:该研究工艺为杜仲叶中活性成分的大规模提取利用提供了有利的理论基础。