Effect of length-width ratio of rounded rectangle aquaculture tank in dual-diagonal-inlet layout on hydrodynamics

To adapt to the change of aquaculture workshop site,optimize the shape of aquaculture tanks and improve the utilization rate of breeding space,it is necessary to determine the appropriate length width ratio parameters of aquaculture tanks.In this paper,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)technology is adopted to study the flow field performance of aquaculture tanks with different L/B ratios(L:the length;B:the width,of aquaculture tank)and different jet direction conditions(lengthways jet and widthways jet).A three-dimensional numerical calculation model of turbulence in rounded rectangle aquaculture tanks in dual-diagonal-inlet layout was established.Jet directions are arranged lengthways and widthways,and the water flow velocity,resistance coefficient change,vorticity,etc.are analyzed under two working conditions.Results show that the flow field performance in aquaculture tank decreases with the increase of the L/B ratio.The flow field performed well when L/B was 1.0-1.3,sharply dropped at 1.4-1.6,and poor at 1.7-1.9.The results provided a theoretical basis for the design and optimization in flow field performance of the industrialized circulating aquaculture tanks.

Influence of the Impeller/Guide Vane Clearance Ratio on the Performances of a Nuclear Reactor Coolant Pump

An AP1000 nuclear reactor coolant pump is considered to assess the influence of the Impeller/Guide vane clearance on the performances of this type of pumps.Experiments and numerical simulations relying on an unidirectional fluid-solid coupling approach are used to investigate the problem(stress,strain and mode of the rotor).The results reveal the relationship existing between the hydraulic performance of the nuclear reactor coolant pump and the clearance ratio.The effect of clearance ratio on the maximum equivalent stress on the back surface of the impeller blade is greater than that on the working surface(the maximum equivalent stress on the back surface of impeller blade is about three times that on the working surface).The clearance ratio has a scarce effect on the first six natural frequencies of the rotor of the nuclear reactor coolant pump.The related vibrational modes have different waveforms.

Conceptual design and safety characteristics of a new multi-mission high flux research reactor

Research reactors with neutron fluxes higher than 10^(14) n cm^(−2) s^(−1) are widely used in nuclear fuel and material irradiation,neutron-based scientific research,and medical and industrial isotope production.Such high flux research reactors are not only important scientific research facilities for the development of nuclear energy but also represent the national comprehensive technical capability.China has several high flux research reactors that do not satisfy the requirements of nuclear energy development.A high flux research reactor has the following features:a compact core arrangement,high power density,plate-type fuel elements,a short refueling cycle,and high coolant velocity in the core.These characteristics make it difficult to simultaneously realize high neutron flux and optimal safety margin.A new multi-mission high flux research reactor was designed by the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology at Tsinghua University in China;the reactor can simul-taneously realize an average neutron flux higher than 2.0×10^(15) n cm^(−2) s^(−1) and fulfill the current safety criterion.This high flux research reactor features advanced design concepts and has sufficient safety margins according to the preliminary safety analysis.Based on the analysis of the station blackout accident,loss of coolant accident,and reactivity accident of a single-control drum rotating out accidently,the maximum temperature of the cladding surface,minimum departure from nucleate boiling ratio,and temperature difference to the onset of nucleate boiling temperature satisfy the design limits.

Performance of Catalytically Active Membrane Reactors with Different A/V Ratios

Although the performance of membrane reactors (MR) is highly affected by the ratio of membrane area-to-reaction volume, there are few studies on this effect owing to the difficulties associated with reactor manufacture. In this study, an MR with high A/V ratio, a diameter of 35 m, and a height of 0.8 mm was fabricated. Separation performance of this MR was investigated in an n-butanol/water system. Esterification of acetic acid and n-butanol was used as the model reaction to investigate the performance of catalytically active membrane reactors (CAMR) with different A/V ratios. The reaction conversion was 38.59% in the CAMR with the high A/V ratio of 12,497/m, which was much higher than that in other CAMRs, for reaction time of 60 min and W/Vfratio of 0.093 g/mL. Excellent catalytic stability of the CAMR was confirmed by performing long-term stability experiments. © 2017 Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany

Effect of reprocessing on neutrons of a molten chloride salt fast reactor

Due to their unique features,such as the inherent safety,simplified fuel cycle,and continuous on-line reprocessing,molten salt reactors(MSRs)are regarded as one of the six reference reactors in the Generation IV International Forum(GEN-IV).Molten chloride salt fast reactors(MCFRs)are a type of MSR.Compared to molten fluoride salt reactors(MFSRs),MCFRs have a higher solubility of heavy metal atoms,a harder neutron spectrum,lower accumulation of fission products(FPs),and better breeding and transmutation performance.Thus,MCFRs have been recognized as a type of MSR with great prospects for future development.However,as the most important feature for MSRs,the effect of different reprocessing modes on MCFRs must be researched in depth.As such,this study investigated the effect of different isotopes,especially FPs,on the neutronic performance of an MCFR,such as its breeding performance.Furthermore,the characteristics of the different reprocessing modes and MCFR rates were analyzed in terms of safety,radioactivity level,neutron economy,and breeding capacity.In the end,a reprocessing method suitable for MCFRs was determined through calculation and analysis,which provides a reference for the further research of MCFRs.

Estimates of Tritium Produced Ratio in the Blanket of Fusion Reactors

For the preparation of tritium fuel as the main and rare fuel of reactors in the fusion reactors, the reactor blanket must be designed so that it provides enough tritium breeding ratio. The tritium breeding ratio, TBR, in the blanket of reactors should be greater than one, (TBR > 1), by applying lithium blanket. The calculations for proposed parameters (td , fb , η and tp), indicate that the estimated tritium breeding ratio is greater than one. The calculated TBR = 1.04 satisfies the tritium provision condition.

Primary Breeding Ratio Analysis of an Improved Supercritical Water Cooled Fast Reactor

The purpose of the study is to analyze the breeding ratio of a supercritical water cooled fast reactor (SCFR) and to increase the breeding core of SCFR. The sensitivities of assembly parameters, core arrangements and fuel nuclide components to the breeding ratio are analyzed. In assembly parameters, the seed fuel rod diameter has higher sensitivities to the conversion ratio (CR) than the coolant tube diameter in blanket. Increasing heavy metal fraction is good to CR improvement. The CR of SCFR also increases with a reasonable core arrangement and Pu isotope mass fraction reduction in fuel, which can achieve more negative coolant void reactivity coefficient at the same time. The breeding ratio of SCFR is 1.03128 with a new core arrangement. And the coolant void reactivity coefficient is negative, which achieves a fuel breeding in initial fuel cycle.

基于CFD流场模拟的大型卧式反应釜结构研究

近年来,加压浸出湿法冶金工程在向更大规模的发展道路受到了配套装备大型化带来的技术制约。为了适应加压浸出工艺关键核心设备-卧式反应釜的规模大型化发展,更好地保证该设备在使用过程中的可靠性与高效性。本文采用CFD流体模拟软件,针对某项目使用的300立卧式反应釜,研究其在不同长径比下的流场分布情况以及搅拌器功率消耗大小与长径比的关系。研究表明适当增加长径比有利于改善水平方向的流场特性,减小长径比有利于改善垂直方向的流场特性,减小长径比有利于搅拌功率的降低。当长径比取1.08或1.13,能够有效提高卧式反应釜内的反应效率,降低成本和系统能耗。

膜曝气生物膜反应器脱氮性能研究

膜曝气生物膜反应器(MABR)有效地将生物膜法技术和膜分离技术结合在一起,在污水脱氮方面潜力巨大。以MABR处理模拟生活污水和豆制品加工废水,着重考察了MABR的稳定性及脱氮性能。结果表明,在HRT=12 h、曝气压力=10 kPa和C/N=5时,MABR对模拟生活污水处理效果最佳,COD、氨氮、TN的平均去除率分别为92.0%、86.5%、83.3%。而在HRT=8 h和曝气压力=10 kPa时,MABR对豆制品加工废水处理效果最佳,COD、氨氮、TN的容积负荷分别为1320、125.5、184 g(/m^(3)·d),平均去除率分别可达到84.2%、81.5%、79.7%,优于传统生物膜法脱氮。

器内过滤对浆态床反应器操作特性的影响

浆态床反应器是低温费-托合成工艺普遍采用的反应器形式,常采用器内过滤系统连续分离反应生成的液体产品。通过实验方法从不同条件下过滤区域的漏气率与平均气含率的变化及气体反冲洗对床层操作稳定性的影响2个方面,研究了器内过滤对浆态床反应器操作特性的影响。结果表明:因为气体从过滤器处的泄漏,过滤区域平均气含率出现明显降低;过滤压差从8 kPa增至16 kPa,漏气率与气含率均随之增加,但平均气含率的平均增长值从0.0059降至0.0044;气-液体系的漏气率最大,平均气含率相对较低,范围为0.063~0.145;增加浆液颗粒质量分数到5%时,由于漏气率下降,平均气含率范围扩大至0.062~0.146。滤芯孔隙从80μm减小至30μm,气-液体系下漏气率降低幅度增大,平均气含率的平均增长值从0.0040增至0.0049;当加入质量分数为5%的颗粒后漏气率降低幅度开始下降,平均气含率的平均增长值也从0.0018降至0.0012。从过滤区域床层压差波动看,气体反冲洗对浆态床操作稳定性存在明显扰动,且滤芯孔隙越大,这种扰动效应越强烈。

基于无源电压纹波注入的24脉航空交直流变换器

针对航空线性交流直流变换拓扑输入侧电流谐波含量高的问题,本文提出一种基于无源电压纹波注入单元的多脉波航空变压整流器,它由12脉变压器、2组整流桥、1个平衡电抗器和无源电压纹波注入单元组成。结合平衡电抗器和无源电压纹波注入单元,该拓扑利用12脉变压器和2组整流桥实现了24脉波直流输出。本文详细描述了基于纹波电压极性,通过等比例交替调整2组整流桥输出电压矢量幅值,形成新的输出电压矢量,达到脉波倍增的过程;推导了相关表达式。本文对提出的变压整流器的工作模式、等效容量、源侧谐波含量等展开了详细分析;研制了样机,并通过实验研究验证了拓扑的可行性和正确性。

内循环气升式反应器的操作特性与流体力学研究

气升式反应器在化工和环境等领域有着广泛的应用,准确预测反应器内气液两相流动与传质行为对于反应器的设计与放大十分重要。论文通过建立稳态条件下内循环气升式反应器内的气液两相流动模型,实现对循环液速vL、气含率εG与气相循环比β等重要流体力学参数的求解。当提升管高度分别为2和6 m时,模型参数c0取0.65,模型计算的反应器内的vL与εG值与实验结果的相对平均误差小于6.2%。在此基础上,进一步考察了提升管高度H对平均循环液速和平均气含率的影响规律。模拟结果表明,随着提升管高度的增加,循环推动力增加,循环液速上升,平均气含率略有下降。下降管和提升管内气含率比α与反应器尺寸和表观气速等操作条件相关,取值范围为0.72~0.80。

碳三加氢反应器影响因素分析及工艺操作条件优化

某炼厂乙烯装置碳三加氢反应器采用中国石化北京化工研究院自主研发的BC-H-30AG氧化铝浸钯催化剂,通过单段床层液相加氢技术脱除碳三馏分中的MAPD,使丙烯产品中MAPD含量合格,产出合格的丙烯产品。2023年装置开车后,由于催化剂投用初期活性较高,导致副反应较多,副反应产物大量聚合,反应器出口及丙烯精馏塔釜C4、C6含量高,因此通过探讨碳三加氢反应器氢炔比、入口温度、循环量以及反应压力得出最优反应条件,高效实现碳三馏分中MAPD的脱除。

微反应器制备过氧化新癸酸异丙苯酯

基于微反应器的发展及其固有的安全特性,探讨了用微通道反应器制备对过氧化新癸酸异丙苯酯工艺。研究了反应温度、物料配比、停留时间等对反应固含量和收率的影响,以及合成的最佳条件。结果表明,最佳反应条件为氢氧化钾∶异丙苯∶新癸酰氯(摩尔比)=1.30∶1.05∶1.00,玻璃模块反应温度50℃,碳化硅模块反应温度60℃,反应停留时间57 s,收率和固含量最佳,含固质量分数为86.14%,收率为92.46%。

焦化汽油加氢装置预保护反应器研究与应用

针对焦化汽油加氢装置预保护反应器出口样品的馏程变化规律,预保护反应催化剂采用S-1和S-2分别在实验室及工业装置上进行试验,考察了催化剂活性及操作条件对精制油产品的影响。结果表明:实验室采用S-1预保护反应器出口样品终馏点从199℃增加到214℃,馏程升高的原因可能为小分子含硫化合物生成大分子含硫化合物,以及原料油与预保护反应器出口样品中含有大量含硫化合物;工业装置采用S-2预保护反应催化剂,精制油终馏点从204℃增加到227℃,但通过增加主反应器加氢深度,精制油硫质量分数降至120μg/g,预保护反应器出口样品终馏点从227℃降至204℃,可有效脱除大分子含硫化合物,产品终馏点仍可以满足成品要求。

A^(2)O+MBR工艺处理低碳氮比污水的效果研究

污水处理厂通常面临进水碳氮比偏低的问题,为确保出水水质达标,一般采取超量投加碳源的策略,但是这会导致运行成本上升。北京市某污水处理厂将厌氧-缺氧-好氧(Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic,A^(2)O)+膜生物反应器(Membrane Bio-Reactor,MBR)工艺作为主体工艺,进水由生活污水(占30%)和工业废水(占70%)组成。该污水处理厂向缺氧池投加葡萄糖溶液作为碳源,辅助脱氮。试验分别测定进出水化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)、总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)和反应池混合液悬浮固体(Mixed Liquid Suspended Solids,MLSS)的浓度,分析外加碳源对脱氮效果和污泥产生量的影响,并进行碳源投加前后的成本对比。研究表明,进水COD/TN小于7时,适量投加碳源有助于提升脱氮效率,而COD/TN大于7时,要优化其他环节来加强脱氮效果,以保证出水水质稳定符合相关标准。通过精细化过程控制和改变运行管理方式,污水处理厂可以有效降低运行成本,避免进行工程化改造。

Improving photoreduction of CO2 with water to CH4 in a novel concentrated solar reactor

COphotoreduction is an attractive process which allows the storage of solar energy and synthesis of solar fuels. Many different photocatalytic systems have been developed, while the alternative photo-reactors are still insufficiently investigated. In this work, photoreduction of COwith HO into CHwas investigated in a modified concentrating solar reactor, using TiOand Pt/TiOas the catalysts. The TiOand Pt/TiOsamples were extensively characterized by different techniques including powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Nadsorption/desorption and UV–vis absorption. The catalytic performance of the TiOand Pt/TiOsamples in the gas phase was evaluated under unconcentrated and concentrated Xe-lamp light and nature solar light with different concentrating ratios. Various parameters of the reaction system and the catalysts were investigated and optimized to maximize the catalytic performance of COreduction system. Compared with the normal light irradiation, the TiOand Pt/TiOsamples show higher photocatalytic activity（about 6–7 times） for reducing COinto CHunder concentrated Xe-lamp light and nature solar light. In the range of experimental light intensity, it is found that the concentration of the light makes it suitable for the catalytic reaction, and increases the utilization efficiency of the TiOand Pt/TiOsamples while does not decrease the quantum efficiency.

INFLUENCE OF UNCERTAINTY OF ROCK PROPERTIES ON SEISMIC RESPONSES OF REACTOR BUILDINGS

The influence of the dispersion and uncertainty of the dynamic shear wave velocity and Poisson＇s ratio of soil in a hard rock site was investigated on the seismic response of reactor building structure. The analysis is performed by considering the soil-structure interaction effects and based on the model of the reactor building in a typical pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant （NPP）. The numerical results show that for the typical floor selected, while the relative increment ratio of the dynamic shear wave velocity varies from -30% to 30% compared to the basis of 1 930 m/s, the relative variation of the horizontal response spectra peak value lies in the scope of ±10% for the internal structure, and the relative variation of the frequency corresponding to the spectra peak is 0.0% in most cases. The relative variation of the vertical response spectra peak value lies in the scope of - 10% to 22%, and the relative variation of the frequency corresponding to the Spectra peak lies in the scope of - 22% to 4%. The analysis indicates that the dynamic shear wave velocity and the Poisson＇s ratio of the rock would affect the seismic response of structure and the soil-structure interaction effects should be considered in seismic analysis and design of NPP even for a hard rock site.

流离球内填料配比对SBBR污染物去除影响的研究

为了探究流离球内部组合填料配比对污水中污染物去除的影响,以鲍尔环与海绵作为内部填料,组成7种不同填料配比的流离球,构建SBBR反应器进行实验。鲍尔环与海绵填料体积比分别为:0∶189、4∶27、11∶27、21∶27、37∶27、71∶27、171∶27。实验结果表明,各填料比下COD处理效果较好,改变组合填料配比主要影响了传质效果、生物膜量、厌氧空间大小进而影响了系统的脱氮性能。填料比为37∶27时氮的去除效果最好,NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN的平均去除率分别为56.4%和55.3%;此时,系统生物量适中,生物膜絮凝性好。

The study of aeroball system for measuring 3D neutron flux distribution in reactor core

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