A Study on the Pre-legislative Evaluation System under the Deepening Reform

In the historical period of the all-round deepening reform,China has entered a new era of“deepening the practice of governing the country by law”.With the fifth amendment of the Constitution,the legislative power of local government has been further confirmed.The expansion of local legislative power has put forward new requirements for the legislative quality,and the pre-legislative evaluation system has thus come into being.The deficiency of the design of the pre-legislative evaluation system in Article 39 of The Legislative Law makes certain problems in the detailed rules of implementation,the subject of evaluation,the object of evaluation and the personnel of the pre-legislative evaluation system in China.Therefore,it is the only way to perfect the pre-legislative evaluation system in China to formulate a national pre-legislative evaluation implementation rules,define the subject of third-party evaluation,determine the scope of evaluation objects and select the suitable evaluation personnel.

The Legal Conflicts, the Legislative Vacancies and the Legislative Lags in the Chinese Environmental Legal System

The inconsistency and disharmony in China’s environmental legal system are seriously undermining the authority and effectiveness of environmental laws, making it hard to achieve the national environmental legislative goals. It is found in this study that at least 18 administrative regulations and rules conflict with the five recently-revised environmental laws. The legislative vacancy rate of province-level environmental laws reaches 27.8%, and that of city-level environmental laws in the major cities reaches 59.7%. Besides, 66% of the local including both province-level and city-level environmental laws have the problem of legislative lags, with an average lag of 2547.8 days. In addition, there are many legal conflicts between national environmental laws and local environmental laws. In order to help China to build a harmonious and unified environmental legal system, some suggestions are proposed in this study, including comprehensively examining the lower-level environmental laws, strengthening the leading role of local people’s congresses in environmental legislation, improving the construction of filing and review mechanism, and optimizing the mechanisms for information disclosure and public participation.

The Present Situation and Trend of Development of China's Legislative Disclosure System

The legislative disclosure system is one of the important parts of the amendment of the Legislation Law in 2015. This shows that the role of the legislative disclosure system in improving the quality of legislation is catching more and more attention. Apart from the Legislation Law, local regulations of provinces and municipalities have also made a positive contribution to the perfection of the legislative disclosure system, leading the Legislation Law in many specific processes and specific measures, and playing the role of legislative exploration and experimentation. To summarize the new development of the legislative disclosure system on the part of the Legislation Law and local legislative practice is of important theoretical and practical value for promoting the continued maturity and improvement of this important legislative system.

Towards an Indigenous Social Inclusion Paradigm:Igbo Apprenticeship System,Poverty Alleviation and Wealth Creation in South-East Nigeria

This research looked at how the Igbo trade apprenticeship programme has helped lower poverty rates in that region of Nigeria.Five hypotheses were generated to test the potential existence of a causal connection between the independent and dependent variables.Using a survey methodology,a structured questionnaire was used to collect data,which was then evaluated using chi-square tests.The research found that the Igbo trade apprenticeship system contributed to lessening poverty in Nigeria’s southeast.According to the results,the method was successful in developing rich Igbo entrepreneurs and businesses,who in turn eradicated hunger,poverty,disease,and unemployment in Nigeria’s South East.The study concluded that the Nigerian government might better protect its citizens from exploitation within the Igbo trade apprenticeship system if it passed legislation to regulate,maintain,and prevent such abuse.

The Dilemma and Path of China's Sports Management System in the New Era

Strong in sports is strong in China,and the prosperity of sports is the prosperity of country.Sports embody the dream of national strength and revitalization,which is not only the true meaning of national strength,but also an important component of people's healthy and happy lives.Since the 18th Party Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping has delivered a number of important speeches on sports reform and development,as well as a series of important instructions and comments.China's sports management framework is essentially complete,the sports management mechanism has been improved,and the legalization has been developed.Despite China’s success in sports governance,there are still issues that need to be addressed,such as the conflict between administration and sports management,the imperfection of the relevant sports legislation system,the lack of methods for utilizing modern technology,and unified approach to sports development.This paper will examine the evolution of sports governance in China,analyze its problems.Finally,in response to the existing problems,investigate some viable options for promoting the development of sports in China.

The Limits of Domestic Spatiality in the Information Age-A Secondary Publication

The limits of spatiality have blurred in the information age;a phenomenon that can be observed through the socio-spatial implications of Internet use in the domestic sphere.How and why are the use and organization of space-time around the Internet shaping a new domestic spatiality that intertwines the digital space with the production of social space through the practice of habits,presence,and interaction of individuals?What are the repercussions of the superimposition of digital space on human existence?The units of analysis were integrated through the sum of people and middle-class housing in the face of the digitalization process in the city of San Luis Potosi,Mexico.The questionnaire consisted of 35 questions designed from the Likert scale under the thematic order of presence,interaction,and habituality.The data were analyzed using SPSS software.This research contributes to explaining the current period in the history of inhabitable space,dominated by the simultaneous interrelationships between individuals,digital space,and architecture,which result in the detachment and devaluation of physical domestic space,while also highlighting the lack of control and regulation of individuals over the Internet.

Euthanasia controversy in China:do we have the right to die?

This research examines the contentious issue of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the context of China's unique conditions.Historically,the debate over euthanasia has been influenced by moral philosophy and ethics,and euthanasia is illegal in China at present.The research explores the difficulty in making euthanasia legalized across five key dimensions:financial,medical,social,legal,and psychological factors.We conclude that while there is a desire among some terminally ill patients for euthanasia,the current situation in China makes it unsuitable for legalization.The profound question of one's right to die remains a significant moral and judicial challenge,indicating the need for continued dialogue and nuanced understanding of this complex issue.

Palliative care with adequate pain relief challenges the need for euthanasia legislation

Background:In today’s society the ongoing discussion about euthanasia triggers emotionally charged debates surrounding the delicate balance between valuing life and respecting an individual’s autonomy.With the persistence of this debate,there has been the emergence of the concept of the so-called alternative:palliative care.Positioned as a substitute for euthanasia,palliative care aims to alleviate suffering in terminally ill patients without engaging in the ethical dilemmas associated with euthanasia.Methods:This paper explores the facets of palliative care highlighting its core objectives such as providing adequate pain relief as a compassionate alternative to euthanasia.Results:By examining palliative care as a comprehensive approach to end of life support,this study challenges the perceived necessity of euthanasia and advocates,for compassionate and dignified end of life experiences.Conclusion:In conclusion,palliative care emerges as a viable and ethically sound alternative to euthanasia,emphasizing the importance of compassionate end-of-life care and pain management.

Research on Product Quality Law System

Product quality law refers to the combination of various economical relationships and legal norms in the process of production,circulation and administration.It combines the operation of the market with the state supervision.Studying on the legislation style will be of theoretical and practical significance.

How Behaviors and Certain Events Influence Legislative Language

Legal language is a pretty formal language.As part of legal language,legislative language has all the basic features of legal language and legislative language has an accurate,plain,solemn,rigorous style.People interprete legislative language and act in accordance with laws.On the contrary,behaviors and certain events also influence the characteristics of legislative language,even trigger some conflicts with it.Confronted with some advantaged influence,legislators have to make some compromises or change the characteristics of legislative language.However,legislators should adhere to remain represantations of laws to resist disadvantaged impacts.As a result,it is need to research how behaviors and certain events influence legislative language.

Investigation on end-of-life electric and electronic equipment recycling and disposal system in China: legislation, education and dissemination

The Chinese obsolete electric and electronic equipments (EEE) recycling and disposal system on the point of view of legislation, education and dissemination were discussed, because of the highly increasing volume of electric and electronic products and that of its obsoletes today in China. The legislations and responsibilities of go- vernment, industry and consumer were discussed based on the balance of benefit and responsibility depending on the realization of their benefits in the whole life cycle of products and its status in the whole value chain. Not only the legislation and establishment of the so called “compulsory discarding system” will be a possible and effective solution to the difficulty of the obsolete collection and recycling for obsolete electric and electronic reclaiming industry, but also the education and dissemination. Education and dissemination were discussed as an important role which will emphasize the adjusting of policy and law on the development of electric and electronic industry production and its reclaiming. The education of stockholders’ environmental responsibility and the advocating of responsibility sharing should be implement for industry and consumer. Chinese EEE industry should emphasize the control of natural source, and should implement the environmental benign design in their production, such as design for dismantling, no dismantling, thermal treatment and green design. The perspectives for the way to advocate a harmonic society for Chinese people were described.

The Challenges of Global Climate Change to Green Development and its Legislative Response

Global climate change has swept across every nation,community,business,and individual on the planet. It is essential to find a fundamental solution to address climate change from a broader perspective. Climate change legislation should followthe principle of the sustainable development,polluter pays principle,the principle of the common but differentiated responsibilities as well as the principle of subsidiarity. Under the guidance of the four basic principles of legislation,the international field should build the legal system of the global climate governance,China should formulate special"the act of addressing climate change".

Complementary and alternative medicine in European countries legislative framework

Complementary and alternative medicine(CAM)is a set of different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures,as well as the use of natural products for the treatment of patients,derived from previously known traditional methods and enriched with modern scientific knowledge.The present article reviews the available data regarding the use of CAM and the legislation behind it in European countries.The use of CAM is recorded in Europe as a whole and varies between 1070%of the population of individual European countries.At least 300,000 registered CAM providers have been identified in the European Union(EU),of which slightly more than half includes non-medical practitioners.The most practiced discipline is acupuncture,followed by homeopathy.CAM regulation and legislation in Europe is not precisely defined and is constantly striving to find a common approach.Since legal frameworks for CAM are not defined,each European country has its own regulations and legislation.In order to define universal legislation for CAM,the EU created the CAMbrella project,a project of the EU designed to find a unique system that would include the treatment of CAM in Europe.According to the data from CAMbrella,from 39 countries in the EU,17 have general CAM legislations.The status of CAM in Europe is characterized by enormous heterogeneity in all aspects,including terminology,methods,prevalence and ultimately,legal status,regulations and legislation.

On the Legislative Process of the Right to Be Forgotten

In the big data era,the pursuit of the right to be forgotten arises from the data subject’s desire to request the removal of his/her personal data.Although the right to be forgotten is hotly debated at the global level,there is a paucity of research into the legislative process of this right.This study aims to scrutinize how legislation on the right to be forgotten evolves in different countries.First,the origin and development of the right to be forgotten are expounded by analyzing the legislation on and the major legislative interpretation of the right.Second,the elements of this right are determined and examined by dissecting the right.Last but not least,the nature of this right is probed into and illustrated.It is found that the soundness of a legal framework for data protection varies from country to country,which indicates that the institutional basis for the right to be forgotten differs markedly.Thereby,countries shall decide whether to legislate to protect the right to be forgotten based on their practicalities.Moreover,according to Article 17 of the General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR),the right to be forgotten is composed of the subject of right(data subject),the subject of obligation(data controller),the object of right(personal data),and the content of right(all links to the personal data,etc.,must be deleted by the subject of obligation at the request of the subject of right).Furthermore,there are three typical views about the nature of this right based on scholars’divergent opinions on the relationship among the right to be forgotten,personality rights,rights in personal information,and the right to privacy.It is concluded that countries that do not enjoy mature legislative conditions should not grant the right to be forgotten legal status,although it has been enshrined in law by partial countries with sound legal systems.In addition,the defects in the right’s four elements remain to be remedied before it could be legally acknowledged.Finally,the right to be forgotten,in terms of its nature,should be classified as rights in personal information,which are part of personality rights.

Legislative Countermeasures for Preventing and Controlling Water Pollution in Water-deficient Regions

The shortage of water resources is severe in Beijing. The shortage of eco-environmental water and the sewage discharge over the environmental capacity are main bottlenecks that restrict the improvement of water environment. The reuse of wastewater could not only reduce the discharge of pollutants,but it could also increase the consumption of eco-environmental water. Therefore the reuse of wastewater is an important approach to improve the water environmental quality. Combined with the formulation process of Regulations of Beijing on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution,the current situations of prevention and control of water pollution in Beijing,the discharge of pollutant,water environmental quality,the population and economic development and water resources and so on were analyzed. And the bottlenecks that restricted the improvement of water environmental quality were found. And the necessity of solving the control of water pollution by reusing the wastewater and ensuring the consumption of eco-environmental water was analyzed from the perspective of the control of water pollution. And some legislative countermeasures were put forward,which provided new ideas for solving the problem of the prevention and control of water pollution and improving the water environmental quality. It was of important reference values for local governments（ especially water-deficient regions） to make relative polices or plans of water pollution control and water environmental protection.

Rethinking of the Chinese Approach to Physician Apology Legislation: From the Legislative Dilemma of Transplantation

Physician apology legislation has gradually become a new legislative measure to resolve medical conflicts and repair doctor-patient relationship in many countries outside the region. In almost all cases using voice, to calm analysis found that the legislation of our country doctors apologize transplantation may face an apology from responsibility way to large span, dispute resolution mechanism from the free will to the legislative mandate disorders significantly, from general to special legislation difficulties facing a predicament, and make an apology may make doctors in passive in the moral, intensifies the doctor-patient conflicts, etc. In order to resolve the dilemma and establish a physician apology system adapted to China’s national conditions, we should weaken the concept of apology liability through education, incorporate the elements of apology into the mediation mechanism of medical disputes, take the regulations on prevention and handling of medical disputes as a legislative breakthrough, and widely implement the patient safety system.

Analysis on the System of Compensation for Eco-environmental Damage

The eco-environmental damage compensation system is not only an important part of the central government's Overall Plan for the Reform of Ecological Civilization System and special plan,but also a blank point and weak link in the construction of eco-environmental protection system.From the construction of ecological civilization system,the fragility of ecological environment and the history of past damage,the comparative analysis of relevant laws and regulations,and the connotation of the concept of ecological environment,this paper expounds the importance,urgency and necessity of the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system and the technical complexity of damage compensation judgment.In accordance with the local legislation and practical cases in the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system in Shaanxi Province,this paper puts forward legislative and policy suggestions to accelerate the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system.

Dualistic Perspective of Legislative Background Data

The charm of the legislative background data lies in its duality of being able to build a bridge between the practical field of legislation and judicature and the theoretical field of academic research. Proper application of legislative background data is an important criterion to distinguish between professionals and the public. On the application of legislative background data, from the legislative point of view, legislators need to use the conclusions and reasons of the value judgments formed around the opinions of the proponents as the basis for criticism and argumentation, reaching a minimal consensus through power; from the perspective of interpretivism, the judge needs to focus on the legislator's existing law text and legislative background information to give explanation as the basis for future amendments, reaching maximum consensus through power. On searching the legislative background data, different searching paths and methods could be exploited in the distinction between the text data recorded by the recorder and the audio-visual data recorded by the expositor. The enlightenment obtained from legislative background data should be used for the construction and perfection of the wisdom and intelligence of the court. The judges should be the ideological assistants of the legislators. The search for enlightenment from legislative background data can be conducted from three perspectives, namely cognition, arrangement, and disclosure. Therefore, legislative background data should be standardized by law.

The Constitutional Analysis of Human Rights Legislative Protection

The paths for applying the international human rights conventions in China should be recognized as follows: On the premise of respecting the Constitution of China, systematic human rights which could coordinate the relationship between the Constitution of China and international human rights conventions. The source of the human rights legislation obligations of the legislative organs of China is the Constitution of China, not the international human rights conventions. The legislature should understand and grasp the main contents of the human rights legislation obligations of the legislature according to Paragraph 3 of Article 33 of the Constitution while the interpretation of this clause must be based on the relevant provisions of the international human rights conventions. Human rights legislative obligations of the legislature can be classified into two types: legislative protecting obligations and legislative relief obligations of human rights. The NPC and its Standing Committee should be structurally responsible for the human rights legislation obligation, and the State Council and other organs of the State not for the legislation protection of human rights. A special human rights law should be enacted by the NPC.