Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ov...Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.展开更多
Listed by UNESCO in 1987 as a World Heritage site,the world-famous Ming Great Wall stretches several thousands of kilometers across northern China,and served as a massive military defensive system which in recent time...Listed by UNESCO in 1987 as a World Heritage site,the world-famous Ming Great Wall stretches several thousands of kilometers across northern China,and served as a massive military defensive system which in recent times has a unique historical,artistic and scientific value.Due to historical reasons and lack of advanced technologies,construction resources and conservation status of Ming Great Wall have not been investigated in any systematic manner;indeed,the extent of the Great Wall has not even been measured.This has resulted in a shortage of reliable first-hand scientific information on actual size,spatially resource distribution and preservation status of this World Heritage site.Driven by the urgent need to establish protection,research,renovation and management of Ming Great Wall,a comprehensive investigation and spatial mapping was jointly organized and completed by the State Bureau of Survey and Mapping and State Administration of Culture Heritage.High resolution digital stereo models at 1:10000 map scale covering the whole length of the Ming Great Wall have been created by photogrammetric reconstruction using nearly ten thousand aerial images.Spatial distribution and attributes of the wall sections,trenches and various subsidiary facilities in the surroundings of the Great Wall were measured with the help of digital photogrammetry workstations and results from field studies.Reliable and precise information about the Ming Great Wall has now been obtained and documented,including surface lengths,resource distribution,and preservation status.For example,the total length of Ming Great Wall is 8851.8 km,of which 6259.6 km is of actual wall,2232.5 km of natural terrain,and 359.7 km of trenches.In category lengths,1828.8 km is constructed of stone,3411.3 km of earth,249.6 km in brick,197.5 km of cliff wall and the rest 572.4 km of other means.Such information provides the scientific basis and strong platform in helping to delineate areas needing protection,in planning conservation and renovation programs,as well as digital archiving for posterity and web-based applications for modern promotions of one of the world's great attractions,the Ming Great Wall.展开更多
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Research Program,Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-SW-105)
文摘Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.
文摘Listed by UNESCO in 1987 as a World Heritage site,the world-famous Ming Great Wall stretches several thousands of kilometers across northern China,and served as a massive military defensive system which in recent times has a unique historical,artistic and scientific value.Due to historical reasons and lack of advanced technologies,construction resources and conservation status of Ming Great Wall have not been investigated in any systematic manner;indeed,the extent of the Great Wall has not even been measured.This has resulted in a shortage of reliable first-hand scientific information on actual size,spatially resource distribution and preservation status of this World Heritage site.Driven by the urgent need to establish protection,research,renovation and management of Ming Great Wall,a comprehensive investigation and spatial mapping was jointly organized and completed by the State Bureau of Survey and Mapping and State Administration of Culture Heritage.High resolution digital stereo models at 1:10000 map scale covering the whole length of the Ming Great Wall have been created by photogrammetric reconstruction using nearly ten thousand aerial images.Spatial distribution and attributes of the wall sections,trenches and various subsidiary facilities in the surroundings of the Great Wall were measured with the help of digital photogrammetry workstations and results from field studies.Reliable and precise information about the Ming Great Wall has now been obtained and documented,including surface lengths,resource distribution,and preservation status.For example,the total length of Ming Great Wall is 8851.8 km,of which 6259.6 km is of actual wall,2232.5 km of natural terrain,and 359.7 km of trenches.In category lengths,1828.8 km is constructed of stone,3411.3 km of earth,249.6 km in brick,197.5 km of cliff wall and the rest 572.4 km of other means.Such information provides the scientific basis and strong platform in helping to delineate areas needing protection,in planning conservation and renovation programs,as well as digital archiving for posterity and web-based applications for modern promotions of one of the world's great attractions,the Ming Great Wall.
