Magnetically stabilized bed dust filters—Analysis through variable length scale approach

Magnetically stabilized beds are packed beds subjected to fluid-driven deformation and controlled by magnetically induced interparticle forces. This paper deals with magnetically stabilized beds as deformable porous media and describes their application in dust filtration. The Richardson-Zaki scaling law, U/Ut = ε^n describes the field controlled bed expansion via the exponent n, that yields a porosity-dependent flow length scale dc = dpε^n. The paper addresses two issues： （i） deformation characteristics by assuming homogeneous bed expansion and a definition of bed variable flow length scale; （ii） dust filtration characteristics such as filter coefficient, specific deposit and filtration efficiency expressed in terms of the variable flow length scale and illustrated by experimental data.

New method for controlling minimum length scales of real and void phase materials in topology optimization

Minimum length scale control on real and void material phases in topology optimization is an important topic of research with direct implications on numerical stability and solution manufacturability.And it also is a challenge area of research due to serious conflicts of both the solid and the void phase element densities in phase mixing domains of the topologies obtained by existing methods.Moreover,there is few work dealing with controlling distinct minimum feature length scales of real and void phase materials used in topology designs.A new method for solving the minimum length scale controlling problem of real and void material phases,is proposed.Firstly,we introduce two sets of coordinating design variable filters for these two material phases,and two distinct smooth Heaviside projection functions to destroy the serious conflicts in the existing methods(e.g.Guest Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 199(14):123-135,2009).Then,by introducing an adaptive weighted 2-norm aggregation constraint function,we construct a coordinating topology optimization model to ensure distinct minimum length scale controls of real and void phase materials for the minimum compliance problem.By adopting a varied volume constraint limit scheme,this coordinating topology optimization model is transferred into a series of coordinating topology optimization sub-models so that the structural topology configuration can stably and smoothly changes during an optimization process.The structural topology optimization sub-models are solved by the method of moving asymptotes(MMA).Then,the proposed method is extended to the compliant mechanism design problem.Numerical examples are given to demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and can obtain a good 0/1 distribution final topology.

Measurement of length-scale and solution of cantilever beam in couple stress elasto-plasticity

Owing to the absence of proper analytical solution of cantilever beams for couple stress/strain gradient elasto-plastic theory, experimental studies of the cantilever beam in the micro-scale are not suitable for the determination of material length-scale. Based on the couple stress elasto-plasticity, an analytical solution of thin cantilever beams is firstly presented, and the solution can be regarded as an extension of the elastic and rigid-plastic solutions of pure bending beam. A comparison with numerical results shows that the current analytical solution is reliable for the case of σ0 〈〈 H 〈〈 E, where σ0 is the initial yield strength, H is the hardening modulus and E is the elastic modulus. Fortunately, the above mentioned condition can be satisfied for many metal materials, and thus the solution can be used to determine the material length-scale of micro-structures in conjunction with the experiment of cantilever beams in the micro-scale.

A High-Quality Preconditioning Technique for Multi-Length-Scale Symmetric Positive Definite Linear Systems

We study preconditioning techniques used in conjunction with the conjugate gradient method for solving multi-length-scale symmetric positive definite linear systems originating from the quantum Monte Carlo simulation of electron interaction of correlated materials.Existing preconditioning techniques are not designed to be adaptive to varying numerical properties of the multi-length-scale systems.In this paper, we propose a hybrid incomplete Cholesky(HIC) preconditioner and demonstrate its adaptivity to the multi-length-scale systems.In addition,we propose an extension of the compressed sparse column with row access(CSCR) sparse matrix storage format to efficiently accommodate the data access pattern to compute the HIC preconditioner.We show that for moderately correlated materials,the HIC preconditioner achieves the optimal linear scaling of the simulation.The development of a linear-scaling preconditioner for strongly correlated materials remains an open topic.

Effects of cooling rate on microstructure and microhardness of directionally solidified Galvalume alloy

The influences of cooling rate on the phase constitution,microstructural length scale,and microhardness of directionally solidified Galvalume(Zn-55Al-1.6Si)alloy were investigated by directional solidification experiments at different withdrawal speeds(5,10,20,50,100,200,and 400μm·s^(-1)).The results show that the microstructure of directionally solidified Galvalume alloys is composed of primary Al dendrites,Si-rich phase and(Zn-Al-Si)ternary eutectics at the withdrawal speed ranging from 5 to 400μm·s^(-1).As the withdrawal speed increases,the segregation of Si element intensifies,resulting in an increase in the area fraction of the Si-rich phase.In addition,the primary Al dendrites show significant refinement with an increase in the withdrawal speed.The relationship between the primary dendrite arm spacing(λ_(1))and the thermal parameters of solidification is obtained:λ_(1)=127.3V^(-0.31).Moreover,as the withdrawal speed increases from 5 to 400μm·s^(-1),the microhardness of the alloy increases from 90 HV to 151 HV.This is a combined effect of grain refinement and second-phase strengthening.

南禅寺大殿尺度规律研究

对以材份制度为代表的中国中古时期木构建筑模数制研究,提出了以足材而不以份为模数单位进行探索的思路。基于前期尺度规律研究案例的经验,对南禅寺大殿给出了基于足材模数单位的尺度规律解释,与现有整数尺模数或份数模数的解释形成竞争性观点。强调栱长指标在尺度研究中的重要性并充分发挥其研究潜力,将建筑开间、椽架、出跳、转角构造、立面比例等问题通过栱长尺度进行会通阐释。南禅寺大殿作为年代最早的木构建筑,其尺度规律研究有重要的史学标尺意义。

镇国寺大殿尺度规律研究

对以材份制度为代表的中国中古时期木构建筑模数制研究,提出了以足材而不以份为模数单位进行探索的思路。山西平遥镇国寺大殿为《营造法式》颁行前北方七铺作下昂造木构的典型实例,利用精细测绘报告提供的数据,对其作出了基于足材模数单位的尺度规律解释。在数据拟合的同等误差水平上,与现有整数尺模数或份数模数的解释形成竞争性观点。强调栱长指标在尺度研究中的重要性,对现有尺度研究中昂制47份的典型现象作出解释,提出了早期铺作双向栱枋构件的栱长足材假说,详细讨论了斗的方向性、实长与心长、影栱配置与檐椽平长等问题,并解释了镇国寺大殿两组栱长的特异表现,实现了对构件尺度、空间跨度、构造关系、立面视觉的综合研究。附录部分对笔者已发表的佛光寺东大殿尺度规律研究成果作出修订,提出了与镇国寺大殿衔接的规律解释以及新的足材模数取值。

考虑最小尺寸控制的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化设计

拓扑优化设计的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑构型容易出现类铰链结构,导致难以制造加工。为了满足制造工艺要求,提出一种考虑最小尺寸控制的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化设计方法。采用改进的固体各向同性材料惩罚模型,利用达西定律结合排水项计算流体压力载荷,以机构的互应变能最大化和应变能最小化为优化目标,采用Otsu算法和拓扑细化算法提取柔顺机构的骨架特征,从而构建最小特征尺寸控制,以结构体积和最小特征尺寸作为约束,建立考虑最小尺寸控制的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化模型,采用移动渐近线算法进行压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化问题求解。数值算例结果表明,所提设计方法获得的压力驱动柔顺机构最小特征尺寸满足约束,能够有效地抑制类铰链结构,并且分析不同最小控制尺寸对柔顺机构拓扑优化结果影响规律。

某水电站琴键堰体型优化试验研究

琴键堰是一种新型的高效溢流堰,以曲折的堰顶结构来增加溢流前缘总长度,使得其泄流能力远超直线堰。针对某拟建水电站琴键堰泄流能力不足的问题,提出了增加展宽比(L/W)、增加堰高(P)和增加堰高且减少单元数(n)的优化方案,并通过物理模型试验进行验证,得到了满足设计要求的推荐方案。此外,本研究还探讨了水工模型类别(整体及断面模型)和比尺效应对琴键堰泄流能力的影响。通过对比分析优化方案可知:方案M1(展宽比L/W由7.75增至8.88)中,琴键堰泄流能力得到了一定程度的提高,但泄流能力仍不满足设计要求;方案M2(堰高由4.50 m增至6.50 m)和M3(堰高由4.50 m增至6.90 m,单元数由17.5个减至8.5个)中,琴键堰泄流能力显著增加,该两种方案皆可满足设计要求。试验结果表明:与琴键堰整体模型相比,其断面模型测得的泄流能力偏大约6%;对于琴键堰,当模型堰上水头大于2.50 cm时,比尺效应对琴键堰泄流能力的影响可以忽略。

增厚DBR型894 nm窄线宽VCSEL

垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)是芯片级原子钟(CSAC)的主流光源,其光束质量会影响CSAC的各项性能。扩展VCSEL内部有效腔长能够以压缩冷腔线宽的方式压窄器件最终辐射激光的线宽,从而可以减小CSAC短时间内的计时频率噪声。根据所计算的VCSEL表面反射谱,将VCSEL中4层下分布式布拉格反射镜(DBR)的厚度由常规的四分之一波长增加至404 nm,压缩了VCSEL冷腔线宽,并生长了对应的外延结构,制备了通过增厚DBR扩展有效腔长的894 nm窄线宽VCSEL。测试结果表明,研制的VCSEL在90℃下波长为893.1 nm,功率为0.335 mW,线宽约为32 MHz,且具有稳定的偏振特性。

熊蜂多样性对群落花资源及其周围景观特征的差异性响应

以滇西北熊蜂多样性全球分布中心为研究区,在群落花末期选取了香格里拉市境内19个开花植物群落,深入调查了熊蜂及开花植物的多样性。本研究计算了熊蜂的多样性指数,并量化了每个植物群落景观组成和景观配置的多种变量。广义线性模型分析结果显示,总体上熊蜂的多度和物种丰富度与调查群落的花资源密切相关,而熊蜂的香农多样性指数则主要受景观尺度林地覆盖比例的影响。由于不同特性的熊蜂对群落花资源和景观特征的反应可能不同,本研究进一步对不同体型和喙长的熊蜂进行了分析。结果表明,根据飞行能力,大体型的熊蜂对周围林地和耕地覆盖比例的变化更敏感,而中小体型熊蜂更依赖调查群落里的花资源及周围生境间的连通性。从喙长来看,短喙的熊蜂主要依赖调查群落的花资源,而中长喙熊蜂由于其取食策略不同,更依赖景观尺度上的资源。研究结果阐释了花资源的可用性与景观特征对熊蜂多样性的影响式样及其潜在机制,发现飞行能力和觅食策略显著影响了不同熊蜂对环境依赖式样的差异。

Development of Unilateral Piriformis Syndrome in a Female with Congenital Leg Length Discrepancy

Background: This is a rare case of piriformis syndrome. We discuss the patient’s symptoms, imaging study results, laboratory examination findings, and prescribed treatment in an attempt to determine the possible mechanisms or reasons for this patient’s development of piriformis syndrome. Methods: The patient is a 22-year-old female soldier who was admitted for lower back pain with soreness radiating to her right buttock and right lower extremity. We found that she had leg length discrepancy under X-ray finding. She was diagnosed piriformis syndrome by physical examination and Magenetic Resonance Image. Results: We performed scanography for lower extremities revealed a left femur length of 42.7 cm, a right femur length of 43.3 cm, a left tibia length of 33.2 cm, and a right tibia length of 33.6 cm;her left lower extremity was 1 cm shorter than her right. The MRI of sacrum also reveals hypertrophy of right piriformis muscle. Conclusions: Piriformis syndrome might be caused by short-term compensation in congenital leg length discrepancy. The patient with leg length discrepancy changed posture when standing, walking, and running. These compensation postures could lead to abnormality position of bones where there is insertion of the muscle.

The Neighborhood Scale Variability of Airborne Particulates

Airborne particulates play a central role in both the earth’s radiation balance and as a trigger for a wide range of health impacts. Air quality monitors are placed in networks across many cities glob-ally. Typically these provide at best a few recording locations per city. However, large spatial var-iability occurs on the neighborhood scale. This study sets out to comprehensively characterize a full size distribution from 0.25 - 32 μm of airborne particulates on a fine spatial scale (meters). The data are gathered on a near daily basis over the month of May, 2014 in a 100 km2 area encompassing parts of Richardson, and Garland, TX. Wind direction was determined to be the dominant factor in classifying the data. The highest mean PM2.5 concentration was 14.1 ± 5.7 μg·m-3 corresponding to periods when the wind was out of the south. The lowest PM2.5 concentrations were observed after several consecutive days of rainfall. The rainfall was found to not only “cleanse” the air, leaving a mean PM2.5 concentration as low as 3.0 ± 0.5 μg·m-3, but also leave the region with a more uniform PM2.5 concentration. Variograms were used to determine an appropriate spatial scale for future sensor placement to provide measurements on a neighborhood scale and found that the spatial scales varied, depending on the synoptic weather pattern, from 0.8 km to 5.2 km, with a typical length scale of 1.6 km.

Analysis on phase selection and microstructure evolution in directionally solidified Zn-Al-Mg-Ce alloy

In the process of hot-dip Zn-Al-Mg alloy coating,the plating solution dissipates heat in the direction perpendicular to the steel plate,which is considered to be a process of directional solidification.To understand the relationship between microstructure and cooling rate of Zn-Al-Mg alloys,both the phase constitution and microstructure characteristic length scales of Zn-9.5Al-3Mg-0.01Ce(wt.%)alloy were investigated by the directional solidification experiments at different growth velocities(V=40,80,160,250μm·s^(-1)).The experimental results show that the microstructure of directionally solidified Zn-9.5Al-3Mg-0.01Ce alloy is composed of primary Al dendrites and(Zn-Al-Mg2Zn11)ternary eutectics at the growth velocities ranging from 40 to 250μm·s^(-1).The primary Al dendrites are aligned regularly along the growth direction,accompanied with obvious secondary dendrites.The relationship between the microstructure length scale and the thermal parameters of solidification is obtained:λ1=374.66V-0.383,andλ2=167.5V-0.563(λ1is the primary dendrite arm spacing,andλ2 is the secondary dendrit arm spacing).In addition,through the interface response function(IRF)and the nucleation and constitutional undercooling(NCU),the phase selection of Zn-9.5Al-3Mg-0.01Ce is obtained:(Zn+Al+Mg2Zn11)ternary eutectics in the Zn-9.5Al-3Mg-0.01Ce alloy will be replaced by ternary eutectics(Zn+Al+MgZn2)when the growth rate is lower than 7.53μm·s^(-1).

基于共光路方式的光程倍增测量方法研究

针对大长度标准装置在测量过程中占地面积大、建设难度高等问题,研究一种基于共光路方式的光程倍增测量方法,通过将光路折叠,将大空间的室内长距离测量缩短至小空间内的短距离测量。实验模拟激光干涉仪在共光路方式中的检测过程,验证测量方法的可行性,实现光程的成倍增长,测量空间成倍缩短,该方法可广泛应用于激光测距类仪器的检测。

基于FY-4红外资料和光流法的不同空间尺度云团的外推可预报性研究

为研究云图和不同尺度云团的外推可预报性特征,设计了一种适应于FY-4卫星红外云图(10.8μm)的云检测方法,结合区域识别算法,剥离出不同尺度的云团;使用具有HS全局约束方案的光流法,开展外推敏感试验。对2020年不同月份的12个个例的统计结果表明:对亮温云图进行外推预报时,可用光流信息接近6 h,第0.5、1和6小时亮温均方根误差分别约为4.4、7.1和16.7 K,外推预报准确率随着预报时长的增加呈指数趋势降低。为消除亮温日变化影响,对云检测结果即云团分布进行不同时长的外推预报,统计结果表明:云团位置预报偏差是外推预报在第0~1小时中误差快速增长的主要原因,云团面积和位置的预报偏差是第1~6小时中误差的主要组成。>2000 km、200~2000 km、20~200 km、<20 km等尺度云团的可参考外推时长分别不超过6、1.5、1 h和15 min;外推“所有”尺度云团的预报主要体现了>2000 km尺度云团的外推预报特征;外推预报准确率随着云团空间尺度的减小而降低,这与不同尺度云团的物理属性演变特性、生命史长短等要素密切相关。以上研究结果对红外云图外推预报业务应用有一定指导意义。

A New Interpretation of the Higgs Vacuum Potential Energy Based on a Planckion Composite Model for the Higgs

We present a new interpretation of the Higgs field as a composite particle made up of a positive, with, a negative mass Planck particle. According to the Winterberg hypothesis, space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of both positive and negative physical massive particles, which he called planckions, interacting through strong superfluid forces. In our composite model for the Higgs boson, there is an intrinsic length scale associated with the vacuum, different from the one introduced by Winterberg, where, when the vacuum is in a perfectly balanced state, the number density of positive Planck particles equals the number density of negative Planck particles. Due to the mass compensating effect, the vacuum thus appears massless, chargeless, without pressure, energy density, or entropy. However, a situation can arise where there is an effective mass density imbalance due to the two species of Planck particle not matching in terms of populations, within their respective excited energy states. This does not require the physical addition or removal of either positive or negative Planck particles, within a given region of space, as originally thought. Ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy can thus be given a new interpretation as residual vacuum energies within the context of a greater vacuum, where the populations of the positive and negative energy states exactly balance. In the present epoch, it is estimated that the dark energy number density imbalance amounts to, , per cubic meter, when cosmic distance scales in excess of, 100 Mpc, are considered. Compared to a strictly balanced vacuum, where we estimate that the positive, and the negative Planck number density, is of the order, 7.85E54 particles per cubic meter, the above is a very small perturbation. This slight imbalance, we argue, would dramatically alleviate, if not altogether eliminate, the long standing cosmological constant problem.

On the Cosmic Evolution of the Quantum Vacuum Using Two Variable G Models and Winterberg’s Thesis

We work within a Winterberg framework where space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of a two component superfluid/super-solid made up of a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass Planck particles, called planckions. These material particles interact indirectly, and have very strong restoring forces keeping them a finite distance apart from each other within their respective species. Because of their mass compensating effect, the vacuum appears massless, charge-less, without pressure, net energy density or entropy. In addition, we consider two varying G models, where G, is Newton’s constant, and G-1, increases with an increase in cosmological time. We argue that there are at least two competing models for the quantum vacuum within such a framework. The first follows a strict extension of Winterberg’s model. This leads to nonsensible results, if G increases, going back in cosmological time, as the length scale inherent in such a model will not scale properly. The second model introduces a different length scale, which does scale properly, but keeps the mass of the Planck particle as, ± the Planck mass. Moreover we establish a connection between ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy, where all three mass densities within the Friedman equation must be interpreted as residual vacuum energies, which only surface, once aggregate matter has formed, at relatively low CMB temperatures. The symmetry of the vacuum will be shown to be broken, because of the different scaling laws, beginning with the formation of elementary particles. Much like waves on an ocean where positive and negative planckion mass densities effectively cancel each other out and form a zero vacuum energy density/zero vacuum pressure surface, these positive mass densities are very small perturbations (anomalies) about the mean. This greatly alleviates, i.e., minimizes the cosmological constant problem, a long standing problem associated with the vacuum.

The impact of heterogeneity of land surface roughness length on estimation of turbulent flux in model

Based on preliminary theoretical analysis and numerical experiment, it is found that land surface heterogeneity plays an important role in the models turbulent flux calculation. In nearly neutral atmosphere conditions, variation coefficient of sub-scale roughness length, cell-average roughness, and reference height are main factors affecting the calculation of grid turbulent fluxes. The first factor has a determinant role on calculation deviation. The relative error generated by roughness heterogeneity could be more than 40% in some cases in certain areas （e.g., in vegetation-climate transition belt）. Selecting a specific reference height may improve the calculation of turbulent flux. In stable or unstable atmosphere conditions, with sensible heat flux as an example, analysis shows that the discrepancy is correlated to the sub-grid distributions of mean wind velocity, potential temperature gradient between land surface and reference levels, and atmosphere stability near surface layer caused by the heterogeneity of land surface roughness. The calculation of turbulent flux is the most sensitive to stability in the above three factors. The above analysis shows that it is necessary to make a further consideration for the calculation deviation of the turbulent fluxes brought from land surface heterogeneity in the present numerical models.

矩形高层建筑气动基底力矩系数研究

为探讨长宽比和来流湍流特性对矩形高层建筑基底力矩系数的影响,对长宽比为1/9~9的矩形高层建筑在4种风场下进行了同步测压风洞试验。将试验结果与以往文献数据进行了比较,分析了建筑长宽比、湍流强度和湍流积分尺度对顺风向基底力矩系数平均值与标准差、横风向和扭转向基底力矩系数标准差的影响。结果表明:当建筑长宽比不大于3时,顺风向基底力矩系数平均值和标准差随长宽比先增大后减小,当长宽比大于3时,该平均值和标准差基本不随长宽比变化;横风向和扭转向基底力矩系数标准差均随长宽比增大单调增大,但前者的增长速度随长宽比增大逐渐减小,而后者的增长速度随长宽比增大仍逐渐增大;对于顺风向基底力矩系数,增大湍流积分尺度会使平均值和标准差增大,而增大湍流强度会使平均值减小,标准差增大;对于横风向和扭转向基底力矩系数标准差,湍流积分尺度和湍流强度的影响随长宽比的不同而不同。基于分析结果,针对不同风场提出了矩形高层建筑顺风向、横风向和扭转向基底力矩系数的拟合公式,可为结构设计和荷载规范修订提供参考。