Financing difficulties have always been one of the bottlenecks restricting the development of"three rural".The core to solve the difficulties is to seek financing collaterals that in line with the law and wi...Financing difficulties have always been one of the bottlenecks restricting the development of"three rural".The core to solve the difficulties is to seek financing collaterals that in line with the law and with the value able to be effectively evaluated.Besides,the law confirmation of the mortgage financing's form for Rural Land ManagementRight(RLMR)is the primary prerequisite for rural land financing.With the continuous advancement of rural revitalization strategy,the rural land reform with the main content of"three powers separation"has paid more attention to the functions of RLMR financing.Due to the lack of supply of existing laws,there are still certain legal risks in the financing of RLMR.Based on rural revitalization strategy,this paper made an in-depth analysis of the causes of financing risk of RLMR.Furthermore,we put forward some possible paths to legalize this right.展开更多
AIM: To investigate results availability from clinical studies enrolling Russian subjects and Russian clinical research policy.METHODS: We analyzed Russian legislation and ethical regulations about drug and devices ap...AIM: To investigate results availability from clinical studies enrolling Russian subjects and Russian clinical research policy.METHODS: We analyzed Russian legislation and ethical regulations about drug and devices approval,clinical research registration and the results availability.In August 2012,we searched International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and clinicaltrials.gov to find all registered studies that had an investigational site in the territory of the Russian Federation.To find publication status,we searched the Pub Med and Scirus bibliographical databases with trial registration number to find journal publications of the registered studies.RESULTS: We identified 2062 registered research protocols comprising 2017 international and 45 protocols sponsored by the Russian funding agencies.The number of the studies enrolling Russian subjects increased dramatically from three studies in 2002 to 252 studies in 2012.Most studies(92%) were funded exclusively by industry,were interventions(94.6%),examined drugs(87%) and enrolled exclusively adults(86%) of both genders(89%).Only 383(19%) of multinational studies and two(4.4%) of exclusively Russian studies werepublished.Posting of patient outcomes was available for 16% of the trials that recruited trial participants in the Russian territory including one study funded exclusively by Russian sponsors.Investigators terminated 99 studies of 38111 participants and did not provide the results in clinicaltrials.gov or in published manuscripts.Federal laws require clinical study registration and conflict of interest disclosure.However,routine monitoring of compliance to clinical research policy is not available.CONCLUSION: Russian legislation does not guarantee the availability of clinical research results.Russian legislation should mandate transparent evidence- based market approval of the drugs and devices.展开更多
基金A phasic achievement of the Ministry of Education Youth Fund Project named “Law Research on Online Transaction of Rural Land Management Right under the Background of Rural Revitalization Strategy”(Project No.18yjc820001)funded by the China Scholarship Council(Project No.201907845009)
文摘Financing difficulties have always been one of the bottlenecks restricting the development of"three rural".The core to solve the difficulties is to seek financing collaterals that in line with the law and with the value able to be effectively evaluated.Besides,the law confirmation of the mortgage financing's form for Rural Land ManagementRight(RLMR)is the primary prerequisite for rural land financing.With the continuous advancement of rural revitalization strategy,the rural land reform with the main content of"three powers separation"has paid more attention to the functions of RLMR financing.Due to the lack of supply of existing laws,there are still certain legal risks in the financing of RLMR.Based on rural revitalization strategy,this paper made an in-depth analysis of the causes of financing risk of RLMR.Furthermore,we put forward some possible paths to legalize this right.
文摘AIM: To investigate results availability from clinical studies enrolling Russian subjects and Russian clinical research policy.METHODS: We analyzed Russian legislation and ethical regulations about drug and devices approval,clinical research registration and the results availability.In August 2012,we searched International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and clinicaltrials.gov to find all registered studies that had an investigational site in the territory of the Russian Federation.To find publication status,we searched the Pub Med and Scirus bibliographical databases with trial registration number to find journal publications of the registered studies.RESULTS: We identified 2062 registered research protocols comprising 2017 international and 45 protocols sponsored by the Russian funding agencies.The number of the studies enrolling Russian subjects increased dramatically from three studies in 2002 to 252 studies in 2012.Most studies(92%) were funded exclusively by industry,were interventions(94.6%),examined drugs(87%) and enrolled exclusively adults(86%) of both genders(89%).Only 383(19%) of multinational studies and two(4.4%) of exclusively Russian studies werepublished.Posting of patient outcomes was available for 16% of the trials that recruited trial participants in the Russian territory including one study funded exclusively by Russian sponsors.Investigators terminated 99 studies of 38111 participants and did not provide the results in clinicaltrials.gov or in published manuscripts.Federal laws require clinical study registration and conflict of interest disclosure.However,routine monitoring of compliance to clinical research policy is not available.CONCLUSION: Russian legislation does not guarantee the availability of clinical research results.Russian legislation should mandate transparent evidence- based market approval of the drugs and devices.
