Legitimacy:多义、本义及汉译

legitimacy一词多义,应根据术语单义化的原则分别翻译,而放弃"百分之百对应""涵盖其所有意义"的称名预期。作为政治学核心术语,legitimacy有"合法性""正当性"等多种译名。但应避免使用"合法性"之译,以免与legality混淆;应慎重使用"正当性"之译,以免与justness混淆。legitimacy本义为主权或政权为人民肯定、认可、接受,故可用"肯认性"或"认受性",并根据语境灵活处理。

The Pathway to Legitimacy and Universality of Human Rights from a Cross-Cultural Perspective——A Brief Review of An-Na'im's Theory of Human Rights Legitimacy and Dialogue

Within the international human rights circle,Abduliahi AhmedAn-Na’im is regarded as a representative of Southern voices."Under such a circumstance that the confrontation between the West and non-Western countries on human rights has become a routine reality,An-Na’im advocates a contingent universality of human rights or"contingent universality of human rights,"and insists that the universality of human rights be based on the cultural legitimacy of human rights.While he sees the internal dialogue of human rights in all non-Western countries,including Islamic ones,as a basic way to ensure the international human rights standards be accepted gradually,he also believes the cross-cultural dialogue among different societies can eventually lead to the reconstruction of the legitimacy of international human rights standards or even the standards themselves.An-Na’im’s theory of moderate cultural relativism points a way to achieve universality of human rights for developing countries,but there are a few questions that need to be further addressed.

Democratic Values of Mongolians Becoming as a Pillar of Perspectives of Democracy, Human Rights, Freedom, and Legitimacy

The modern democracy in Mongolia has changed from ideology and desires into the daily actions and real-life needs of achievement of the people. The content of this article aimed to categorize the democracy development process and its challenges and opportunities in promoting democratic governance in Mongolia;such brought specific approaches of the changes and difficulties. The content of research article contextual approaches are characterized by own individual research data on democracy as basis on the use of the work and the independent research findings of the researcher. On the overview of process of uncut democracy consolidation, the democracy development in Mongolia managed to the most consistent principles and fundamental values of democracy up to second half of the 1990s. From the second half of the 1990s till the election in 2004, within this term, the following challenges and difficulties risen to action of slowing down that forming of political parties, grouped into fractional, blockage of post-trafficking, conspiracy, and to be corrupted and bribery as mentioned as newly adverse phenomena have begun to the democracy development.

Legitimacy in Afghanistan： A Critical Analysis of Historical and Contemporary Sources of Authority

Sources of legitimacy in Afghanistan are diverse, competing and contested, with traditional roots. Historical and contemporary observation suggests a major rift between a ＂sedentary＂ and a ＂desert＂ populace---that is urban dwellers and rural inhabitants. Tribal patronage, with its lashkars and militias, has traditionally been central to legitimacy of any claim to the throne, and lack of it has doomed any such aspiration. This dynamic shifted in the 19th century as the state attempted to consolidate its rule by relying on standing armies independent of tribal forces. While the Kabul-based dynasties generally upheld this new power structure well into late 20th century, with a few relapses, the persisting tensions ultimately led to an acute conflict. The Mujahidin insurgency of the 1980s and early 1990s was a manifestation of this competition. Afghan Jihad here is intentionally examined as a protracted conflict independent of its Western influence and backing and as it pertained to pillars of power and legitimacy of authority in the Afghan context.

Participation as Input-Legitimacy： The Ambivalent Effects of Multi-Stakeholder Govemance

What legitimacy problems do NGOs experience, when they participate extensively in global governance processes？ What do these problems mean for the input-legitimacy of the governance process？ In this paper the author seeks to answer these questions by looking closely at the UN World Summit on the Information Society （WSIS）, focusing specifically on one of its multi-stakeholder working groups, the Working Group on Internet Governance （WGIG）. This working group provided NGOs with some outstanding possibilities for participation to enable them to contribute to the formulation of the WSIS policy outcomes. Yet, the wide participation of NGOs had ambiguous effects for their internal legitimacy. The author will argue that these legitimacy problems in turn challenged the input-legitimacy of the governance process, particularly because they reduced the variety of issues that NGOs brought into the governance process. The most deeply included NGO actors were inclined to adapt their demands to the necessities of the governance process. The empirical findings from the WSIS thus suggest that the democratizing reforms international organizations currently undertake reduce the legitimizing power that NGOs are often assigned with.

The Pact for Mexico as a Mechanism of Governance and Legitimacy

Govemability is the quality of a political community, according to which its institutions of Government act effectively within its space, in a way considered legitimate by the citizens, thus allowing the flee exercise of the political will of the Executive branch through civic obedience of the people. Recently in Mexico, it has referred repeatedly to the precariousness of the governability by the incidence of insecurity, unemployment and extreme poverty. The Pact for Mexico--attempts to answer to these problems--is a political agreement between the President of the Republic and the three main parties--Institutional Revolutionary Party （PRI）, the National Action Party （PAN）, and the Party of the Democratic Revolution （PRD）--for big actions and specific reforms which, according to the signatories, will see Mexico toward a more prosperous future, leading the democratic transition and drive economic growth that generates quality jobs and allow to reduce poverty and social inequality. In this sense, the main axes of the Pact include those related to economic growth, competitiveness, employment, security and agreements for governability. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Pact for Mexico from the perspective of govemability, since its dimensions of legitimacy and effectiveness. It will analyze the main reforms and political agreements, the role of Congress and the main actors; as well as the arguments of those who defend the Pact stating that it is a mechanism of governability and those who reject it that it overshadows the work of the legislature.

Can Social Protection Build State Legitimacy？ Perspectives from Post War Sri Lanka

The link between social protection provision and state legitimacy, particularly in post war contexts, has been suggested theoretically （Babajanian, 2012）. However, there is little empirical evidence to support this view. Sri Lanka＇s long history in social welfare provision and the post war context provides an opportunity to explore this relationship. This study was conceptualized to address the dearth of empirical knowledge on the social protectiotr--state legitimacy relationship by hypothesizing that war affected people＇s experiences of accessing and using state social protection programs can contribute to building state legitimacy in a post-war context. Fisher communities in Trincomalee, Jaff^a and Marmar districts were the sample sites to explore ethnic and geographic variations in people＇s experiences of social protection program delivery. The exploratory study used qualitative methodologies to understand how the state delivers and how citizens access and use programs and in what ways these experiences shape people＇s perceptions of the state. Given the complexities of making the causal link between program experience and legitimacy, the study used an analytical framework that explored the relationship based on symbolic values, which underpin both program delivery and experience. Whilst the study provides insights on how citizens perceptions of the state are shaped by every day encounters with the state through access and use of social protection programs, it also highlights the nuances in the link as not only what benefits are delivered, but how programs are delivered is an important component of program experience which shapes people＇s perceptions of the state.

Corporate Reporting： An Integrated Approach to Legitimacy Claims

With the increasing pressure on companies to engage in corporate social responsibility （CSR）, it is paramount for businesses and organizations to gain social legitimacy through building trust and credibility towards their stakeholders. Corporate reporting is a major tool whereby they can demonstrate their transparency and their will to contribute to society. However, reporting is often addressed as a narrow and restricted discipline based on specific areas of communication like financial and CSR communication, which potentially can lead to ＂disconnected reporting＂. The aim of this paper is to address reporting within a framework of corporate communication, introducing the concept of corporate reporting as ＂an issue of integration＂ and to discuss the opportunities and challenges of corporate reporting as a driver for gaining social legitimacy. Recent research in corporate reporting and the development of standards by distinguished reporting agencies （e.g., Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler （KPMG）, A4S, PricewaterhouseCoopers （PwC）） seem to support this position, arguing that integrated reporting is ＂the way forward＂. Accordingly, the authors conclude that there is a need to include a broader range of aspects in the corporate reporting literature applying a strategic integrated approach by which corporate reporting may more explicitly help businesses and organizations gain social legitimacy towards their internal and external stakeholders.

The Fading away of“Asymmetry”:Electronic Media and the School’s Legitimacy Crisis

The“maturity gap”between generations is an objective fact that can only be narrowed through education.The asymmetry between generations is the anthropological base for education,and thus school education originated when this asymmetry enlarged.The print media protects this asymmetry,whereas the electronic media decrease the asymmetry,causing it to quickly fade away.However,when the asymmetry between generations fades away,the legitimacy and attraction of school education will be reduced,which is the primary reason that modern schools encounter so many crises.In the age of electronic media,schools must search for a new legitimate basis and transform into a“learning community.”

Populism as a Crisis of Democratic Legitimacy:With Some References to France and the United States

Populism combines the following characteristics:a rejection of economic policies linked to globalization;a condemnation of political and economic elites perceived as allied,directly or indirectly,to globalization policies;a nationalist conception of the national interest;a mistrust of immigration,seen as a threat to identity;as for populism’s supporters,a rather popular sociological profile,and an electoral profile that tends toward the“hard right”(“droite dure”),without ruling out bridges to the“hard left”(“gauche dure”).Having said this,I propose to defend three theses:populism is not the solution to the problems of the countries where it is developing,whether in France,the United States or elsewhere;it would be dangerous,however,to ignore the crises of which populism is the product;it is essential to take the measure of the problems that favor its emergence and to try to provide answers to them.

Big Data Capability,Knowledge Dynamic Capability,and Business Model Innovation:The Moderating Effect of Innovation Legitimacy

Based on dynamic capability theory and legitimacy theory,a theoretical model is constructed to examine how big data capability,through the mediation of knowledge dynamic capability,drive business model innovation under the moderation effect of innovation legitimacy.The eanalys is isconducted using regression analysis and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)on survey data from 302 enterprises that have already implemented big data application practices.The study finds the following four conclusions.(1)Big data capability has a significant positive impact on business model innovation.(2)Dynamic knowledge capability partially mediates the relationship between big data capability and business model innovation.(3)Innovation legitimacy positively influences business model innovation and positively moderates the relationship between big data capability and businessmodel innovation.(4)Through further qualitative comparative analysis,two causal paths that influence business model innovation are identified.

Analysis of Standards and Effects of Police Indirect Court of Human Rights——Taking“Akbay and Others v.Germany”as an Example

The European Court of Human Rights(ECtHR)has ruled that illegal indirect entrapment must meet three criteria simultaneously.This mixed standard requires that the previous direct entrapment violates the“essentially passive,”subsequent indirect entrapment satisfies the“reasonable foreseeability,”and police entrapment of secondary defendants to commit crimes is considered“decisive.”The legal consequences of indirect entrapment are distinguished between general indirect entrapment and illegal indirect entrapment.The basic position of the ECtHR on the consequences of illegal indirect entrapment has shifted from supporting mitigating penalties to recognizing procedural dismissal,and general indirect entrapment is considered a mitigating factor in sentencing.Against the backdrop of increasing internationalization of criminal justice standards,the above criteria and positions have strong implications for the improvement of relevant rules in China.

China and Emerging Economies in Global Financial Governance:Legitimacy,Accountability and Democracy

Global financial governance refers to the way in which global financial affairs are managed. As there is no global government, global financial governance typically involves a range of actors including states, as well as regional and international organizations aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region, far from only providing the public good of financial stability through global economy integration and global financial legislation. In geopolitical context of the 21 st century, emerging economies still have maintained a low profile in global financial governance, despite their growing economic power and the rhetoric of being a responsible great power, and there is little evidence that they will seek international leadership. Moreover,compared to the other emerging powers in the BRICS(Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) group,China has under-participated in global governance in terms of contributing personnel, finance and ideas to major multilateral institutions and programs. It is really an interesting question in international economics and politics area. Firstly, this paper examines comparative data on the emerging economies countries' participation in global financial governance and explains the reason why China has relatively low involvement in global financial governance. Secondly, this paper analyzes norms and legitimacy in global financial governance, and thus outlines the emerging economies constraints on public policy of global financial market integration in the light of the foregoing analysis of legitimacy, accountability and democracy. Finally, some global financial governance development strategy and possible policy solutions are discussed as well.

The Return of Confucianism in China： Legitimacy and the Rule of the Communist Party of China

In countries with long histories, traditional culture plays an essential role in shaping social norms and influencing contemporary development. Confucianism, one of the world＇s oldest philosophies, justified the legitimacy of imperial China for about two thousand years but was attacked from the late Qing to the end of the Cultural Revolution. Ever since Deng Xiao-ping＇s economic reform, the Communist Party of China＇s legitimacy has been undermined, so the CPC has been facing a legitimacy crisis. The New Confucianism Movement has encouraged many scholars and officials to integrate a Sinolized Marxism and Confucianism dynamic for the CPC to employ as a legitimacy tool. This paper argues that Confucianism can help the CPC relegitimize its rule in China by using nationalism to strengthen traditional legitimacy and political, economic, and diplomatic development to increase its performance legitimacy.

Will China＇s Deliberative Mechanism Increase and Consolidate the Legitimacy of Local Government7

This paper focuses mainly on how to consolidate the legitimacy of local government. Some local practices and experiences have developed further than theories previously established in China, and offer lessons for good governance in Asia. One of the new methods is the ＂deliberative system＂ through which local governments seek innovations in governance and increases the legitimacy of their policies. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of this mechanism, mainly based on our survey conducted in Wenlin city, Zhejiang province, Southeast China.

Escalating Legitimacy Crises:Dwindling Political Authority and the Pursuit of Justice in Islamic,National and Global Arenas

Western and Islamic societies suffer from a common ailment-their citizens are losing trust in the basic integrity of their political institutions.There is a growing sense that systematic injustices are the core reasons behind economic,political and social crises.The result is a global decline of political authority.Embattled liberals in the West and the Islamic world want to bolster struggling democracies,new and old.Both groups see religion as indispensable in coping with chronic crises of legitimacy.Western liberalism’s sense of vulnerability is paving the way for a rediscovery of Islamic Modernism.Western liberals hope that open-minded Muslims can help them combat fundamentalisms of all stripes,including extremist tendencies surging in America and Europe.Today’s Islamic Modernists comprise an influential network of writers,interest groups and activists that can be valuable allies in transnational struggles for democracy and religious tolerance.

The Patriarch's Hall Anthology and the Legitimacy of the Shitou Sect

The Patriarch’s Hall Anthology(Zutang Ji祖堂集),is a work written in the style of“Lamp Records(灯录)”and maintains a deep connection with Xuefeng’s lineage(雪峰系)of Shitou Sect(石头宗).It therefore has obvious sectarian tendencies.In terms of the Dharma inheritance,the Patriarch’s Hall Anthology is dedicated to constructing an exclusive lineage of the Dharma transmission and establishing Shitou Sect as the direct line of transmission of the Sixth Patriarch Huineng.In terms of the image of the founder,the Patriarch’s Hall Anthology makes use of the literary methods of fictionalization and dichotomy to portray Shitou Xiqian(石头希迁)as the legitimate successor to the“treasury of the true Dharma-eye(正法眼藏).”In terms of Chan ideology,the Patriarch’s Hall Anthology,through criticizing Mazu’s Chan teaching that“the mind is precisely the Buddha(即心即佛),”established Shitou Sect as the true inheritor of the spirit of the Tathāgatagarbha(Rulaizang如来藏).It is through these three aspects that the Patriarch’s Hall Anthology consciously and systematically highlights the orthodox position of Shitou Sect in the Southern School of Chan.

Socio-Economic and Political Analysis of a Fragile State:A Reflection on Ethiopia

A review of the literature indicates that,currently,Ethiopia is now beyond the bounds of fragility.The purpose of the study was to investigate whether Ethiopia was experiencing fragility.After a review of the literature on fragility,a theoretical framework lens on fragility was developed to empirically test Ethiopia’s current condition.A longitudinal analysis indicates that before 2018,Ethiopia was regarded as the central economic engine of sub-Saharan Africa.However,as the current regime reversed Ethiopia’s developmental state model and moved to follow a neo-liberal model,Ethiopia’s economy has gradually diminished.More specifically,during the current regime,Ethiopia has experienced a decline in its Gross Domestic Product,faced rampant unemployment,and encountered an increase in inflation.Its foreign exchange currency reserves have declined below the three-month threshold of hard currency required for a country to import goods and services,and its external debt has extended beyond the country’s GDP.By encouraging armed conflict and widespread insurgencies,the current regime has caused social tension and deep humanitarian crises in Ethiopia-resulting in devastation of health and school facilities and causing more than five million Ethiopians to be displaced.Finally,failing to provide leadership to his people,the current regime in Ethiopia has willingly allowed the incursion of Ethiopia’s sovereignty by foreign forces.The conclusion of the study is that,when observed through the lens of fragility using a longitudinal framework,currently,Ethiopia has traversed beyond fragility and seems to be heading toward balkanization.

The exploration of The Professional Identity of Chinese English Teachers in The Field of TEFL

The co-existence of native English teachers and Chinese English teachers in the Chinese educational system ushers in a new and fascinating research area. The SLA field has already had native English teachers as a perfect role-modeling of using English. Why do Chinese English teachers bother? Are there any space left for Chinese English teachers in the field of TEFL? Is their existence something accidental? This paper attempts to address the issue of professional legitimacy of an increasing amount of Chinese English teachers in the field of TEFL. By analyzing the deep-rooted assumptions and customary biases in the field, this paper tries to proposal a new professional identity for Chinese English teacher to imagine.

Motives for Corporate Environmental Responses in Chinese Small-and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Motives for corporate environmental responses( CERs)have received little research attention. This study examines the motives for CERs in Chinese enterprises. In-depth interviews with senior executives of 35 small-and medium-sized enterprises( SMEs)in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces reveal that China's SMEs have mainly responded reactively to environmental problems. Legitimacy motive is the main reason for the CERs. Strategic motive is also recorded,although to a lesser extent.