Assessing Future Flooding Risk in a Coastal Lagoon Using Hydrogeological Approaches and Analysis of the 2021 Flood Event: A Case Study of Tasi-Tolu Lagoon, Dili, Timor-Leste

This study aims to apply a hydrogeological approaches and analysis of the 2021 flood event of Tasi-Tolu Lagoon to achieve four specific goals. Firstly, the study seeks to determine the natural characteristics of the lagoon, which include factors such as size, depth, water quality, and ecosystem composition. Secondly, the influence of precipitation on the water volume in the lagoon will be examined. This analysis involves assessing historical rainfall patterns in the region, as well as the amount and frequency of precipitation during the 2021 flood event. Thirdly, the hydrogeologic and geologic conditions of the lagoon will be evaluated. This involves examining factors such as the type and structure of the soil and bedrock, the presence of aquifers or other underground water sources, and the movement of water through the surrounding landscape. Finally, the study seeks to assess the risk of future flooding in Tasi-Tolu Lagoon, based on the insights gained from the previous analyses. Overall, this study’s goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeological factors that contribute to flooding in Tasi-Tolu Lagoon. This knowledge could be used to inform flood mitigation strategies or to improve our ability to predict and respond to future flooding events in the region.

Herpetological Diversity of Timor-Leste: Updates and a Review of Species Distributions

We report the results of five herpetological surveys during 2011-2013 that included visits to all districts of Timor-Leste （Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Dili, Covalima, Ermera, Laut6m, Liquiga, Manatuto, Manufahi, Viqueque） except the Oecusse exclave. Our fieldwork culminated in the discovery of one putative new frog species （genus Kaloula）, at least five putative new lizard species （genera Cyrtodactylus, Cryptoblepharus, and Sphenomorphus）, and two putative new snake species （genera Stegonotus and Indotyphlops）. In addition, we present new distribution records of amphibians and reptiles for 11 of the country＇s 12 contiguous districts, along with additional natural history data. Results from our surveys increase the number of amphibian and reptiles known to occur in Timor-Leste from 22 species before our surveys began to over 60, including over 20 as yet undescribed species.

First Update to Herpetofaunal Records from Timor-Leste

Herpetological surveys of locations in six districts of Timor-Leste(Dili, Baucau, Ermera, Liqui a, Manatuto, Viqueque) during 2010 led to the discovery of a new, high-altitude species of Cryptoblepharus from Ermera District, a new country record(Hemidactylus cf. tenkatei), and the recording of two previously unvouchered species(Python r. reticulatus and Liasis m. mackloti). In this article, we summarize these new records and present numerous new district records for Timor-Leste and four records for road-killed snakes seen in West Timor(Indonesia). With the addition of the results from our 2009 survey, the update presented herein increases the confirmed number of amphibian and reptile species for Timor-Leste to 47.

A Case Study: Performance Comparison of Solar Power Generation between GridLAB-D and SAM in Dili Timor Leste

Study of comparison of solar power generation between the GridLAB-D tool and System Advisor Model (SAM) in Dili, Timor Leste is presented in this paper. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate solar radiation for one calendar year from January to December 2014 using six-hourly interval 1° × 1° NCEP FNL analysis data. The one calendar year results from the WRF model will be used as input data for GridLAB-D and SAM to estimate the solar power generation. GridLAB-D is an open-source and analysis tool designed to operate the distribution power systems with a high-performance algorithm. System Advisor Model version SAM 2017.9.5 is used to estimate solar power performance with Photovoltaics (PVWatts)- Commercial Distributed model. This model is designed to analyze the performance and the financing of renewable energy for electricity generation. The results show the lowest solar radiation is 512 W/m2 obtained in June with an average monthly power of 20.6 kW and 30.55 kW generated from the SAM model and the GridLAB-D simulator, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest solar radiation is 1100 W/m2, 1112 W/m2, 1046 W/m2, and 1077 W/m2 obtained in October, November, December, and January with an average monthly power of 55.72 kW, 62.44 kW, 56.65 kW, and 56.97 kW from the SAM model, in the other hand, 48.89 kW, 51.31 kW, 55.51 kW, and 57.18 kW generated by the GridLAB-D. Finally, the results show that the performance of the GridLAB-D and the SAM model was quite good because both model precisely presented values are almost closest to each other. This study proposes that the results of solar output power from both methods, GridLAB-D and SAM can be used to design grid-connected or stand-alone electric power projects to increase the quality of electricity generation in Dili, Timor Leste.

Improvement of Coding for Solar Radiation Forecasting in Dili Timor Leste—A WRF Case Study

This paper investigates the accuracy of weather research and forecasting by improving coding for solar radiation forecasting for location in Dili Timor Leste. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.9.1 is used in this study for improvement purposes. The shortwave coding of WRF is used to improve in order to decrease error simulation. The importance of improving WRF coding at a specific region will reduce the bias and root mean square root when comparing to the observed data. This study uses high resolution based on the WRF modeling to stabilize the performance of forecasting. The decrease in error performance will be expected to enhance the value of renewable energy. The results show the root mean square error of the WRF default is 233 W/m2 higher compared to 205 W/m2 from the WRF improvement model. In addition, the Mean Bias Error (MBE) of the WRF default is obtained value 0.06 higher than 0.03 from the WRF improvement in rainy days. Meanwhile, on sunny days, the performance Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of WRF default is 327 W/m2 higher than 223 W/m2 from the WRF improvement. The MBE of WRF improvement obtained 0.13 lower compared to 0.21 of WRF default coding. Finally, this study concludes that improving the shortwave code under the WRF model can decrease the error performance of the WRF simulation for local weather forecasting.

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Combination of WRF Model and LSTM Network for Solar Radiation Forecasting—Timor Leste Case Study

A study of a combination of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network for location in Dili Timor Leste is introduced in this paper. One calendar year’s results of solar radiation from January to December 2014 are used as input data to estimate future forecasting of solar radiation using the LSTM network for three months period. The WRF model version 3.9.1 is used to simulate one year’s solar radiation in horizontal resolution low scale for nesting domain 1 × 1 km. It is done by applying 6-hourly interval 1º × 1º NCEP FNL analysis data used as Global Forecast System (GFS). LSTM network is applied for forecasting in numerous learning problems for solar radiation forecasting. LSTM network uses two-layer LSTM architecture of 512 hidden neurons coupled with a dense output layer with linear as the model activation to predict with time steps are configured to 50 and the number of features is 1. The maximum epoch is set to 325 with batch size 300 and the validation split is 0.09. The results demonstrate that the combination of these two methods can successfully predict solar radiation where four error metrics of mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE), normalized MBE (nMBE), and normalized RMSE (nRMSE) perform small error distribution and percentage in three months prediction where the error percentage is obtained below the 20% for nMBE and nRMSE. Meanwhile, the error distribution of RMSE is obtained below 200 W/m2 and maximum bias error is 0.07. Finally, the values of MBE, RMSE, nMBE, and nRMSE conclude that the good performance of the combination of two methods in this study can be applied to simulate any other weather variable for local necessary.

An Overview of the Geological Control on Groundwater Potential in Lacamutu River, Alaua Kraik Area, Baucau Municipality, Timor-Leste

Timor island has a tropical climate with relatively little rainfall and surface water is often not available throughout the year with groundwater relied on to fulfill daily domestic necessities. Geological reconnaissance mapping, hydrogeological investigation, and resistivity survey were undertaken in this study to systematically understand the hydrogeologic system (e.g., aquifer system, hydrostratigraphic units, groundwater flow direction) and its potentiality for water supply to human consumption in Alaua Kraik area, Baucau Municipality, Timor-Leste. Res2DInv, Dips 5.1, Surfer 16, Global Mapper 13, and ArcGIS 10.6 software was used to create geological reconnaissance maps, resistivity interpretation profile lines, and a hydrostratigraphic model. Rainfall precipitation, rainfall intensity, maximum rate of runoff and infiltration data are also used to interpret the groundwater potential in the study area. Two rock units occur in the study area;permeable alluvial deposits which unconformable overlie impermeable interbedded red marl-chert and calcareous shale. Structurally the area comprises the Lacamutu anticline, thrust fault, left slip fault, and normal right slip fault. Resistivity lines indicate three (3) types of lithologies: alluvial deposit, an intercalated layer of red marl-chert, calcareous shale and wet calcareous shale. The alluvial deposit and red marl-chert layer intercalated with calcareous shale units are classified as a hydrostratigraphic unit of intergranular and localised aquifer systems with low productivity. The groundwater flows through the existing fractures of the shear joint and tends to flow towards the left slip fault plane zone from the North to South direction. Much of the rainwater in the study area is most likely intercepted, evaporated, and or transpiration as opposed to running off and infiltrating into the ground. The permeable and heavily fractured impermeable rock units in the study area have good porosity but low permeability and represent poor aquifers. The springs and Lacamutu River have low discharge and are generally dry in the dry season as it does not have an adequate aquifer that can accumulate and pass groundwater with significant volumes even if the rainfall in the study area is classified as moderate rainfall.

Effects of Slash-and-Burn Practices on Soil Quality at Different Landscape Positions in the Raumoco Watershed, Municipality of Lautem, Timor-Leste

Slash-and-burn practices used by farmers in prior growing periods could affect soil quality, particularly topsoil properties. This study aimed to assess soil biophysical and chemical properties at different landscape levels within the watershed site. Soil samples were collected by a core method in the topsoil layer in slash-and-burn sites. Field analysis was on bulk density and porosity by the gravimetric method, while laboratory analysis was done on organic matter by the Loss on Ignitions Method and other macronutrients for crops (total nitrogen, phosphorus availability, and potassium availability) followed standard analytical methods. To see if there was a significant difference between sites, DMRT 5% was used. The results of the study showed slash-and-burn practice affects soil physical properties such that high bulk density in upstream, midstream, and downstream ranged from 1.55 g/cm3 to 1.71 g/cm3, 1.55 g/cm3 to 1.80 g/cm3, and 1.38 g/cm3 to 1.79 g/cm3 respectively. Poor porosity in upstream, midstream, and downstream ranged from 33.91% to 40.06%, 30.38% to 41.75%, and 30.91% to 46.65%, respectively. Organic matter content was low in the upstream, midstream, and downstream areas, ranging from 2.86% to 3.39%, 2.58% to 3.88%, and 2.91% to 3.88%, respectively. However, soil pH remains neutral, and nitrogen levels are low but near-optimal in the upstream and very low in the midstream and downstream. Phosphorus is extremely high upstream but very low in midstream and downstream. However, potassium remains at a low level close optimum level in the entire watershed.

如何辨析FOR FEAR THAT，LEST，IN CASE引导的状语从句

笔者在教学工作中发现,很多学生关于for fear that；lest和 in case引导的状语从句含糊不清,不知它们的从句如何辨析,也把握不好其中的判断标准。本文通过语义和例证分析,结合笔者自己的教学实践,浅谈对 for fear that,lest 以及 in case的理解。

增程式电动汽车能耗测试仿真试验研究

增程式电动汽车采用与传统混合动力电动汽车同样的能耗测试标准,但二者在工作原理和系统构架等方面存在显著差异。通过搭建增程式电动汽车仿真模型,采用全球统一的轻型车测试循环(WLTC)工况进行电量消耗模式(CD)和电量保持模式(CS)的能耗仿真试验,再基于实车试验室数据对仿真模型进行对比验证。最后,开展采用中国轻型汽车行驶工况(CLTC)的能耗仿真试验,分析增程式电动汽车在两种不同工况下的能耗表现。结果表明:采用仿真手段能较好地实现对增程式电动汽车的能耗测试,且综合结果与试验室数据较为相符,采用CLTC工况的能耗测试表现要显著优于WLTC工况的能耗测试表现。

特高压变压器模型漏感参数的稳态识别方法

针对变压器参数辨识算法在系统稳态运行时变压器绕组参数具有不可辨识性的特殊问题,本文提出了全新的参数辨识算法模型和基于自相关函数统计量的参数辨识结果判别标准。并使用EMTP仿真工具,依据动模实验室特高压输电系统,搭建了特高压输电系统仿真模型,分别仿真了特高压变压器空载投入、区外故障、区内故障和正常运行时的各种运行状态,验证了在各种工况下,基于新模型的参数辨识算法都能够精确辨识出变压器绕组参数的真实值。

激光光斑的高斯拟合

给出了激光光斑的高斯拟合及其改进算法 ,实验表明 ,拟合曲线与原始实验数据达到很好的逼近 。

光纤光栅Bragg波长的高斯曲线拟合求法

利用最小二乘法对观测的数据进行曲线拟合,由于保证了离差平方和取得最小,因此少数数据点的干扰对拟合曲线的参数影响不大,各参数值的大小主要取决于整体观测值。将得到的FBG反射谱采样值,采用高斯曲线拟合的方法进行回归分析,通过拟合得到的高斯函数参数值来获得相应Bragg波长值,降低了光噪声对光纤Bragg光栅中心波长测量的影响。

负泊松比效应锚索的力学特性及其在冲击地压防治中的应用研究

冲击地压发生强度、危害程度及频次呈急剧增加趋势,现有支护材料无法满足冲击力作用下巷道防护的要求,基于负泊松比材料的特殊力学特性,结合井下巷道冲击大变形控制的需求,研发了具有负泊松比效应新型高恒阻大变形锚索。采用室内力学实验和现场爆破模拟冲击试验相结合的方法,对新型锚索的防冲力学特性进行了研究,结果表明恒阻锚索能够在静力拉伸作用下产生滑移拉伸变形的同时保持350 kN左右的恒定阻力,多次落锤冲击动力作用下,能够通过保持恒定阻力并产生拉伸变形来吸收冲击能量。以沈阳红阳三矿1213回风联络巷为工程背景,提出了现场采用爆破形式模拟冲击地压的现场防冲方案,试验表明高恒阻大变形锚索在爆炸冲击力作用下可以产生瞬间滑移变形,从而吸收爆炸产生的冲击能量,并具有保持恒定阻力的特殊力学性能;通过现场对比试验可知,在相同当量爆破冲击能量作用下,普通锚索试验段完全崩垮,恒阻锚索试验段整体稳定,验证了恒阻大变形锚索比普通锚索具有更好的抗冲击力学性能。

基于最小二乘法的车辆瞬态燃油消耗估计

精确的车辆瞬态燃油消耗估计是车辆节能控制研究的基础,稳态燃油消耗模型受燃油发动机的非线性工作特性、驾驶员的驾驶习惯、车辆行驶的环境、车辆行驶状态、车辆负载等多种因素影响,计算的瞬态燃油消耗与实际燃油消耗偏差较大,现有瞬态油耗模型参数不易标定,因此本文中通过车辆速度与加速度构建了一种新的瞬态燃油消耗估计模型。采用最小二乘法对模型中的参数进行求解,为进一步降低瞬态燃油消耗率的估计偏差,引入指数速度衰减的加权因子,即采用带指数衰减因子的最小二乘法求解油耗模型中的参数,并通过实车试验对瞬态油耗估计方法进行验证。试验结果表明,基于最小二乘法的油耗模型可精确地估计车辆瞬态油耗,带指数速度衰减因子的最小二乘法可进一步降低油耗模型的油耗估计偏差,且估计精度受车辆行驶状态和道路环境等因素影响较小。

声表面波液相金属离子传感器

以 36° -YXLiTaO3为基底的双通道声表面波 (SH -SAW)液相金属离子传感器 ,在LabView测试平台下采用流动注射的方法研究了该系统在液相金属离子检测和分析中的原理和应用。实验表明 ,传感器稳态的输出频率反应了待测溶液的电导率 ,数据经拟和处理 ,误差 <0 2 4 % ;传感器的检测下限为 10 - 5mol/L ;对于两种金属离子的混合溶液 ,传感器的瞬态响应反映了待测溶液中所含的离子成份 ,采用偏相关分析 (PLS)算法可以有效识别待测溶液中离子成份的比例 ,识别误差 <3%。研究表明 ,通过进一步的优化设计 ,这种新型的液相金属离子分析仪器具有重复性好、灵敏度高、体积小和适合在线实时检测等方面的优点。

面向软件可靠性测试数据生成的剖面构造技术

软件可靠性测试是软件可靠性工程中的一项重要工作内容,通过软件可靠性测试积累的软件失效数据可以为软件可靠性的评估、验证提供重要的度量依据。针对传统的基于操作剖面的可靠性测试方法对实时嵌入式软件的适用性差、测试难以实施的情况,在操作剖面的基础上提出了一种层次化网络体系结构的使用剖面的概念,并研究了构造使用剖面的系统方法,以及根据使用剖面生成用于实时嵌入式软件可靠性测试操作序列的方法。该方法适用于实时嵌入式软件,对其它非实时软件也具有参考价值。

一种用于动态视频超分辨率的多尺度最小二乘仿射块匹配图像配准方法

动态视频的超分辨率复原中,连续各帧图像间的精确匹配具有非常重要的意义。该文提出一种基于多尺度最小二乘仿射块匹配的图像配准方法。首先定义了一个指标Dmv来衡量图像的整体和局部匹配效果,并以此为基础设计了一种多尺度块选择机制,根据图像的运动情况选择匹配块大小,以兼顾图像中运动平坦和非平坦区域的匹配效果。与传统的块匹配方法不同,该文采用基于仿射模型的最小二乘配准方法实现各图像块的匹配,并通过修正步长的归一化处理解决了不同大小图像块在匹配时的收敛问题,从而在提高参数估计精度的同时降低了算法的运算量。最后,通过实验对算法的匹配性能及其对超分辨率复原算法整体性能的影响进行了测试。实验结果表明,该方法不仅可以实现更为准确的运动估计,当用于最大后验概率MAP超分辨率复原算法时,能够进一步有效提高算法的复原性能和实现速度。

金银花提取物抑菌作用的实验研究

目的观察金银花的体外抑菌作用。方法采用对不同菌株的敏感性及最小抑菌浓度测定法进行体外抑菌试验。结果肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌对金银花提取物有较强的敏感性,抑菌圈直径大于19mm,金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、无乳链球菌、化脓链球菌、痢疾志贺菌对金银花提取物中度敏感;最低抑菌浓度小于0.125g/mL。结论金银花提取物具有一定的抑菌作用。