Two-tiered reconstruction of Late Pleistocene to Holocene changes in the freezing level height in the largest glacierized areas of the Colombian Andes

One way of deducing vertical shifts in the altitudinal distribution of Colombian high-altitude páramo environments is by inferring fluctuations in the height of the local freezing level.In our research,we are implementing two complementary approaches to reconstruct Late Pleistocene to Holocene changes in the freezing level height(FLH)in two of the most extensively glacier-covered areas of the northern Andes.We combined remote sensing and field-based geomorphological mapping with time-series reconstruction of changes in the altitude of the 0°C isotherm.Changes in the FLH were based on alreadypublished~30 kyr paleo-reconstructions of sea surface temperatures(SSTs)of the eastern tropical Pacific and the western tropical Atlantic,as well as on reconstructed long-term sea level changes and empirical orthogonal functions of present-day(historical)Indo-Pacific and tropical Atlantic SST anomalies.We also analyzed the probability distribution of air-sea temperature differences and the spatial distribution of grid points with SSTs above the minimum threshold necessary to initiate deep convection.We considered available historical nearsurface and free air temperature data of ERA-Interim reanalysis products,General Circulation Model(GCM)simulations,weather stations,and(deployed by our group)digital sensors,to assess the normal Environmental Lapse Rates(ELRs)at the regional to local scale.The combined maps of glacial landforms and our reconstructed FLHs provided us with a wellfounded inference of potential past glacier advances,narrowing down the coarse resolution of ice margins suggested by previous research efforts.The extent of the areas with temperatures below the freezing point suggested here for the summits of our main study site exceeds in magnitude the corresponding glacier icecaps and front advances proposed by previous studies.Conversely,our average lowest altitudes of the FLH for our comparative site are consistently above the main glacier-front advances previously suggested.Our results indicate that,compared to the maximum upward changes that likely took place over the past ca.20,000 years in our two areas of interest,the observed(present-day)upward shifts of the FLH have occurred at a rate that significantly surpasses our inferred rates.Our study helps fill the gaps in understanding past climatic changes and present trends in the region of interest and provides some insights into analyzing the signals of natural and anthropogenic climate change.

Variability of atmospheric freezing level height derived from radiosonde data in China during 1958-2005 and its impact to cryosphere changes

Atmospheric air temperature data from 92 stations in China＇s radiosonde network were used to analyze changes in the freezing level height （FLH）, glacier snow line, and ice edge from 1958-2005 （48 years） and to examine the impact of these changes on the cryosphere. In general, the FLH, glacier snow line, and ice edge exhibited latitudinal zonation, declining from south to north. Trends in the FLH, glacier snow line, and ice edge showed spatial heterogeneity during the study period, with prevailing upward trends. Temporally, the FLH, glacier snow line, and ice edge trends differed on various time scales.

Response of runoff to change of atmospheric 0℃ level height in summer in arid region of Northwest China

Based on the daily observed data from eight sounding stations and the daily mountain runoff data from nine rivers in summer from 1960 to 2009 in four typical study areas located in arid region of Northwest China(ARNC),the change trends,abrupt change points,and their significance of runoff and 0℃ level height(FLH) were analyzed in ARNC in the last 50 years by using Mann-Kendall(MK) nonparametric test,and the quantitative relationship between runoff and FLH in summer was also analyzed with the linear regression and elastic coefficient methods.The results are indicated as follows:(1) in recent 50 years,there is a similar changing trend between the summer runoff and FLH in ARNC and each region has its own unique feature.The summer runoff has been significantly ascending in the Tianshan Mountains and on the northern slope of the Qilian Mountains(NSQM) compared to that of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains(NSKM).Likewise,the FLH has been taking on a markedly rising trend on the northern slopes of the Tianshan and Qilian Mountains(NSTM and NSQM) in comparison with the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains(SSTM).However,the FLH on NSKM has been decreasing with the speed of 2.33 m every year.(2) Abrupt change analysis indicates that the period of abrupt change happened for summer runoff and FLH is totally different among the four typical study regions,and even in same region.(3) There is a positive significant relation between the summer runoff and FLH in ARNC(NSQM P <0.05;other three regions P <0.01).Therefore,the ascending and descending of the summer FLH is a vital factor inducing the change of summer runoff in ARNC.(4) The elastic coefficient of summer runoff to the change of summer FLH on NSKM,NSTM,NSQM,and SSTM are 7.19,3.80,2.79,and 6.63,respectively,which indicates that there exists the regional difference in the sensibility of summer runoff to the change of summer FLH in ARNC.The distinct proportion of glacial meltwater runoff is an important cause resulting in the regional difference of sensibility.

Habitat suitability response to sea-level height changes: Implications for Ommastrephid squid conservation and management

Sea level rise,amplified by anthropogenic climate change,causes visible impacts on wildlife habitats in low-lying coastal areas.However,the potential consequences of sea level height(SLH)changes for pelagic fish habitats in the open oceans are poorly understood,especially for climate-sensitive Ommastrephid squid.In this study,the impacts of SLH changes were estimated under three different SLH change scenarios(5 cm,20 cm,and 35 cm)for the western stock of winter-spring neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii,an ecologically-and commercially-important species in the northwest Pacific Ocean(NWPO).A habitat suitability index(HSI)modeling approach was applied to predict the habitat suitability of O.bartramii,using data from 2006 to 2014 for model construction and data from 2015 for model validation.Results showed that the decreasing catch-per-unit-effort(CPUE)of O.bartramii from 2006 to 2015 was highly correlated with the increases in sea level height(SLH).Significant positive relationships were found between the HSI values for latitudinal centers of gravity(LATGHSI)and SLH.The monthly-averaged HSI of O.bartramii was negatively correlated with the SLH,except in July and November.SLH scenarios revealed that the predicted suitable habitat(areas with HSI≥0.6)exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing SLH from August to October.In July and November,the suitable habitat initially increased in the+5 cm and+20 cm scenarios,but largely declined under the+35 cm scenario.The poor habitat(areas with HSI≤0.2)significantly increased under all SLH scenarios.A poleward shift of LATGHSI was observed under all scenarios.These findings suggest that the O.bartramii habitats in the NWPO are at risk to SLH changes and have important implications for better conservation and fishery management regarding pelagic short-lived Ommastrephid squid in global oceans.

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control for the Vehicle Height and Leveling Adjustment System of an Electronic Air Suspension

The accurate control for the vehicle height and leveling adjustment system of an electronic air suspension(EAS) still is a challenging problem that has not been effectively solved in prior researches. This paper proposes a new adaptive controller to control the vehicle height and to adjust the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body(leveling control) during the vehicle height adjustment procedures by an EAS system. A nonlinear mechanism model of the full?car vehicle height adjustment system is established to reflect the system dynamic behaviors and to derive the system optimal control law. To deal with the nonlinear characters in the vehicle height and leveling adjustment processes, the nonlinear system model is globally linearized through the state feedback method. On this basis, a fuzzy sliding mode controller(FSMC) is designed to improve the control accuracy of the vehicle height adjustment and to reduce the peak values of the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method more accurately, the full?car EAS system model programmed using AMESim is also given. Then, the co?simulation study of the FSMC performance can be conducted. Finally, actual vehicle tests are performed with a city bus, and the test results illustrate that the vehicle height adjustment performance is effectively guaranteed by the FSMC, and the peak values of the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body during the vehicle height adjustment procedures are also reduced significantly. This research proposes an effective control methodology for the vehicle height and leveling adjustment system of an EAS, which provides a favorable control performance for the system.

The impact of coastal reclamation on tidal and storm surge level in Sanmen Bay, China

In recent years,fast economic development demands for more land use and thus many reclamation projects are initiated around the Sanmen Bay,Zhejiang,SE China in the East China Sea,for which tidal and storm surge levels are reassessed.A two-dimensional numerical model based on an advanced circulation model(ADCIRC)was applied to evaluate the impact of reclamation projects on tidal and storm surge levels in the bay.The results show that the shoreline relocation and topographic change had opposite effects on tidal heights.Shoreline relocation decreased the tidal amplitude,while siltation caused topographic change and increased the amplitude.Such variations of the amplitude were significant in the top areas of Sanmen Bay.Three types of typhoon paths were selected for a case study to investigate the impacts of shoreline relocation and topographic change on storm surge level.Results show that the maximum increase in storm surge level due to shoreline relocation was less than 0.06 m.The rise of peak surge level due to the change of topography was significant and the peak surge level rose when siltation increased.The maximum surge level rise occurred in the path of northwest landing typhoons,which exceeded 0.24 m at the top of the bay.The rise in peak surge level can potentially lead to severe damages and losses in Sanmen Bay and more attention needs to be paid to this problem of shoreline change in the future.

Modulation of WN_x/Ge Schottky barrier height by varying N composition of tungsten nitride

Modulation of the Schottky barrier heights was successfully demonstrated for WNx/p-Ge and WNx/n-Ge contacts by increasing the nitrogen component in the WNx films. The WN0.38/p-Ge contact exhibits rectifying characteristic and an apparent Schottky barrier of 0.49 eV while the WN0.38/n-Ge Schottky contact exhibits quasi-Ohmic current–voltage characteristics. Dipoles formed at the contact interface by the difference of the Pauling electronegativities of Ge and N are confirmed to alleviate the Fermi-level pinning effect.

Estimating trends of the Mediterranean Sea level changes from tide gauge and satellite altimetry data (1993-2015)

The impact of climate change on sea level has received a great deal of attention by scientists worldwide. In this context, the problem of sea levels on global and regional scales have been analyzed in a number of studies based on tide gauges observations and satellite altimetry measurements. This study focuses on trend estimates from 18 high-quality tide gauge stations along the Mediterranean Sea coast. The seasonal Mann-Kendall test was run at a 5% significance level for each of the 18 stations for the period of 1993-2015 (satellite altimetry era). The results of this test indicate that the trends for 17 stations were statistically significant and showed an increase (no significant trend was observed only at one station). The rates of sea level change for the 17 stations that exhibit significant trends, estimated using seasonal Sen's approach, range after correction for Vertical Land Motion (VLM) from 1.48 to 8.72 mm/a for the period 1993-2015. Furthermore, the magnitude of change at the location of each tide gauge station was estimated using the satellite altimetry measurements. Thus, the results obtained agree with those from the tide-gauge data analysis.

Mediterranean Sea level trends from long-period tide gauge time series

The main purpose of this study is to highlight, on the basis of statistical tests, the significant long-term changes of the Mediterranean Sea level, through the analysis of historical tide gauge records. In this framework, 14 tide gauge monthly series selected from the Permanent Service of the Mean Sea Level(PSMSL) database were used. The search for the presence or not of trends within these series, that have a temporal coverage from 59 to 142 years, was carried out using the Mann-Kendall test and the Sen’s slope estimator. The obtained results show that the Split Rt Marjana series are the only ones which does not exhibit a significant trend. The other 13 series show significant increasing trends. This result seems sufficient to suppose the presence, in the past century, of a new climatic phase on the scale of the Mediterranean basin, where the rising sea level is one of the consequences.

Comparing the steric height in the Nordic Seas with satellite altimeter sea surface height

In this study the steric height anomaly which is calculated from the hydrological data （EN3） is compared with the sea level anomaly derived from satellite altimetry in the Nordic Seas. The overall pattern of steric height is that it is higher in the margin area and lower in the middle area. The extreme values of steric height linear change from 1993 to 2010 occur in the Lofoten Basin and off the Norwegian coast, respectively. Such a distribution may be partly attributed to the freshening trend of the Nordic Seas. The correlation between SLA （sea level anomaly） and SHA （steric height anomaly） is not uniform over the Nordic Seas. The time series of SLA and SHA agree well in the Lofoten Basin and northern Norwegian Basin, and worse in the northern Norwegian Sea, implying that the baroclinic effect plays a dominant role in most areas in the Norwegian Sea and the barotropic effect plays a dominant role in the northern Norwegian Sea. The weaker correlations between SLA and SHA in the Greenland and Iceland Seas lead a conclusion that the barotropic contribution is significant in these areas. The area-mean SHA over the entire Nordic Seas has similar amplitudes compared with the SLA during 1996-2002, but SHA has become lower than SLA, being less than half of SLA since 2006.

三江源地区夏季-10℃层高度变化及云垂直结构特征

利用三江源地区沱沱河、玉树、达日3个探空站的探空资料对1999—2021年-10℃层高度时间变化趋势、突变时间进行了研究,同时对该地区2021年云出现频率和云垂直分布特征进行了研究,并探讨了-10℃层高度、云层垂直结构与降水的关系。结果表明:(1)近20 a来三江源地区夏季08时和20时的-10℃层高度平均值分别为7 014.1、7 201.6 m,并呈显著上升趋势。突变检验分析确定三江源地区夏季08时-10℃层高度出现突变是从2009年开始,20时出现突变是从2012年开始。(2)08时三江源地区夏季云层结构较为复杂,20时三江源地区夏季主要以单层云为主,6—8月平均出现频率分别为35%、42%、39%。从三江源地区夏季云顶高度、云底高度和云层厚度来看,7月云顶高度最低、云底高度最高、云层厚度最小。(3)三江源地区夏季-10℃层位于该地区云层中下部。产生降水时-10℃层高度主要集中在7 200~7 800 m,云层厚度在4 000~11 000 m。三江源地区夏季降水量与-10℃层高度、云顶高、云层厚之间存在显著的正相关,与云底高存在显著的负相关。-10℃层高度与云顶高度、云层厚度间存在显著的正相关;与云底高度间相关性不显著。

Effect of graphene tunnel barrier on Schottky barrier height of Heusler alloy Co_2MnSi/graphene/n-Ge junction

We demonstrate that the insertion of a graphene tunnel barrier between Heusler alloy Co_2MnSi and the germanium（Ge） channel modulates the Schottky barrier height and the resistance–area product of the spin diode. We confirm that the Fermi level is depinned and a reduction in the electron Schottky barrier height（SBH） occurs following the insertion of the graphene layer between Co_2MnSi and Ge. The electron SBH is modulated in the 0.34 eV–0.61 eV range. Furthermore,the transport mechanism changes from rectifying to symmetric tunneling following the insertion. This behavior provides a pathway for highly efficient spin injection from a Heusler alloy into a Ge channel with high electron and hole mobility.

Slowdown of sea surface height rises in the Nordic seas and related mechanisms

A slowdown of sea surface height （SSH） rise occurred in the Nordic （GIN） seas around 2004. In this study, SSH satellite data and constructed steric height data for the decades before and after 2004 （i.e., May 1994 to April 2014） were used for comparative analysis. The findings indicate that the rate of slowdown of SSH rises in the GIN seas （3.0 mm/a） far exceeded that of the global mean （0.6 mm/a）. In particular, the mean steric height of the GIN seas increased at a rate of 4.5 mm/a and then decreased at a slower pace. This was the main factor responsible for the stagnation of the SSH rises, while the mass factor only increased slightly. The Norwegian Sea particularly experienced the most prominent slowdown in SSH rises, mainly due to decreased warming of the 0-600 m layer. The controlling factors of this decreased warming were cessation in the increase of volume of the Atlantic inflow and stagnation of warming of the inflow. However, variations in air-sea thermal flux were not a major factor. In the recent two decades, mean halosteric components of the GIN seas decreased steadily and remained at a rate of 2 mm/a or more because of increased flow and salinity of the Atlantic inflow during the first decade, and reduction in freshwater inputs from the Arctic Ocean in the second decade.

Changes of Terrestrial Water Storage in the Yellow River Basin Under Global Warming

The increasing temperature in the Yellow River Basin has led to a rapid rise in the melting level height,at a rate of 5.98 m yr^(-1)during the cold season,which further contributes to the transition from snowfall to rainfall patterns.Between 1979 and 2020,there has been a decrease in snowfall in the Yellow River Basin at a rate of-3.03 mm dec^(-1),while rainfall has been increasing at a rate of 1.00 mm dec^(-1).Consequently,the snowfall-to-rainfall ratio(SRR)has decreased.Snowfall directly replenishes terrestrial water storage(TWS)in solid form until it melts,while rainfall is rapidly lost through runoff and evaporation,in addition to infiltrating underground or remaining on the surface.Therefore,the decreasing SRR accelerates the depletion of water resources.According to the surface water balance equation,the reduction in precipitation and runoff,along with an increase in evaporation,results in a decrease in TWS during the cold season within the Yellow River Basin.In addition to climate change,human activities,considering the region's dense population and extensive agricultural land,also accelerate the decline of TWS.Notably,irrigation accounts for the largest proportion of water withdrawals in the Yellow River Basin(71.8%)and primarily occurs during the warm season(especially from June to August).The impact of human activities and climate change on the water cycle requires further in-depth research.

室内绿植智能浇水系统

针对盆栽进行智能、合理的维护,解决在栽培过程中无法及时浇水以及无法控制浇水量的问题,设计了一款自动浇水装置。采用单片机作为内部控制器,该装置装配有温湿度传感器和液位传感器等环境参数检测设备,能够智能地响应室内环境和土壤潜在需求。通过PID控制算法来控制进出水泵出水量,将期望出水量设置为SP并实时检测实际出水量PV,通过计算误差并根据PID控制器输出的控制变量U控制相应的继电装置,以实现自动浇水装置的智能化控制。

Tidal Heights in Hyper-Synchronous Estuaries

Inconsistencies between datasets are examined with reference to flood tidal elevations in the Tamar River estuary, Tasmania Australia. Errors in a 30-year-old commonly cited dataset have been perpetuated in subsequent publications and datasets, and a clarification is herein provided. Elevation of the flood tidal wave as it propagates the estuary is evident in mean tide level and mean sea level, although the analysis is compromised by the temporal differences of the datasets. As sea levels rise due to global warming, the importance of accurate on-going sea level data in any estuary will become more acute.

Structural analysis of multi-level detachments and identification of deep-seated anticline

Based on forward modeling of detachment fold, this study presents a method to analyze multi-level detachment structures and identify the authenticity of deep-seated anticlines using time-domain seismic section. The steps include the conversion of the time-migrated seismic image into depth domain image using a constant velocity field, structural interpretation of the depth seismic image, measurement of each structural relief area and each height above reference level, plotting of area-height relationship chart with piecewise fitting etc. The area-depth correlation can help the division of structural sequences, the definition of detachment levels, the calculation of the tectonic shortening, and the identification of deep-seated structure. The segment area-height relationship is a feature of multi-level detachment structures, while little or no linear correlation between area and height is an indicator of non-deformation or pseudo-anticline. Regardless of the uncertainty of area-height relationship, the segment slopes will correspond to the differential shortenings of multi-level detachments, the intersection between adjacent segments will give the height of detachment surface above reference level and then help define the detachment level in original time-domain seismic section. This method can make use of time-domain seismic data to determine the geologic structure of complicated structure areas and assess risks of deep exploration targets. It has achieved good results in southern Junggar and eastern Sichuan areas.

营养液浓度动态调控和液位高度对水培叶用莴苣生长及品质的影响

以半结球叶用莴苣品种富兰德里为试材,在深液流水培(DFT)模式下研究了营养液浓度动态调控和液位高度对叶用莴苣生长及品质的影响。结果表明:随着营养液浓度调控幅度的提高,叶用莴苣生长指标和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、VC等品质指标均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,以每8 d提高0.36 mS · cm^(-1)处理的效果最好,叶片长、叶片宽、叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量、根系活力、地上部和地下部鲜质量及干质量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、VC含量均显著高于其他处理,其中地上部鲜质量较其他处理提高了22.3%~57.9%;不同营养液液位高度对叶用莴苣生长和品质的影响存在显著差异,12~16 cm液位高度处理的植株生长和品质总体上优于其他处理,4 cm液位高度处理的效果较差。

水箱液位控制特性的分析与研究

为了分析阀门开度在液位控制过程中的控制效果,利用单容水箱作为研究对象,建立了整个控制系统的数学模型,并利用Simulink仿真平台观察液位高度变化曲线,进而分析了阀门开度对液位偏差的影响。仿真结果表明,在较短时间内,系统即可达到稳定状态,在第6 s加入扰动后,第7 s就能恢复至稳定状态;水箱的横截面积对系统达到稳定状态的时间有一定的影响,横截面积越大,达到稳定状态的时间越长;进出水阀门开度越接近时,液位高度偏差值越小;在进水阀门为全开状态时,随出水阀门开度的增加,液位偏差先增加后减小,在开度为10%时,偏差达到最大值0.12。

考虑潮波特性的GNSS-IR潮位反演方法

潮位监测对于保障沿海安全、海洋监测与分析非常重要。随着GNSS的发展,一种GNSS干涉遥感(GNSS-IR)的技术被证明可以进行潮位监测。该方法通过反演反射表面与天线之间的垂直距离(RH)来估算潮位。在GNSS-IR潮位反演中,有一项重要的误差源需要进行改正——潮位起伏引起的高度变化误差。现有的误差改正方法并不能正确计算RH变化速率,从而不能完全改正该误差。因此,提出了一种顾及潮波特性的GNSS-IR融合方法,基于潮波系数,预测窗口内观测时间的RH变化速率,将该值纳入GNSS-IR融合方程中,实现对高度变化误差更好地改正。本文利用3个国际GNSS站点进行试验,与实测潮位序列对比分析,发现顾及潮波特性后,GNSS-IR融合方法精度提高约1.2 cm;提出的顾及潮波特性的GNSS-IR融合反演算法较传统经典方法,精度提升20%~70%。结果表明,该方法通过潮汐分析,预测不同时刻的RH变化速率,从而实现对窗口内RH变化速率的修正,更好地改正高度变化误差。