Life Tables for the Experimental Population Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley at Different Temperatures

[Objective] The study was to investigate the effect of temperature on pop- ulation dynamics of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, so as to providing references for the control and prevention of this pest. [Method] The experimental populations were kept in laboratory and fed on cotton plants, and the major parameters of the population were recorded. [Result] By the construction of age specific life tables and reproductive life tables for the P. solenopsis experimental population at 24, 27, 30 ~C, more than 10 parameters were obtained, including mean generation time, survival rates of different stages and sexes, life expectancy, spawning period, fecundity amount per female, sexual ratio, net reproductive rate, intrinsic increase rate, finite increase rate, population trend index, curve of survival rate, and curve of daily fe- male oviposition, which revealed the effect of temperature on growth and develop- ment, life expectancy and fecundities of P. solenopsis. [Conclusion] The reproductive potential of the P. solenopsis population is very great at suitable temperature, making it easy to outbreak. The research provided scientific basis for population dynam- ics investigation, predication and integrated control of P. solenopsis.

Effects of temperatures on the development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna roseilinea: Analysis using an age-stage, two-sex life table

The armyworm Mythimna roseilinea（Walker） is a major pest of grain crops in South China. So far little is known about its basic biology and ecology, making prediction of population dynamics difficult. This study examined the relationships of individual development and population growth with temperature based on an age-stage, two-sex life table of M. roseilinea reared on maize in the laboratory at 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30℃. The highest values of net reproductive rate（R_0） and fecundity were observed at 21 and 24℃, respectively. Both the intrinsic rate of increase（r） and finite rate of increase（λ） increased significantly and mean generation time（T） decreased significantly with increasing temperature. M. roseilinea was able to develop, survive and lay eggs at all temperature regimes tested. Development rates of the egg, larval, pupal, as well as the whole pre-oviposition stages had a positive linear relationship with temperature. The calculated development threshold temperatures of egg, larval, pupal, pre-oviposition and total pre-oviposition stages were 13.29, 8.39, 14.35, 7.42, and 12.24℃, respectively, and their effective accumulated temperatures were 63.59, 445.00, 211.11, 89.02, and 698.95 degree-days, respectively. These results provide insight into temperature-based phenology and population ecology of this insect pest and will allow population prediction and management available in the field.

THE POSSIBILITY ANALYSIS OF NATURAL POPLAR-BIRCH FOREST RECOVERY TO BROAD-LEAF KOREAN PINE FOREST THROUGH THE METHOD OF LIFE TABLE IN THE XIOAXING'AN MOUNTAINS

The basic principle of life table method is deseribed, and the method of tree height instead of tree age in static life table is suggested, and it is also discussed that the possibility of natural poplar -birch forest recover to broad-leaf Korean pine forest on low pitches in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains by this method. If there is no particular situation, Korean pines after high than 5m under natural Poplar-birch forest will basically survive and make their way into dominant callopy accompanied by climax broad-leaf species.

Effects of Aschersonia aleyrodis on the life table and demographic parameters of Bemisia tabaci

The present study reports the sublethal effects of the entomopathogenic fungus, Aschersonia aleyrodis（Webber） on Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）（Homoptera： Aleyrodidae）. A fungal suspension of A. aleyrodis isolate Aa005 containing 1×107 conidia mL^-1 was sprayed against B. tabaci on eggplant leaves under greenhouse conditions. The effects of fungal application on survival as well as life table parameters of the whitefly were observed at different post inoculation periods. The results indicated that A. aleyrodis can significantly affect the survival of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd nymphal instars of B. tabaci. Developmental periods of different instar nymphs were not affected by fungal application. A. aleyrodis spores persisted well and significantly affected the survivorship of young instar nymphs of B. tabaci at different post incubation periods. Life table results suggested that A. aleyrodis has no impact on general fecundity and longevity of B. tabaci. When the pathogen was exposed to the open environment and maintained for a relatively longer period, a reduction in the reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of increase was caused by the fungal spores, though the sublethal effects were not as good as the control treatment. The results suggest that the ability of spores to suppress an increase in whitefly population persists well after incubation of spores to the external environment（up to 9 days）.

Life Table of Natural Population of Gastrolina depressa

[Objective]The paper was to understand the population development regularity of Gastrolina depressa in natural environment in Guizhou Province.[Method]The population dynamics of G.depressa was studied by establishing life table of natural population of G.depressa via field observation and calculating dynamic trend index of population.[Result]The mortality rates in egg stage,pupal stage and adult stage accounted for 26.42%,10.96%and 8.22%of the total mortality rate,respectively.The mortality rate in larval stage was the highest,accounting for 54.40%of the total mortality rate,higher than the total mortality rate in the other three stages.The population dynamic trend index I=9.25,I>1 indicated that the population showed an upward trend.[Conclusion]Under the natural conditions,the population of G.depressa shows upward trend,and human intervention is needed to control the population.The larval stage is the weak stage of the insect,which is the best time to control the insect.

Positive Stable Frailty Approach in the Construction of Dependence Life-Tables

Dependence may arise in insurance when the insureds are clustered into groups e.g. joint-life annuities. This dependence may be produced by sharing a common risk acting on mortality of members of the group. Various dependence models have been considered in literature; however, the focus has been on either the lower-tail dependence alone or upper-tail dependence alone. This article implements the frailty dependence approach to life insurance problems where most applications have been within medical setting. Our strategy is to use the conditional independence assumption given an observed association measure in a positive stable frailty approach to account for both lower and upper-tail dependence. The model is calibrated on the association of Kenyan insurers 2010 male and female published rates. The positive stable model is then proposed to construct dependence life-tables and generate life annuity payment streams in the competitive Kenyan market.

Fitness of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda to three solanaceous vegetables

The fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda Smith(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is an important agricultural pest that invaded China in the middle of December 2018.As a polyphagous pest,FAW is identified as a serious threat to agricultural production and food security in China.Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.),tomato(Solanum lycopersicum Mill.)and eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)are three of dominant solanaceous vegetables of this country.To our knowledge,the effects of these plants on the performances of FAW have not been well studied.In this study we assessed the fitness of this pest to these three plants.Results showed that FAW can complete its life cycle when fed with tomato and pepper,but not on eggplant.The population parameters of FAW fed with maize(Zea mays L.)and the three solanaceous vegetables were compared using the age-stage,two-sex life table method.Developmental duration was significantly different in the larval stage,but not in the pupae stage.FAW fed with pepper had the longest pre-adult period(41.73 d)and the lightest pupal weight(0.1134 g);the survival rate was lower than FAW fed with tomato.Significant differences were observed in the mean fecundity of female,with the highest(943.95 eggs)laid by FAW fed with tomato.FAW had the shortest mean generation time(T),the highest intrinsic rate of increase(r)and finite rate of increase(λ)on maize,and the highest net reproductive rate(R_(0))on tomato.Overall,FAW fitness on the three solanaceous vegetables was:tomato>pepper>eggplant.This study provides the foundation for further assessment of FAW risk to solanaceous vegetables and for establishing corresponding control strategies in China.

New Characteristics of Active Life Expectancy of the Elderly in China

Life expectancy of the elderly is a significant problem in China, and it changes not only the health care, but also the pension. This study used tracking data from the Chinese Urban and Rural Elderly Population Survey to calculate the age-specific Active Life Expectancy (ALE) of the Chinese elderly population aged 60 years and over. For analysis, this population was divided into different sub-populations according to gender, census register and region. The main conclusions of our study are as follows: 1) The quality of life for elderly males may be greater than that for elderly females;2) There were significant differences in Active Life Expectancy (ALE) and Inactive Life Expectancy (ILE) between urban and rural elderly;3) The differences in ALE between the eastern, central and western regions of China were not significant;and 4) The increased remaining life expectancy of the elderly was mainly attributed to the extended ALE in the lower age group and the expanded ILE in the higher age group. This study expands the knowledge of Chinese elderly’s life expectancy in different health status.

Analyses of Numerical Responses and Main Life Parameters for Determining the Suppression of Amblyseius cucumeris on Panonychus citri

In this paper, the numeral response and main parameters of experimental population life table were analyzed for determining the suppressing ability of Amblyseius cucumeris on Panonychus citri. The result showed that: (1) Under 21-31°C and 1 - 9 prey densities/leaf fragment condition, the prey consumptions of A. cucumeris increased with the temperature or prey density; (2) In 1:3 predator-prey ratio treatment, the suppression of P. citri (Ro=34.0053; T=19.4369; t=3.8204) was rather weak, it was enhanced as the ratio over 5:30, and the populations of P. citri in these treatments can be fully controlled within 4-5 days; (3) Under 25±1°C, 80-85% RH and 15L: 9D illumination conditions, the net reproductive rate, mean generation duration and the time for population double increase of P. citri (Ro=34.0053; T=19.4369; t=3.8204) were higher than those of A. cucumeris (Ro=21.8750; T=16.8943; t=3.7954). While the intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase of the former (rm=0.1814; λ=1.1989) were lower than those of the latter (rm=0.1826; λ=1.2004). These results indicated that A. cucumeris is a desirable bio-control agent to suppress P. citri at lower population stage in citrus orchard.

Life Annuities Calculation in Algeria： Continuous Time Approach

The present paper aims to show the impact of continuous time calculation on life insurance pricing and reserving in the Algerian context. The discrete time approach allows insurance companies to facilitate calculation process but with less accuracy. This approach implies constancy of death quotients during a year. However, the death risk is a continuous function in time. For more accuracy and equity in pricing, calculation needs to consider the exact dates of different payments and also a continuous capitalization process. This gives more adequate premium with fewer hypotheses. This work shows how insurers can propose more adequate pricing using the same actuarial life table.

江苏宝华山宝华玉兰种群结构与动态特征分析

为了揭示极危(CR)植物宝华玉兰〔Yulania zenii(W.C.Cheng)D.L.Fu〕野生种群的结构和动态特征,对江苏省句容市宝华山宝华玉兰野生资源进行全面调查,并运用静态生命表、存活曲线和生存分析等方法综合分析宝华玉兰种群结构和动态变化。结果表明:宝华山全境现存宝华玉兰野生开花植株115株,主要分布于宝华山北坡中部。宝华玉兰种群以中树和大树〔10 cm≤胸径(DBH)<25 cm〕为主,占比达66.1%,属于衰退型种群。从静态生命表看,宝华玉兰种群的生命期望随着径级的增加逐渐下降,种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型。生存分析结果显示:宝华玉兰种群趋势具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。种群动态量化分析结果表明:宝华玉兰种群动态总体呈增长趋势,但增长极为缓慢。基于上述研究结果,建议采取人工播种、补植实生苗等方式加强对宝华玉兰种群的保护和管理,促进其种群的更新和良性发展。

利用自我重复取样匹配技术组建生命表:以梨小食心虫为例

【目的】针对一些昆虫在进行生命表研究时由于个体从出生到死亡的发育、存活和繁殖数据无法连续记录或难以记录的问题,本研究旨在引入一种适宜该类昆虫的生命表组建技术,并证明该技术的可靠性。【方法】将24个以传统方式组建的昆虫连续记录生命表拆分为未成熟期与成虫期生命表,再利用自我重复取样匹配技术重新组建新的完整生命表,与原始生命表的主要种群参数进行比较与验证。利用该技术重新组建包含滞育期的梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta生命表,并借助模拟软件预测越冬种群增长趋势,将预测的种群数据与田间取样数据进行对比。【结果】24个种群基于0.5百分位净增殖率(R_(0))和周限增长率(λ)采用自我重复取样匹配构建的生命表的种群参数与原始生命表一致。梨小食心虫自我重复取样匹配生命表无滞育期与含180 d滞育期的生命表周限增长率(λ)、内禀增长率(r)与平均世代周期(T)有显著差异,但净增殖率(R_(0))与平均繁殖率(F)无显著差异。进行种群增长预测时,忽略滞育期会高估田间种群的增长潜力,呈现不现实的快速增长,而包含180 d滞育期的同时降低繁殖率并增加越冬期幼虫的死亡率的生命表,可得到更接近田间观察的实际种群结构。【结论】本研究展示了分别独立收集未成熟期和成虫期数据,利用两性生命表软件经100000次自我重复取样和匹配,进而组建完整生命表的技术。借助年龄-龄期两性生命表理论的计算机模拟可以预测害虫种群增长,有助于确定防治的最佳时期和制定有效的害虫管理方案,以促进农业可持续发展。

集合论、笛卡尔乘积和多项式定理在生命表研究中的应用:以取食玉米粒和茶树叶片的棉铃虫生命表为例

【目的】自我重复取样技术(bootstrap technique)广泛用于计算生命表各参数的方差、标准误和置信区间(confidence interval),而配对自我重复取样检验(paired bootstrap test,PBT)则用于检测处理间的生命表参数差异。本研究以取食玉米粒和茶树叶片的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生命表为例,进一步解释集合论、笛卡尔乘积和多项式定理在害虫种群生物学研究中的应用。【方法】利用年龄-龄期两性生命表对取食玉米粒和茶树叶片的棉铃虫种群参数进行分析,利用集合论、笛卡尔乘积和多项式定理将种群统计分析以明确数学的方法呈现,以检测所有可能的自我重复取样样本、精确计算种群参数置信区间以及处理之间差异的置信区间,计算可育和不育样本的概率。【结果】取食茶树叶片的棉铃虫其成虫前期存活率、内禀增长率(r)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(R_(0))、平均世代周期(T)均显著低于取食玉米粒的,说明茶树叶片不是棉铃虫的适宜寄主植物。因取食茶树叶片棉铃虫种群不育样本数较多,利用bootstrap重复取样接受可育与不育样本时,其结果与不用bootstrap技术计算的差异小于5%;若取样时仅接受可育样本,结果与原数值差异显著,误差较大(>5%)。使用笛卡尔配对检验(Cartesian paired test,CPT)比较取食两种食物的棉铃虫种群的R0的差异时,可计算两种处理bootstrap抽样结果所有可能差异的精确置信区间,而使用自我重复取样检验通常会导致置信区间的估值过高或过低,尤其是自我重复取样数较小时。多项式定理可以揭示可育和不育样本的自我重复取样结果。自我重复取样抽样记录必须保留,以便在后续分析中进一步应用。【结论】本研究进一步明确了两性生命表理论的数学基础,也为昆虫学研究中的生命表技术的应用提供数学支撑。

25岁以下未育女性负压吸宫术后即时放置两种宫内节育器的随机对照观察

目的:观察25岁以下未育女性负压吸宫术后即时分别放置吉妮致美或含药含铜宫型宫内节育器(IUD)的可行性和效果。方法:将自愿要求人工流产的≤25岁未育早孕女性作为观察对象,随机表法分组,分别放置吉妮致美IUD组(195例)和含药含铜宫型IUD组(简称宫药铜组)(196例)。于负压吸宫术后即时放置IUD,随访6个月,观察IUD的使用效果。结果:两组IUD的顺利放置率≥99%。采用生命表法对IUD的终止情况进行分析。两组均无妊娠发生,宫药铜组无脱落相关终止,吉妮致美组脱落相关终止率为2.09/100妇女年,高于宫药铜组(P<0.05)。吉妮致美组因症取出率为0.53/100妇女年,宫药铜组为1.60/100妇女年,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。吉妮致美组和宫药铜组与IUD使用相关的终止率分别为1.60/100妇女年和2.60/100妇女年,两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。放置IUD后1、3、6个月随访时,吉妮致美组和宫药铜组IUD副作用的主诉率分别为17.3%、13.4%、6.7%和28.7%、29.5%、21.5%,吉妮致美组低于宫药铜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01、P<0.001、P<0.001)。结论:年轻未育女性负压吸宫术后即时放置吉妮致美或宫药铜IUD均安全、可行、避孕效果可靠,与宫药铜IUD相比吉妮致美IUD使用后不适主诉更少,需关注放置技术以减少脱落。

上海崇明东滩湿地潮滩梯度下芦苇种群动态分析

芦苇(Phragmites australis)是崇明东滩湿地潮间带的优势种,具有良好的水土保持与净化功能。芦苇种群主要在中、高潮滩呈带状分布,但在低潮滩也有小斑块状分布。作为典型根茎型克隆植物的芦苇种群,在盐沼湿地不同潮滩表现出怎样的种群动态特征,进而反映出怎样的差异化的适应能力,值得深入研究。以分布在崇明东滩湿地低、中、高3个潮滩上的芦苇种群为研究对象,全程定位追踪起始于4、6月的同生群在整个生长季的生长、发育过程,并定量分析它们的动态生命表、生存曲线、生存率和累积死亡率,系统揭示分布于3个潮滩的芦苇种群典型动态特征。结果表明:(1)起始于4月的处于低、中、高3个潮滩上的芦苇同生群,其生存曲线存在差异,它们分别趋近于Deevey-Ⅰ型、Deevey-Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型的过渡型,以及Deevey-Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的过渡型;(2)起始于6月的处于低、中潮滩上的芦苇同生群,其生存曲线呈现出与4月同生群相似的特征,高潮滩同生群则由Deevey-Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的过渡型转变成Deevey-Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型的过渡型;(3)经综合分析,高潮滩芦苇同生群稳定性最强,低潮滩同生群相对不稳定,中潮滩同生群在生长初期不稳定而在生长中后期趋于稳定;(4)基于上述研究结果,针对东滩湿地沿潮滩梯度分布的芦苇种群的保育与管理提出了合理建议。

7种榕属植物叶片的理化性质及对朱红毛斑蛾生长发育的影响

为探究相较于其余5种榕属植物,朱红毛斑蛾Phauda flammans偏好小叶榕Ficus concinna及垂叶榕F.benjamina的原因。本文通过测量比较7种常用的园林绿化榕属植物营养物质、次生代谢物质以及物理性状,采用室内饲养观察与调查统计的方法评估朱红毛斑蛾在小叶榕和垂叶榕上的发育历期和种群生命表参数。结果发现,与黄葛树、无花果、对叶榕、高山榕和印度榕相比,小叶榕和垂叶榕叶片可溶性糖含量分别为98.47μg/g与65.21μg/g;可溶性蛋白含量分别为4.18 mg/g与0.95 mg/g;含水量分别为0.84%与0.95%;叶片厚度分别为3.59 mm与2.65 mm;硬度分别为3.91 mN与3.49 mN;朱红毛斑蛾仅在小叶榕和垂叶榕上能完成生活史;与垂叶榕相比,取食小叶榕后的幼虫、蛹和成虫的生长发育历期更短,分别为50.25 d、11.48 d和4.28 d,种群存活率和繁殖率更高,且自然死亡排除控制指数为1.68,低于垂叶榕。说明小叶榕和垂叶榕叶片含有较高的营养物质、较低含量的次生代谢物质、较小的叶片硬度,导致朱红毛斑蛾偏好小叶榕和垂叶榕,并能完成生活史。因此在基于榕树植物的园林绿化造景过程中,应注意树种的搭配,降低朱红毛斑蛾对城市园林景观和生态效益的影响。

温度升高通过小麦根际微生物加快禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜的种群增长

【目的】气候变暖可影响小麦(Triticum aestivum)蚜虫发生和危害,禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)和麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)作为我国黄淮海小麦的主要害虫,其种群发育与繁殖受气候变暖的影响。本文旨在探究气候变暖是否会改变小麦根际微生物,从而间接影响禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜的发育和繁殖。【方法】在河南原阳试验基地悬挂红外辐射加热器模拟温度升高2℃,待小麦返青后调查小麦蚜虫发生数量。在小麦拔节期收集根际微生物,并带回室内获得小麦根际微生物混合菌液。用混合菌液浇灌小麦开展两种蚜虫种群动态、年龄-龄期两性生命表试验。浇灌根际微生物混合菌液,后接种蚜虫,连续观察5次,记录蚜虫的数量。将两种麦蚜用生态盒单头固定于小麦第2片叶片上开展生命表试验,每天观察记录若蚜蜕皮、龄期、死亡等情况;同时,记录成蚜产蚜量及死亡数。【结果】不同处理下,禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜的种群动态均呈持续增加趋势。随着调查次数的增加,浇灌增温田根际微生物相比常温田根际微生物,蚜虫的增加量逐渐增大。增温田根际微生物显著增加禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜总平均发生量,相较于麦长管蚜,禾谷缢管蚜增加量更大,为麦长管蚜的4.49倍。种群生命表结果表明,增温田根际微生物显著缩短了禾谷缢管蚜的平均世代周期、种群加倍时间、若蚜发育历期及产蚜历期,同时显著增加了其内禀增长率、周限增长率和产蚜量。此外,增温田根际微生物显著提高了麦长管蚜各阶段种群存活率。【结论】温度升高分别通过影响根际微生物而促进禾谷缢管蚜的生长发育和繁殖,提高麦长管蚜的存活率,加速禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜的种群增长,这些影响可导致蚜虫迁飞行为的变化。研究结果初步解析了气候变暖条件下麦蚜暴发机制,可为预测和评估未来气候变暖下的麦蚜发生提供重要参考。

棉蚜对不同品种枸杞的适应性

为了明确棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)对宁夏地区不同主栽枸杞品种的适应性,利用年龄-阶段两性生命表对棉蚜取食不同品种枸杞后生长发育及种群参数进行研究。结果表明,取食不同枸杞品种的棉蚜产蚜期、产蚜量和寿命存在显著差异。其中取食‘宁杞1号’的棉蚜产蚜期、总寿命、成虫寿命和产蚜量分别为8.61 d、15.22 d、9.58 d和11.78头,显著低于‘宁杞5号’(分别为9.71 d、16.14 d、10.78 d和15头)、‘宁杞7号’(分别为9.71 d、15.87 d、10.52 d和14.21头)和‘宁杞10号’(分别为11.08 d、17.80 d、12.24 d和17.40头)。取食不同枸杞品种的棉蚜净增殖率(R0)、总繁殖率(GRR)、内禀增长率(r)、平均世代周期(T)和周限增长率(λ)等参数存在显著差异。其中取食‘宁杞1号’棉蚜的R0、GRR、r和λ值(分别为7.07、14.13、0.21 d^(-1)和1.24 d^(-1))均显著低于‘宁杞5号’(分别为10.5、16.9、0.26 d^(-1)和1.29 d^(-1))、‘宁杞7号’(分别为11.37、18.47、0.27 d^(-1)和1.30 d^(-1))和‘宁杞10号’(分别为14.5、20.41、0.28 d^(-1)和1.32 d^(-1));取食‘宁杞1号’棉蚜的t值(9.17 d)显著低于‘宁杞10号’(9.5 d),高于‘宁杞7号’(9.01 d)。综上表明,棉蚜取食4个枸杞品种均能正常发育并完成整个世代,但在不同品种枸杞上的适应性不同,在‘宁杞10号’品种上的适应性最好,‘宁杞5号’和‘宁杞7号’次之,‘宁杞1号’的适应性最低。因此,可以考虑利用棉蚜适应性较低的品种作为宁夏地区主栽枸杞对棉蚜进行防控。

川黔地区濒危植物红豆树种群结构与数量动态特征

红豆树(Ormosia hosiei)是我国南方特有珍稀濒危植物,具有极高的经济价值和人文价值。为了解红豆树种群在川黔山区的生存现状及制约种群发展的原因,该文以川黔4个区域红豆树自然种群为调查对象,采用典型样地调查的方法,根据不同种群的分布特征,每个种群分别设置2个面积为20 m×20 m的具有代表性的样地进行调查,通过编制种群静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算数量动态指数、利用生存函数及时间序列模型分析了川黔山区不同红豆树种群的结构与动态特征。结果表明:(1)河株村和干耳盘村种群龄级结构呈倒“J”型结构,陈家湾村和绒春村种群呈不规则“哑铃”型结构,红豆树种群自然更新能力强,但中龄级个体容易缺失。(2)4个种群均为增长型,存活曲线接近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,其中河株村、陈家湾村和绒春村种群消失率和死亡率呈“多峰型”,种群在生长中期容易受到外界干扰。(3)红豆树种群数量动态变化表现为幼龄级个体死亡率高,成熟龄级个体数量动态稳定的特点,其形成原因与山区地形特点和红豆树种子传播特性有关。(4)RDA排序结果显示,海拔和坡度是影响幼龄个体数量结构的主导因子,干扰强度是影响种群中高龄个体数量结构的主要因素。综上表明,川黔山区红豆树天然种群结构与数量特征的形成受制于山区地形特点、红豆树自身繁殖特性以及环境压力;通过对种群幼龄个体密度控制和中龄个体生长空间进行管理,可以提高种群幼苗存活率,促进中龄个体健壮生长,维持红豆树天然种群稳定性。

新疆库尔勒八字地老虎在不同温度下的种群生命表及灯下成虫种群动态

【目的】研究温度对新疆库尔勒八字地老虎Xestia c-nigrum生长发育和繁殖的影响,明确其对环境温度的适应能力。【方法】利用两性生命表方法比较15, 20, 25, 30和35℃下八字地老虎卵孵化率、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、发育历期及繁殖力,分析不同温度对其种群生命表参数的影响,并计算不同发育阶段的发育起点温度和有效积温。利用灯诱监测数据分析2020-2022年期间新疆库尔勒农区八字地老虎种群动态与日平均温度变化的关系。【结果】15℃时八字地老虎幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率均低于30%,30℃时幼虫存活率、化蛹率低于10%且蛹不能正常羽化,35℃时幼虫不能存活。八字地老虎各发育阶段历期随温度升高而缩短,15, 20, 25, 30和35℃时卵历期分别为15.52, 7.40, 5.47, 4.88和3.88 d;15, 20, 25和30℃时幼虫历期分别为109.43, 40.53, 26.48和24.55 d;15, 20和25℃时蛹历期分别为41.43, 18.00和12.54 d。15℃时种群呈负增长,20和25℃时种群呈正增长,其中25℃时内禀增长率(r_m)最大。八字地老虎卵、1-6龄幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为9.81, 8.43,9.95, 10.26, 12.52, 13.58, 12.60和10.81℃,有效积温依次为79.62, 92.17, 56.09, 57.03, 39.35, 38.16, 80.72和172.39日·度。2020-2022年灯诱监测数据表明,八字地老虎在新疆库尔勒每年发生3代,成虫高峰期分别在5月中旬、7月下旬和9月上旬,对应的日平均温度在19.5~26.5℃之间。【结论】低于15℃时八字地老虎种群呈负增长,超过30℃时不能完成生活史,而20~25℃比较适合八字地老虎的生长与繁殖,该结果为明确新疆库尔勒八字地老虎的温度适应能力及其发生规律提供了科学依据。