Fabrication, property characterization and thermal performance of composite phase change material plates based on tetradecanol-myristic acid binary eutectic mixture/expanded perlite and expanded vermiculite for building application

A binary eutectic mixture composed of tetradecanol(TD)and myristic acid(MA)was maximally absorbed into the microstructures of expanded perlite(EP)and expanded vermiculite(EVMT),respectively,through a self-made vacuum adsorption roller to prepare phase change material(PCM)particle(PCP).Then EP and EVMT-based composite PCM plates were respectively fabricated through a mold pressing method.The thermal property,chemical stability,microstructure and durability were characterized by differential scanning calorimeter(DSC),Fourier transform infrared spectroscope(FT-IR),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and thermal cycling tests,respectively.The results show that both PCPs have high latent heats with 110 J/g for EP-based PCP and more than 130 J/g for EVMT-based PCP,compact microstructure without PCM leakage,stable chemical property and good durability.The research results have proved the feasibility for the vacuum adsorption roller used in the composite PCM fabrication.Results of thermal storage performance experiment indicate that the fabricated PCM plates have better thermal inertia than common building materials,and the thermal storage performance of PCM plates has nonlinearly changed with outside air velocity and temperature increase.Therefore,PCM plates show a significant potential for the practical application of building thermal storage.

Extraction of lithium from the simulated pyrometallurgical slag of spent lithium-ion batteries by binary eutectic molten carbonates

The effective and low-temperature extraction of lithium from the pyrometallurgical slag of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)remains a great challenge.Herein,potassium carbonate/sodium carbonate(K_(2)CO_(3)/Na_(2)CO_(3)),which could form a eutectic molten salt system at 720℃,was used as a roasting agent to extract lithium from pyrometallurgical slag.Lithium was successfully extracted from the slag by K_(2)CO_(3)/Na_(2)CO_(3) roasting followed by water leaching.Theoretical calculation results indicate that the lengths of Li-O bonds increase after K^(+)/Na^(+)adsorption,resulting in the easy release of Li^(+)from the LiAlSi_(2)O_(6) lattice after roasting with K_(2)CO_(3)/Na_(2)CO_(3).Thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry results indicate that the eutectic phenomenon of K_(2)CO_(3) and Na_(2)CO_(3) could be observed at 720℃ and that the reaction of the slag and eutectic molten salts occurs at temperatures above 720℃.X-ray diffraction results suggest that Li^(+)in the slag is exchanged by K^(+)in K_(2)CO_(3) with the concurrent formation of KAlSiO_(4),while Na_(2)CO_(3) mainly functions as a fluxing agent.The lithium extraction efficiency can reach 93.87%under the optimal conditions of a roasting temperature of 740℃,roasting time of 30 min,leaching temperature of 50℃,leaching time of 40 min,and water/roasted sample mass ratio of 10:1.This work provides a new system for extracting lithium from the pyrometallurgical slag of spent LIBs.

Na_(2)SO_(4)-NaCl binary eutectic salt roasting to enhance extraction of lithium from pyrometallurgical slag of spent lithium-ion batteries

Effectively extracting lithium at a relatively low temperature from the slag produced by the pyrometallurgical treatment of spent lithium-ion batteries remains a great challenge,which limits the acquirement of lithium.Herein,we proposed a eutectic system to roast slag at a lower temperature based on sodium sulfate-sodium chloride(Na_(2)SO_(4)-NaCl)binary eutectic salts.The optimal roasting conditions are as follows:the slag was roasted at 750℃with a(SO_(4)^(2-)+Cl^(-))/Li+molar ratio of 5:1 for 120 min.Followed by aqueous leaching 5 min at room temperature with a water/roasted samples mass ratio of 30:1,it can get 97.07%lithium extraction efficiency.

Thermal Characterization of Lauric Acid and Stearic Acid Binary Eutectic Mixture in Latent Heat Thermal Storage Systems with Tube and Fins

In order to obtain the suitable phase change material（PCM） with low phase change temperature and improve its heat transfer rate, experimental investigation was conducted. Firstly, different mass ratios of lauric acid（LA） and stearic acid（SA） eutectic mixtures were prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）. Then, the performance of eutectic mixture during charging process under different fin widths in vertical condition, and performance during charging and discharging processes under different inlet temperature heat transfer fluid（HTF） in horizontal condition were investigated, respectively. The results revealed that the LA-SA eutectic mixture had the suitable phase change temperature and desired latent heat for low-temperature water floor heating system. Wide fins and high inlet temperature HTF significantly enhanced the transfer rate and decreased the melting time.

SURFACE COMPOSITE GEAR AND PIPE MADE BY SEPARATED EUTECTIC TECHNOLOGY

It is found that the anomalous eutectics can be separated on macroscopic scale by flow caused by electromagnetic stirring, and the separated phase is the leading faceted phase with the solution entropy over 23 J/(mol&middotK). By using this technology, a new kind of composite pipe and gear with good abrasive properties were made without adding any reinforced particles. Emphases were paid on the researches about formation mechanism of separated eutectic and abrasive property of the composite pipe or gear. The result shows that the entropy of solution controlling the eutectic microstructure is also valid and useful as a criterion of separated eutectic, and the kind and its chemical scope of the off-eutectic used to make composite can be calculated according to this theory.

Measurement of binary phase diagram of Cu_2S-MoS_2 system

A novel method,bath smelting process,was developed to treat molybdenite concentrate aiming at the existing problems of traditional process.To understand the dissolving behavior of MoS2 in white matte,the binary phase diagram of Cu2S-Mo2S was measured by the cooling curve method.The result shows that this system is a simple binary eutectic with a eutectic temperature of（1117.0±3.0）℃ and a eutectic composition of（1.70±0.20）% MoS2 in mass fraction.When the MoS2 addition exceeds 4.48%,MoS2 and Cu2S can form the ternary compound containing CuMo2S3 or Cu2Mo6S8.In the temperature range of copper smelting,1200-1300℃,molybdenite can dissolve in the cuprous sulfide.At 1200℃,the solubility of molybdenite can reach 14.8%.

基于共晶焊技术的高温压力传感器无引线封装技术研究

针对MEMS高温压力传感器在高温特种环境下存在引线电学失效的不可靠性因素,制备了基于共晶焊技术的无引线封装SOI高温压阻式压力传感器。利用金锗合金焊料共晶焊接技术完成芯片与陶瓷基板的焊盘之间的连接。推力测试结果表明:其焊接强度最大值可达28.30 MPa,均值约为26.47 MPa。完成300℃环境下的老化后,其300℃高温环境下零点漂移为0.216%,时漂约为7.64μV/h。老化后常温静态压力测试线性度为0.126%,迟滞为0.136%,重复性为0.197%,均小于2‰,基本误差为0.433%。研究结果验证了金锗焊料共晶焊接制备无引线封装压力传感器的技术路线可行性。

船载微型Ga-In共晶固定点的现场复现方法研究

将温标固定点技术应用于船载现场是实现温度量值扁平化,提升海洋温度测量水平的重要手段。为了弥补ITS90温标在海洋温区(-5~35℃)范围内固定点数目不足,不能对NTC热敏电阻进行有效校准的缺陷,研制了微型Ga-In共晶固定点,开展了船载控温箱微型Ga-In固定点温坪复现研究,同时探索了环境温度条件下微型Ga-In共晶固定点的复现。采用切线交点法和三次多项式拟合法对微型Ga-In固定点进行了评估和分析。结果表明:微型Ga-In共晶固定点重复性优于1 mK;微型Ga-In共晶固定点应该在固态并低于熔点的环境下保存。采用切线交点法赋值得到微型Ga-In共晶固定点相变温度为15.6549℃,扩展不确定度为1.54 mK(k=2)。

基于建构主义学习理论的物理化学课程思政探究

建构主义学习理论是建构主义与教育领域融合发展的一个重要理论成果,对于教学方法的革新有着重要的意义。本文尝试将建构主义学习理论运用于指导物理化学的课程思政建设,并以“简单的低共熔二元相图”这一知识点为例,介绍了一种在教学全过程中渗透融入课程思政的具体做法,以期在物理化学课程教学中推进“立德树人”目标的落实,为后续研究提供一个参考。

二元共晶糖醇颗粒的制备及其作为降温材料在传统卷烟中的应用

为拓宽传统卷烟用降温材料的筛选范围,利用木糖醇和赤藓糖醇的二元相图计算糖醇共晶点温度,通过熔融法制备木糖醇与赤藓糖醇二元共晶糖醇颗粒,将其作为降温材料应用于传统卷烟中,并评价其吸热降温效果。结果表明:二元共晶糖醇共晶点处的木糖醇与赤藓糖醇物质的量之比为7.6∶2.4,命名为木7.6赤2.4共晶糖醇颗粒,共晶点温度约为89℃;该共晶糖醇颗粒的制备过程中未发生化学反应,其形貌特征与木糖醇颗粒相似,表面较为光滑,将其应用于中短支卷烟时,较空白卷烟的主流烟气温度降低了6.8℃;木糖醇颗粒可有效截留主流烟气中的水分,所添加二元共晶糖醇颗粒中的木糖醇含量越多,卷烟出口处所捕集到的水分越少;二元共晶糖醇颗粒可截留部分主流烟气中的焦油,其中木7.6赤2.4共晶糖醇颗粒卷烟出口端捕集到的焦油量最少,但二元共晶糖醇颗粒对主流烟气中的烟碱含量和CO含量均未产生明显影响;添加木7.6赤2.4共晶糖醇颗粒的卷烟其烟气的甜感有所提升,但吸阻略有增加,且卷烟的烟气热感有所下降,感官品质整体评价最高。

二元低共熔脂肪酸相变微胶囊的设计与工艺优化

单一脂肪酸的相变温度普遍较高且易泄漏,不能满足其作为相变材料对夏季建筑空调能耗调节的需求。本工作基于真实溶剂类导体屏蔽模型(conductor-like screening model for real solvents,COSMO-RS),采用COSMOthermX软件对7种中链脂肪酸和10种长链脂肪酸两两组合的136种二元低共熔脂肪酸进行设计计算,筛选预测其共熔温度与摩尔比。进而将最优组合作为芯材,三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂(MUF)为壁材,通过原位聚合法制备相变微胶囊,系统地探讨不同工艺条件(芯壁比、反应温度、反应时间和反应转速等)对该微胶囊热物理性能的影响。结果表明:COSMO-RS模型可以直观地判断材料氢键供体(hydrogen bond donor,HBD)与受体(hydrogen bond acceptor,HBA)之间的关系,最优组合月桂酸(lauric acid,LA)与肉豆蔻酸(myristic acid,MA)摩尔比为0.66∶0.34的LA-MA(LM)理论共熔温度(33.25℃)与实验结果(33.1℃)相似度达98.08%;在芯壁比2∶1、反应时间3 h、反应温度80℃、搅拌转速200 r/min的条件下,MUF对芯材LM的包覆效率为61.37%,较好地解决了泄漏问题,对降低建筑空调制冷能耗具有潜在的应用价值。

Microstructure and properties of Mg-Al binary alloys

The effects of different amounts of added Al, ranging from 1 % to 9 %, on the microstructure and properties of Mg-Al binary alloys were investigated. The results showed that when the amount of added Al is less than 5%, the grain size of the Mg-Al binary alloys decreases dramatically from 3 097 μm to 151 μm with increasing addition of Al. Further addition of Al up to 9% makes the grain size decrease slowly to 111 μm. The α-Mg dendrite arms are also refined. Increasing the amount of added Al decreases the hot cracking susceptibility of the Mg-Al binary alloys remarkably, and enhances the micro-hardness of the α-Mg matrix.

Construction of Solidus Lines of Binary Metal Systems Having a Low Solubility of Components in the Solid Phase

The paper presents the calculation results on the construction of solidus lines of phase diagrams for some binary metal systems based on cadmium, zinc and tellurium. The investigations have been carried out using the phase equilibrium thermodynamics and known liquidus lines. By the calculation method the solidus lines of phase diagrams of the Cd-Na, Cd-Tl, Te-Ga, Te-As, Te-Cu and Zn-Sn systems were constructed in the temperature range from the base component melting point to the eutectic transformation temperature. In the Cd-Tl, Te-As, Te-Cu and Zn-Sn systems a retrograde solubility of the second component in the solid phase was observed. The temperature and maximum solubility values at the retrograde behavior of solidus lines, as well as, the limiting solubility values of components at eutectic transformation in the systems based on Cd, Zn and Te were determined.

TNBA/TNAZ最低共熔物的制备及性能

采用静电喷雾方法制备了2,4,6-三硝基-3-溴苯甲醚(TNBA)与1,3,3-三硝基氮杂环丁烷(TNAZ)不同质量比的低共熔物。根据低共熔物的差示扫描量热(DSC)曲线绘制了二元温度-组成(T-X)、熔融焓-组成(H-X)相图,从而得到最低共熔物的质量比。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散光谱(EDS)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、DSC和热重-质谱联用(TG-MS)等方法对最低共熔物形貌、组分含量、元素分布、晶体结构和热分解性质进行了研究,并对最低共熔物的机械感度、热感度和爆轰性能进行了测试和理论计算。结果表明:TNBA/TNAZ最低共熔物的最佳质量比为60.95∶39.05;其微观形貌无尖锐棱角,组分比例与静电喷雾前一致,表面元素分布均匀,晶体结构与原料基本一致;最低共熔温度为350.18 K,相比原料TNBA、TNAZ降低了22.72 K和24.82 K;热分解反应速率常数为0.33 s^(-1),活化焓为60.10 kJ·mol^(-1),活化能为64.44 kJ·mol^(-1),活化吉布斯自由能为135.21 kJ·mol^(-1),活化熵为-143.78 J·(mol·K)^(-1);最低共熔物的撞击感度(H50)为42 cm,摩擦感度(FS)为20%,5 s爆发点温度为558 K;爆轰性能(氧平衡-34.83%,爆热5101.78 kJ·kg^(-1),爆速7598.37 m·s^(-1))介于原料TNBA与TNAZ之间,理论爆轰产物主要为N2、C(d)、CO、CO_(2)及H_(2)O。

双金属离子交联海藻酸盐复合相变纤维的制备与性能

为制备多功能性海藻酸盐复合纤维,以海藻酸钠(SA)和丝素蛋白(SF)、月桂酸-棕榈酸二元低共熔混合物(LA-PA)为原料,通过湿法纺丝技术制备Zn^(2+)-Ca^(2+)、Cu^(2+)-Ca^(2+)、Sr^(2+)-Ca^(2+)双金属离子交联海藻酸盐复合相变纤维。利用红外光谱和高斯拟合研究了复合相变纤维的氢键作用,考察了双金属离子交联体系对复合相变纤维结构和性能的影响。结果表明:相对于单一Ca^(2+)交联体系,双金属离子交联体系分子内氢键含量增加,分子间氢键含量减少,纤维的断裂强度随β-折叠链结构含量增加而提高;Zn^(2+)-Ca^(2+)、Cu^(2+)-Ca^(2+)复合相变纤维具有优异的抗菌性能;纤维的最大结晶温度和熔融温度分别为26.19和36.71℃,最大相变焓为25.95 J/g,且经50次热循环后相变温度和相变焓差异较小,具有良好的蓄热稳定性。

Temperature-Dependent Rheological Behaviors of Binary Eutectic Mixtures of Sugar Alcohols for Latent Heat Storage:A Comparative Study with Pure Sugar Alcohols

The temperature-dependent rheological behaviors of five selected binary eutectic mixture sugar alcohols,with great potential for latent heat storage in the range of 353.15 K to 523.15 K,were investigated.It was found that the rheological behaviors of the mixture sugar alcohols depend on those of the pure compounds as well as their molar ratios.The two mixtures of xylitol(75 mol%)+erythritol and erythritol(84 mol%)+d-mannitol behave like pseudoplastic fluids with typical non-Newtonian shear-thinning behaviors,as indicated by the power law index of 0.99(<1).The mixture of d-mannitol(70 mol%)+d-dulcitol is a nonlinear Bingham fluid,exhibiting a slight yield stress(0.001 Pa to 0.01 Pa)at low shear rates.The rest two mixtures containing the cyclic-structured inositol behave like Herschel-Bulkley fluids.The infinite shear viscosities of the eutectic mixtures over the entire temperature range appear to be higher than those of their respective pure compounds,except for inositol.The mixture of xylitol(75 mol%)+erythritol at its melting point shows higher dynamic viscosity of about 0.546 Pa·s than the values of about 0.396 Pa·s and 0.035 Pa·s for xylitol and erythritol,respectively.In addition,the activation energies of viscous flow of the mixtures,as determined by fitting the dynamic viscosity-temperature curves using the Arrhenius model,also exhibit higher values than those of their pure compounds.The activation energy of viscous flow of the mixture xylitol(75 mol%)+erythritol was determined to be about 92400 J/mol in the supercooled liquid state,while the supercooled liquid xylitol and erythritol have much lower values of 83500 J/mol and 51900 J/mol,respectively.Both the increased dynamic viscosities and activation energies of viscous flow can result in deteriorated crystallization performance during latent heat retrieval.

MWCNTs对SA/SF/LA-PA复合相变纤维结构与性能的影响

以月桂酸和棕榈酸二元低共熔脂肪酸(LA-PA)、海藻酸钠(SA)、丝素蛋白(SF)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)为原料,以氯化钙为凝固浴,通过湿法纺丝制备复合相变纤维。通过FT-IR表征了MWCNTs含量对复合相变纤维氢键作用的影响,对复合相变纤维表面形态、力学性能、热性能、蓄热稳定性进行了表征。结果表明,随着MWCNTs含量的增加,复合相变纤维分子间氢键先增大后减小,分子内氢键含量先减小后增大;复合相变纤维的断裂强度先增大后减小,MWCNTs为0.4%时,其断裂强度达到最大值1.53 cN/dtex;复合相变纤维具有适宜的相变温度(17~37℃),相变焓为18~24 J/g;复合相变纤维经100次热循环后具有良好的蓄热耐久性。

二元共晶定向凝固的多相场法数值模拟

借助于多相场模型,利用移动盒算法模拟了小Peclet数下二元共晶模型合金的定向凝固过程。同时研究了共晶生长层片间距调整机制。模拟结果表明:当初始层片间距小于最小过冷层片间距时,层片调整通过两相的竞争生长与层片湮没进行;相反,当初始层片间距大于最小过冷理论时,层尖的形核分叉生长使层片生长趋于稳定;再现了共晶1λ振荡不稳定性生长,通过分析局部动力学得出1λ振荡不稳定性生长原因为溶质再分配与共晶两相的体积调整。

二元脂肪酸/SiO_2复合相变储能材料的制备与表征

针对适用于建筑领域的相变储能材料,选用癸酸(CA)分别与月桂酸(LA)、肉豆蔻酸(MA)和棕榈酸(PA)复合制备了二元低共熔脂肪酸作为储能材料。通过施罗德公式计算得到二元低共熔脂肪酸的混合比例和理论相变温度。基于CA-MA优异的性能,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备CA-MA/SiO2定形相变储能材料。采用FT-IR、SEM、DSC、TG对CA-MA/SiO2的结构、形貌、热性能和热稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,制备的3种二元低共熔脂肪酸适合于建筑领域。CA-MA较好地被固定在SiO2多孔网络中,储能材料和SiO2之间仅为物理结合,没有新物质的生成。定形相变储能材料的相变温度为20.96℃,相变焓为70.17J/g,相变温度适中,相变焓高,热稳定性好。

二元Mg-Al合金铸态及ECAP态组织与性能研究

研究了不同Al含量镁铝二元合金铸态及等通道挤压(ECAP)态组织特征和性能。结果表明:铸态Mg-Al二元合金在含Al(10%～25%,质量分数,下同)范围内,随Al含量增加,α-Mg初晶体积分数逐渐减少,形态由不规则的团絮状变为蔷薇花状,直至小块状;共晶组织体积分数剧增,硬脆相β-Mg17Al12呈网状连续分布,α和β两相以共生生长方式成为片层状共晶组织;ECAP能明显破坏硬脆相β-Mg17Al12网状连续分布,细化共晶组织和初晶α,并能使初晶α中析出弥散细小的β,起到弥散强化作用,使不同Al含量的Mg-Al二元合金不仅抗拉强度得到显著提高,而且塑性获得极大改善,尤其是Mg-15Al合金,ECAP后抗拉强度σb从150MPa提高到269.3MPa,延伸率δ由0.05%提高到7.4%。