Medicinal leeches have been utilized in therapy for thousands of years. However, the adaptation physiology between leeches and hosts is not fully understand. To disclose the molecular mechanisms of adaptation between ...Medicinal leeches have been utilized in therapy for thousands of years. However, the adaptation physiology between leeches and hosts is not fully understand. To disclose the molecular mechanisms of adaptation between leech and host, the body transcriptomes of hunger and fed blood-sucking Poecilobdella javanica, Haemadipsa cavatuses, and Hirudo nipponia leeches were obtained by RNA sequencing, after comparison, a stratified unigenes group was obtained, which closely correlated to body distension. In the group, Rfamide receptor decreased significantly (P < 0.05) while serotonin receptor increased significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, four KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways, including cardiac muscle contraction, complement and coagulation cascades, renin-angiotensin system, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were significantly enriched. The unigenes annotation, neuroregulators correlation analysis and induced function of the KEGG pathways, were consistently supported the same result as: vasoconstriction and systole reaction enhance in hunger leeches and vice versa vasodilation and diastole increase in fed leeches, meanwhile, Interspecific comparison and correlative analyses of physiological function showed that the strongest reaction of induced heart failure from four KEGG occur in strongest reaction of systole in hungry P. javanica and in strongest reaction of diastole in fed H. nipponia. Overall, heart failure is likely a physiological function involved in feeding behaviour.展开更多
Leeches are invertebrates that have a long history of application in the development of human medicine in both the East and the West.This paper comprehensively analyzes and evaluates current research and the latest pr...Leeches are invertebrates that have a long history of application in the development of human medicine in both the East and the West.This paper comprehensively analyzes and evaluates current research and the latest progress with regard to the application of leeches,their medical value,and their application prospects from various perspectives,so as to provide a reference for new viewpoints and directions for research on leeches.Modern research has revealed that leeches contain various bioactive components,which have pharmacological effects such as anticoagulation,antithrombosis,blood viscosity reduction,and anti-atherosclerosis.Leech therapy is an important treatment approach for venous congestion after microsurgery and is also an effective adjuvant treatment for diabetic feet,chronic pain,and tumors.Therefore,leeches are of importance for the research and development of new drugs,the restoration of blood supply after surgery,and the adjuvant treatment of diseases accompanied by blood blocking.In addition,leeches can also be used as model organisms for research in evolutionary biology and invertebrate neurophysiology as well as in neurophysiological,behavioral,and functional studies.展开更多
Re-innervation of sensory and motor neurons on a defined area of the body wall was studied in two species of leeches, Whitmania pigra and Hirudo medicinalis, as a model of segmental animals. Following isolation and ro...Re-innervation of sensory and motor neurons on a defined area of the body wall was studied in two species of leeches, Whitmania pigra and Hirudo medicinalis, as a model of segmental animals. Following isolation and rotation of a tube of body wall, the mechanical sensory and annular erection (AE) motor neurons re-innervated the body wall, at a rate of approximately 3. 8 -8. 4 μm/h. The patterns of re-innerva-tion by pairs of neurons on each side of a ganglion were bilaterally symmetric. The repairs are synchronous for the sensory and motor neurons which are of different functions but in a same ganglion. The gap junctions are widely spread in leech between neurons and glia cells, as well as among the neurons and glia cells themselves. Therefore, it is proposed that the nervous system repair is regulated by a low-resistance pathway. In the xenotransplantation experiments, neurons recognized target tissues before the immuno-recognition and rejection.展开更多
Neuronal connections with their targets manifest selectivity during the development and regeneration. In 1963, Sperry proposed the chemoaffinity hypothesis. Through changing the relative positions of the neuron and it...Neuronal connections with their targets manifest selectivity during the development and regeneration. In 1963, Sperry proposed the chemoaffinity hypothesis. Through changing the relative positions of the neuron and its target, we can test this hypothesis by investigating the regeneration. Results from the experiments of changing the neuronal posi-展开更多
A discrete Hopf fibration of S15 over S8 with S7 (unit octonions) as fibers leads to a 16D Polytope P16 with 4320 vertices obtained from the convex hull of the 16D Barnes-Wall lattice Λ16. It is argued (conjectured) ...A discrete Hopf fibration of S15 over S8 with S7 (unit octonions) as fibers leads to a 16D Polytope P16 with 4320 vertices obtained from the convex hull of the 16D Barnes-Wall lattice Λ16. It is argued (conjectured) how a subsequent 2-1 mapping (projection) of P16 onto a 8D-hyperplane might furnish the 2160 vertices of the uniform 241 polytope in 8-dimensions, and such that one can capture the chain sequence of polytopes 241,231,221,211in D=8,7,6,5dimensions, leading, respectively, to the sequence of Coxeter groups E8,E7,E6,SO(10)which are putative GUT group candidates. An embedding of the E8⊕E8and E8⊕E8⊕E8lattice into the Barnes-Wall Λ16 and Leech Λ24 lattices, respectively, is explicitly shown. From the 16D lattice E8⊕E8one can generate two separate families of Elser-Sloane 4D quasicrystals (QC’s) with H4 (icosahedral) symmetry via the “cut-and-project” method from 8D to 4D in each separate E8 lattice. Therefore, one obtains in this fashion the Cartesian product of two Elser-Sloane QC’s Q×Qspanning an 8D space. Similarly, from the 24D lattice E8⊕E8⊕E8one can generate the Cartesian product of three Elser-Sloane 4D quasicrystals (QC’s) Q×Q×Qwith H4 symmetry and spanning a 12D space.展开更多
Chinese insect drugs are drastic in nature, capable ofclearing channels and collaterals to promote a freeflow of qi and blood, and effective in someintractable and obstinate diseases due to long-termstagnation of phle...Chinese insect drugs are drastic in nature, capable ofclearing channels and collaterals to promote a freeflow of qi and blood, and effective in someintractable and obstinate diseases due to long-termstagnation of phlegm and blood, which are hard to betreated by ordinary Chinese drugs. In clinic, properuse of insect drugs can often help raise thetherapeutic effects. Some commonly used pairs ofinsect drugs are introduced in the following.展开更多
After the developments of modern medicine, leeches were not used as before, but in the late nineteenth century, leeches were still being used in many countries around the world. Until now, leeches have been used to tr...After the developments of modern medicine, leeches were not used as before, but in the late nineteenth century, leeches were still being used in many countries around the world. Until now, leeches have been used to treat a wide range of diseases. The present study, is a scoping review of the evidence of the indication of leech therapy. The results of this study are based on English articles and dissertations published in databases from 2000 up to July 10, 2017. The results showed that leech therapy could be used in different conditions including venous congestion in plastic and reconstructive surgery, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases due to blood coagulation disorders, migraine headache, skin disorders, diabetic foot ulcers, macroglossia, priapism, cancer complications, and wounds. More researches are needed in wider areas with more precise methodologies to ensure the potential therapeutic effects of leech therapy.展开更多
文摘Medicinal leeches have been utilized in therapy for thousands of years. However, the adaptation physiology between leeches and hosts is not fully understand. To disclose the molecular mechanisms of adaptation between leech and host, the body transcriptomes of hunger and fed blood-sucking Poecilobdella javanica, Haemadipsa cavatuses, and Hirudo nipponia leeches were obtained by RNA sequencing, after comparison, a stratified unigenes group was obtained, which closely correlated to body distension. In the group, Rfamide receptor decreased significantly (P < 0.05) while serotonin receptor increased significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, four KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways, including cardiac muscle contraction, complement and coagulation cascades, renin-angiotensin system, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were significantly enriched. The unigenes annotation, neuroregulators correlation analysis and induced function of the KEGG pathways, were consistently supported the same result as: vasoconstriction and systole reaction enhance in hunger leeches and vice versa vasodilation and diastole increase in fed leeches, meanwhile, Interspecific comparison and correlative analyses of physiological function showed that the strongest reaction of induced heart failure from four KEGG occur in strongest reaction of systole in hungry P. javanica and in strongest reaction of diastole in fed H. nipponia. Overall, heart failure is likely a physiological function involved in feeding behaviour.
基金This study was supported by the Yunnan Innovation Team Training Project,the National Natural Science Foundation(31772542)National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals(W02070188).
文摘Leeches are invertebrates that have a long history of application in the development of human medicine in both the East and the West.This paper comprehensively analyzes and evaluates current research and the latest progress with regard to the application of leeches,their medical value,and their application prospects from various perspectives,so as to provide a reference for new viewpoints and directions for research on leeches.Modern research has revealed that leeches contain various bioactive components,which have pharmacological effects such as anticoagulation,antithrombosis,blood viscosity reduction,and anti-atherosclerosis.Leech therapy is an important treatment approach for venous congestion after microsurgery and is also an effective adjuvant treatment for diabetic feet,chronic pain,and tumors.Therefore,leeches are of importance for the research and development of new drugs,the restoration of blood supply after surgery,and the adjuvant treatment of diseases accompanied by blood blocking.In addition,leeches can also be used as model organisms for research in evolutionary biology and invertebrate neurophysiology as well as in neurophysiological,behavioral,and functional studies.
基金Supported by the State Commission of Science and Technology, the National Natural Science Foundation and the State Education Commission of China.
文摘Re-innervation of sensory and motor neurons on a defined area of the body wall was studied in two species of leeches, Whitmania pigra and Hirudo medicinalis, as a model of segmental animals. Following isolation and rotation of a tube of body wall, the mechanical sensory and annular erection (AE) motor neurons re-innervated the body wall, at a rate of approximately 3. 8 -8. 4 μm/h. The patterns of re-innerva-tion by pairs of neurons on each side of a ganglion were bilaterally symmetric. The repairs are synchronous for the sensory and motor neurons which are of different functions but in a same ganglion. The gap junctions are widely spread in leech between neurons and glia cells, as well as among the neurons and glia cells themselves. Therefore, it is proposed that the nervous system repair is regulated by a low-resistance pathway. In the xenotransplantation experiments, neurons recognized target tissues before the immuno-recognition and rejection.
文摘Neuronal connections with their targets manifest selectivity during the development and regeneration. In 1963, Sperry proposed the chemoaffinity hypothesis. Through changing the relative positions of the neuron and its target, we can test this hypothesis by investigating the regeneration. Results from the experiments of changing the neuronal posi-
文摘A discrete Hopf fibration of S15 over S8 with S7 (unit octonions) as fibers leads to a 16D Polytope P16 with 4320 vertices obtained from the convex hull of the 16D Barnes-Wall lattice Λ16. It is argued (conjectured) how a subsequent 2-1 mapping (projection) of P16 onto a 8D-hyperplane might furnish the 2160 vertices of the uniform 241 polytope in 8-dimensions, and such that one can capture the chain sequence of polytopes 241,231,221,211in D=8,7,6,5dimensions, leading, respectively, to the sequence of Coxeter groups E8,E7,E6,SO(10)which are putative GUT group candidates. An embedding of the E8⊕E8and E8⊕E8⊕E8lattice into the Barnes-Wall Λ16 and Leech Λ24 lattices, respectively, is explicitly shown. From the 16D lattice E8⊕E8one can generate two separate families of Elser-Sloane 4D quasicrystals (QC’s) with H4 (icosahedral) symmetry via the “cut-and-project” method from 8D to 4D in each separate E8 lattice. Therefore, one obtains in this fashion the Cartesian product of two Elser-Sloane QC’s Q×Qspanning an 8D space. Similarly, from the 24D lattice E8⊕E8⊕E8one can generate the Cartesian product of three Elser-Sloane 4D quasicrystals (QC’s) Q×Q×Qwith H4 symmetry and spanning a 12D space.
文摘Chinese insect drugs are drastic in nature, capable ofclearing channels and collaterals to promote a freeflow of qi and blood, and effective in someintractable and obstinate diseases due to long-termstagnation of phlegm and blood, which are hard to betreated by ordinary Chinese drugs. In clinic, properuse of insect drugs can often help raise thetherapeutic effects. Some commonly used pairs ofinsect drugs are introduced in the following.
文摘After the developments of modern medicine, leeches were not used as before, but in the late nineteenth century, leeches were still being used in many countries around the world. Until now, leeches have been used to treat a wide range of diseases. The present study, is a scoping review of the evidence of the indication of leech therapy. The results of this study are based on English articles and dissertations published in databases from 2000 up to July 10, 2017. The results showed that leech therapy could be used in different conditions including venous congestion in plastic and reconstructive surgery, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases due to blood coagulation disorders, migraine headache, skin disorders, diabetic foot ulcers, macroglossia, priapism, cancer complications, and wounds. More researches are needed in wider areas with more precise methodologies to ensure the potential therapeutic effects of leech therapy.
