Determining the Charge-to-Mass Ratio of the Electron

The aim of this lab was to determine an experimental value for the charge-to-mass ratio e/me of the electron. In order to do this, an assembly consisting of Helmholtz coils and a helium-filled fine beam tube containing an electron gun was used. Electrons were accelerated from rest by the electron gun at a voltage of 201.3 V kept constant across trials. When the accelerated electrons collided with the helium atoms in the fine beam tube, the helium atoms entered an excited state and released energy as light. Since the Helmholtz coils put the electrons into centripetal motion, this resulted in a circular beam of light, the radius of which was measured by taking a picture and using photo analysis. This procedure was used to test currents through the Helmholtz coils ranging from 1.3 A to 1.7 A in increments of 0.1 A. Using a linearization of these data, the experimental value for the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron was found to be 1.850 × 1011 C/kg, bounded between 1.440 × 1011 C/kg and 2.465 × 1011 C/kg. This range of values includes the accepted value of 1.759 × 1011 C/kg, and yields a percent error of 5.17%. The rather low percent error is a testament to the accuracy of this procedure. During this experiment, the orientation of the ambient magnetic field due to the Earth at the center of the apparatus was not considered. In the future, it would be worthwhile to repeat this procedure, taking care to position the Helmholtz coils in such a way to negate the effects of the Earth’s magnetic field on the centripetal motion of electrons.

Modeling the blast load induced by a close-in explosion considering cylindrical charge parameters

Structural damage is significantly influenced by the various parameters of a close-in explosion.To establish a close-in blast loading model for cylindrical charges according to these parameters,a series of field experiments and a systematic numerical analysis were conducted.A high-fidelity finite element model developed using AUTODYN was first validated using blast data collected from field tests conducted in this and previous studies.A quantitative analysis was then performed to determine the influence of the charge shape,aspect ratio(length to diameter),orientation,and detonation configuration on the characteristics and distributions of the blast loading(incident peak overpressure and impulse)according to scaled distance.The results revealed that the secondary peak overpressure generated by a cylindrical charge was mainly distributed along the axial direction and was smaller than the overpressure generated by an equivalent spherical charge.The effects of charge shape on the blast loading at 45°and 67.5°in the axial plane could be neglected at scaled distances greater than 2 m/kg^(1/3);the effect of aspect ratios greater than 2 on the peak overpressure in the 90°(radial)direction could be neglected at all scaled distances;and double-end detonation increased the radial blast loading by up to 60%compared to singleend detonation.Finally,an empirical cylindrical charge blast loading model was developed considering the influences of charge aspect ratio,orientation,and detonation configuration.The results obtained in this study can serve as a reference for the design of blast tests using cylindrical charges and aid engineers in the design of blast-resistant structures.

Numerical investigation on free air blast loads generated from center-initiated cylindrical charges with varied aspect ratio in arbitrary orientation

In current guidelines, the free air blast loads(overpressure and impulse) are determined by spherical charges, although most of ordnance devices are more nearly cylindrical than spherical in geometry. This may result in a great underestimation of blast loads in the near field and lead to an unsafe design.However, there is still a lack of systematic quantitative analysis of the blast loads generated from cylindrical charges. In this study, a numerical model is developed by using the hydrocode AUTODYN to investigate the influences of aspect ratio and orientation on the free air blast loads generated from center-initiated cylindrical charges. This is done by examining the pressure contours, the peak overpressures and impulses for various aspect ratios ranged from 1 to 8 and arbitrary orientation monitored along every azimuth angle with an interval of 5°. To characterize the distribution patterns of blast loads,three regions, i.e., the axial region, the vertex region and the radial region are identified, and the propagation of blast waves in each region is analyzed in detail. The complexity of blast loads of cylindrical charges is found to result from the bridge wave and its interaction with primary waves. Several empirical formulas are presented based on curve-fitting the numerical data, including the orientation where the maximum peak overpressure emerges, the critical scaled distance beyond which the charge shape effect could be neglected and blast loads with varied aspect ratio in arbitrary orientation, all of which are useful for blast-resistant design.

Preparation of Layered Potassium Titanate Whiskers with Large Length-diameter Ratio by KDC Method

Pure K2Ti4O9 whiskers were prepared by KDC（Kneading-Drying-Calcination） method with TiO2 and K2CO3 as raw materials. The influences of TiO2/K2CO3 molar ratio（RT/K）, calcination temperature（TC） and cooling process on phase composition and morphology of the whiskers were investigated by TG-DSC（thermo gravimetric-differential scanning calorimeter）, XRD（X-ray diffraction）, and SEM（scanning electron microscope）. Pure K2Ti4O9 potassium titanate whiskers with large length-diameter ratio（r）（over 250） can be obtained at RT/K = 2.9 and TC = 950 ℃.

REACTIVITY RATIOS FOR COPOLYMERIZATION WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF A CHARGE-TRANSFER COMPLEX

The complexation between styrene (St) and N-phenylmaleimide (PMI) was investigated by H-1-NMR spectroscopy, and the existence of a complex was proved. The equilibrium constant of St/PMI in chloroform at 50 degrees C was determined to be 0.27. New elementary propagation reactions were proposed. On the basis of the propagation elementary reactions for copolymerization with the participation of a charge-transfer complex (CTC), a method for measuring the reactivity ratios is presented. Four reactivity ratios and relative reactivities of free monomer and CTC were obtained. They are r(12) = 0.034, r(21) = 0.012, r(1C) = 0.0030, r(2C) = 0.0034, and k(1C)/k(12) = 11.34, k(2C)/k(21) = 3.42.

EAF steelmaking process with increasing hot metal charging ratio and improving slagging regime

A new electric arc furnace （EAF） steelmaking process with increasing hot metal charging ratio and improving slagging regime simultaneously was developed and applied in a 50 t electric arc furnace for more than a year at No. 1 Steelmaking Plant of Shanxi Taigang Stainless Corporation Limited. The essential fact of the new EAF steelmaking process was to charge hot metal in two portions or steps： firstly, 35wt%-40wt% hot metal was pretreated by blowing oxygen in a specially designed reactor for decar burization and improving hot metal temperature and melting premelted slag; secondly, 30wt% hot metal was charged into EAF with high basicity refining slags from ladle furnace （LF）-vacuum degassing furnace （VD） refining process. The results show that the hot metal charging ratio can reach to about 65wt%-70wt% for the new EAF steelrnaking process; meanwhile, the tap-to-tap time of a 50 t EAF can shorten by 5-10 min, the electricity consumption can decrease by 35-50 kW·h/t, the lime consumption can reduce by 10.5 kg/t of molten steel, and the content of harmful heavy metals in molten steel can be easily controlled to less than the upper limits of aimed steel specification or grade compared with the traditional EAF steelmaking process. In addition, the dephosphorization ability shows a slight strengthening, however, a small degree of lessening for desulphurization ability is observed for the new EAF steelmaking process, but the weakness of desulphurization ability cannot become an obstacle to its further application since a stronger desulphurization ability can be achieved during secondary refining of LF coupled with VD after EAF steelmaking process.

The Origin of the Color Charge into Quarks

Showing the origin of the mass in an additional coupling between field quantum oscillators, we formulate a hypothesis of a geometrical structure of the oscillators of “fields-particles”. In this way, we define the possible structure of quarks and hadrons (as the proton). This hypothesis is reasonable if one admits field oscillators composed by sub-oscillators at semi-quantum (IQuO) and in which a degree of internal freedom is definable. Using the IQuO model, we find the origin of the sign of electric charge in to particles and, in quarks, the isospin, the strangeness and colour charge. Finally, we formulate the structure of the gluons and the variation modality of the colour charge in quarks.

A New Activated Water Charged by Electrophoresis, Effect on the Experimentally Immuno-Suppressed Animal and Their Anti-Oxidative Activity

Every individuals expose to the lisk of conventional immunodeficiency in daily life with both internal and externals. In a series of investigation, we have been assessed the various health promoting menu such as hot spring hydrotherapy, acupuncture & moxibution, light excurse, evidenced Control water western medicine technique. In this report, we try to investigate the regulatory effect of hydrotherapy by activated water molecule as our representative menu under the influence of hypothalamus system. We set up both animal and human model for assessment of hydrotherapy. Before starting experimental assessment, six males and females seven-week-old ddY mice, are used for the acute oral toxicity study. There is no sign for toxicity as judged by body weight, organ inspection by veterinary doctor. Next, young ddY mice are experimentally induced diabetes and immune-deficient status by administrating cancer chemotherapeutic agent, Streptzotosin. Charged Water was evident to control the blood sugar level compared to the Control Water group together with conventional control group. Both experimental group of mice wear statistically significant for recovery from blood sugar level and antibody secreting cell both IgM and IgG plaque-forming cell. We confirm also activated water group delivered the granulocyte that slow down the oxidative stress by super oxide.

Cu Secondary Adsorption by Some Variable Charge Soils After Adsorbing SO_4^(2-)

Cu secondary adsorption by three variable charge soils collected from hubei Province and Hunan Province was investigated.The amount of Cu secondary adsorption increased with that of SO4^2- elementary adsorption and conformed with the Langmuir,freundlich and Temkin isotherms.Desorption of secondary-adsorbed Cu indicated that the hysteresis ratio decreased as Cu secondary adsorption increased,which meant that secondry-adsorbed Cu existed not only in the exchangeable form but also in the bridge form and specifically adsorbed form.The amount of Cu secondary adsorption increased with the temperature.

顺序凝固工艺对大长径比装药缩松的影响研究

针对顺序凝固工艺对大长径比装药易形成缩松的问题,分别以受控生长期、自由凝固期的相界面形貌特征参数为中间量,建立了工艺参数到缩松体积的4层关联路径,选择TNT/RDX(33.8/65)炸药、长径比5∶1的装药模具,进行了正交仿真、极差分析以及Spearman相关系数计算,结果表明,降低水温、入水速度以及提高环境换热系数可提高受控生长期的相界面高度、开口角,从而降低自由凝固期的凝固区间最大厚度,最终减少缩松体积;工艺参数影响强弱为:水温、入水速度、环境换热系数;降低入水速度、提高环境换热系数可减少对低水温的依赖。本研究探明了顺序凝固工艺参数对大长径比装药相界面演化及缩松的影响机理,可为相关工艺设计提供理论支撑。

基于PSO-CNN-XGBoost水下柱形装药峰值超压预测

为探索水下柱形装药结构、爆距等参数与水下柱形装药峰值超压的关系,将装药样本数据视为二维数据,建立粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法、一维卷积神经网络(1D Convolutional Neural Network,1DCNN)和极端梯度提升(Extreme Gradient Boosting,XGBoost)的水下柱形装药峰值超压融合预测算法。采用相关性分析与数据可视化方法,分析装药结构参数、爆距与峰值超压之间的关联关系。设计1DCNN深度网络挖掘不同长径比、爆距等参数与峰值超压之间的纵向时序关系。运用XGBoost算法寻找装药结构参数、爆距与峰值超压之间的横向非线性关系,提升小样本数据的预测精度。使用PSO算法优化1DCNN和XGBoost的超参数,获得最优算法结构。研究结果表明,在包含10种智能算法的对比实验中,PSO-CNN-XGBoost水下柱形装药峰值超压预测算法在精度、稳定性、拟合程度上均高于其他模型。

塞曼效应实验之虚拟仿真与电脑辅助对比分析

塞曼效应实验通过测量汞绿光在磁场中分裂谱线的波长差计算电子的荷质比。电脑辅助版塞曼效应实验利用CCD图像采集卡将法布里-珀罗标准具等倾干涉图像采集到电脑,再利用塞曼效应实验分析软件对图像进行处理,测出光分裂的谱线波长差,计算出电子荷质比。虚拟仿真型塞曼效应实验则是利用科大奥锐提供的虚拟仿真实验系统,从实验仪器的摆放、调试到测量及数据处理,实现对塞曼效应实验的全程模拟仿真。电脑辅助版塞曼效应实验克服了过去手工测量的诸多缺陷,但并没有解决所有不足,还带来一些新问题。塞曼效应虚拟仿真实验几乎解决了传统塞曼效应实验所遇到的所有问题,只要必要的步骤操作到位,就可以得到理想的实验结果。通过研究分析,深刻认识到两种实验方式相互不能完全替代,但可以作为有益补充。

采用多丝正比室读出的屏栅电离室能量分辨研究

搭建了一个基于多丝正比室读出的屏栅电离室探测器,使其保留屏栅电离室屏蔽特性的同时具备雪崩放大功能,通过在探测器内部对原初电离信号进行预放大,以提高信噪比,改善探测器的能量分辨率。利用241Am源详细测试了探测器在不同气压、沉积能量、阳极丝径时能量分辨率及增益随阳极电压的变化关系。探测器最佳能量分辨对应的工作电压与入射粒子在漂移区中沉积的能量有关,能量沉积越小,对应的最佳工作电压越高,探测器的增益越大。对于5.486 MeV的241Am α粒子源的能量分辨率可达1.45%。

船岸用储能电池充放电过程温度变化研究

储能锂电池系统在船舶和港口区域的应用和推广是交通水运领域减碳降排的重要措施。锂电池的工作特性决定了热管理在储能系统的重要性,而锂电池充放电过程中温度变化则是热管理系统设计的基点。本文从锂电池原理引出温度监控的重要性,然后针对不同品牌、不同批次的280 Ah磷酸铁锂电芯,选取7个测温区域,在不同环境温度、不同倍率下分别进行充放电温度测试实验研究,试验结果可为锂电池储能系统热管理设计提供支持,同时也可供同行参考。

气助式静电喷头感应电场及荷质比研究

气助式静电喷雾技术在果园植保机械中被广泛应用,能够有效增加雾滴在叶片背面的沉积。为此,通过数值仿真计算了气助式静电喷头的电极环中心线上的电场分布,并根据电极环的轮廓参数设计正交试验研究了电极环外径、内径和厚度对电场强度影响的显著性;确定了最优工作参数为外径30mm、内径4mm和厚度1mm;根据最优工作参数研究了荷电电压对电场强度和荷质比的影响规律,当荷电电压为3kV时,荷质比达到3.41mC/kg。

外加电压对明胶膜液荷电与润湿性能的影响及其预测模型

目的 探究不同荷质比明胶溶液的润湿性能,并建立预测模型。方法 以明胶可食涂膜为研究对象,利用感应荷电施加外源静电场以改善膜液润湿性能,探究电场电压对明胶液滴荷质比与表面张力,以及液滴在疏水表面接触角的影响,并通过机器学习建立荷质比与表面张力/接触角之间预测模型。结果 随着电压升高,明胶液滴荷质比不断增大,且仅以司盘20为表面活性剂(tw0组)时液滴具有最高的荷质比(-50 nC/g)。在0~7 kV内,明胶液滴的表面张力随电压升高从35.99~40.65 mN/m降至31.38~35.65 mN/m,其中tw0组表面张力下降最为明显。明胶液滴在石蜡表面的接触角也随电压升高而减小,在表面活性剂吐温20与司盘20质量比为1∶1时具有最小值,即电压7 kV时接触角为64.99°。深度神经网络预测模型决定系数接近于1,均方误差小于0.08,平均绝对误差小于0.15,具有最好的预测效果。结论 静电喷涂能够有效改善膜液在食品表面的润湿性能,利用深度神经网络能够建立膜液液滴荷质比与表面张力/接触角的良好预测模型。

鞍钢10号3200m^(3)高炉降低焦比生产实践

针对高炉焦比指标较高的问题,提出了采取提高原燃料质量、提高煤比、保证合理的炉型、优化装料制度和提高炉缸活跃性等措施。实践后,高炉入炉焦比降低16 kg/t,综合焦比降低18 kg/t,产量提升360 t/d,高炉长期稳定顺行,效果良好。

聚烯烃颗粒在气力输送中静电起电特性研究

为了探究不同聚烯烃粉体颗粒在气力输送过程中起电特性,采用一套自制气力输送实验系统,探究了气力输送过程中不同气固浓度参数对PETG、PP、ABS这3种聚烯烃颗粒静电起电特性的影响规律。结果表明:气力输送过程中PETG与PP颗粒带负电荷,ABS颗粒带正电荷,质量流量和输送空气速度对PETG、PP颗粒的荷质比变化呈类似的变化规律,而ABS颗粒的规律则有所不同。随着颗粒质量流量增大,PETG和PP分别表现为总负电荷量减小;而相同质量流量条件下ABS颗粒则表现为总正电荷量增加。随着输送空气速度增加,3种聚烯烃颗粒所带电荷也会增加,但PETG和PP颗粒电荷极性则会出现极大值。

除静电离子风对粉体充填包装模拟与试验研究

研究离子风对粉体下落过程中的静电消除效果,探究除静电离子风对粉体充填包装影响。首先通过Solid works建立粉体充填包装三维结构;然后基于气固耦合机理,利用Fluent中湍流模型与DPM离散相模型,对外加离子风粉体充填包装过程进行仿真,分析不同风速对不同粒径颗粒的捕获;最后搭建粉体螺旋输送静电消除试验平台,基于仿真结果将除静电离子风机应用到粉体充填包装工位,对粉体下落过程中静电消除效果进行试验研究,并与仿真结果对比分析。由仿真结果可知粉体流沿着包装袋内侧向外流出,并呈对称分布;添加离子风有利于粉体的落袋,当风速区间0.4~0.6 m/s,对粒径大于30μm的粉体颗粒捕获率较高。试验研究表明,在螺旋转速为90 r/min,垂直下落管道吹风时,未添加离子风和添加0.6 m/s的离子风小麦粉平均荷质比分别为0.45 nc/g、0.33 nc/g;出料口上方吹风时,未添加离子风和添加0.6 m/s的离子风小麦粉平均荷质比分别为0.45 nc/g、0.34 nc/g。试验与仿真结果相一致;离子风在粉体充填包装时对荷电量存在显著影响,垂直下落管道吹离子风静电消除效率最高达到27%,出料口上方吹离子风静电消除效率最高达到24%。

唐钢2#高炉提煤降焦生产实践

总结分析了2#高炉提高煤比的措施。通过采取稳定炉料结构、持续改善原燃料质量、碱金属、锌的控制和合理的高炉基本制度等措施,煤比大幅提升,2023年5月、6月煤比均达到170kg/t·Fe。