Modified DS np Chart Using Generalized Multiple Dependent State Sampling under Time Truncated Life Test

This study presents the design of a modified attributed control chart based on a double sampling(DS)np chart applied in combination with generalized multiple dependent state(GMDS)sampling to monitor the mean life of the product based on the time truncated life test employing theWeibull distribution.The control chart developed supports the examination of the mean lifespan variation for a particular product in the process of manufacturing.Three control limit levels are used:the warning control limit,inner control limit,and outer control limit.Together,they enhance the capability for variation detection.A genetic algorithm can be used for optimization during the in-control process,whereby the optimal parameters can be established for the proposed control chart.The control chart performance is assessed using the average run length,while the influence of the model parameters upon the control chart solution is assessed via sensitivity analysis based on an orthogonal experimental design withmultiple linear regression.A comparative study was conducted based on the out-of-control average run length,in which the developed control chart offered greater sensitivity in the detection of process shifts while making use of smaller samples on average than is the case for existing control charts.Finally,to exhibit the utility of the developed control chart,this paper presents its application using simulated data with parameters drawn from the real set of data.

A Novel Multiple Dependent State Sampling Plan Based on Time Truncated Life Tests Using Mean Lifetime

The design of a new adaptive version of the multiple dependent state(AMDS)sampling plan is presented based on the time truncated life test under the Weibull distribution.We achieved the proposed sampling plan by applying the concept of the double sampling plan and existing multiple dependent state sampling plans.A warning sign for acceptance number was proposed to increase the probability of current lot acceptance.The optimal plan parameters were determined simultaneously with nonlinear optimization problems under the producer’s risk and consumer’s risk.A simulation study was presented to support the proposed sampling plan.A comparison between the proposed and existing sampling plans,namely multiple dependent state(MDS)sampling plans and a modified multiple dependent state(MMDS)sampling plan,was considered under the average sampling number and operating characteristic curve values.In addition,the use of two real datasets demonstrated the practicality and usefulness of the proposed sampling plan.The results indicated that the proposed plan is more flexible and efficient in terms of the average sample number compared to the existing MDS and MMDS sampling plans.

Energy-Efficient Cluster in Wireless Sensor Network Using Life Time Delay Clustering Algorithms

Through Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)formation,industrial and academic communities have seen remarkable development in recent decades.One of the most common techniques to derive the best out of wireless sensor networks is to upgrade the operating group.The most important problem is the arrangement of optimal number of sensor nodes as clusters to discuss clustering method.In this method,new client nodes and dynamic methods are used to determine the optimal number of clusters and cluster heads which are to be better organized and proposed to classify each round.Parameters of effective energy use and the ability to decide the best method of attachments are included.The Problem coverage find change ability network route due to which traffic and delays keep the performance to be very high.A newer version of Gravity Analysis Algorithm(GAA)is used to solve this problem.This proposed new approach GAA is introduced to improve network lifetime,increase system energy efficiency and end delay performance.Simulation results show that modified GAA performance is better than other networks and it has more advanced Life Time Delay Clustering Algorithms-LTDCA protocols.The proposed method provides a set of data collection and increased throughput in wireless sensor networks.

A Multi-Hop Dynamic Path-Selection (MHDP) Algorithm for the Augmented Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), the lifetime of sensors is the crucial issue. Numerous schemes are proposed to augment the life time of sensors based on the wide range of parameters. In majority of the cases, the center of attraction will be the nodes’ lifetime enhancement and routing. In the scenario of cluster based WSN, multi-hop mode of communication reduces the communication cast by increasing average delay and also increases the routing overhead. In this proposed scheme, two ideas are introduced to overcome the delay and routing overhead. To achieve the higher degree in the lifetime of the nodes, the residual energy (remaining energy) of the nodes for multi-hop node choice is taken into consideration first. Then the modification in the routing protocol is evolved (Multi-Hop Dynamic Path-Selection Algorithm—MHDP). A dynamic path updating is initiated in frequent interval based on nodes residual energy to avoid the data loss due to path extrication and also to avoid the early dying of nodes due to elevation of data forwarding. The proposed method improves network’s lifetime significantly. The diminution in the average delay and increment in the lifetime of network are also accomplished. The MHDP offers 50% delay lesser than clustering. The average residual energy is 20% higher than clustering and 10% higher than multi-hop clustering. The proposed method improves network lifetime by 40% than clustering and 30% than multi-hop clustering which is considerably much better than the preceding methods.

Performance of V_2O_5-WO_3-MoO_3/TiO_2 Catalyst for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO_x by NH_3

The V/O5-WO3-MoOy＇TiO2 honeycomb catalyst was prepared with industrial grade chemicals. The structural and physico-chemical properties were analyzed with X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron micrograph （SEM） and mercury porosimetry. The NOx conversion and durability were investigated on a pilot plant test set under the actual operational conditions of a coal fired boiler. The catalyst monolith had good formability with mass per- centage of V ： W ： Mo ： TiO2 ： fiber glass = 1 ： 4.5 ： 4.5 ： 72 ： 18. Vanadium, tungsten and molybdenum species were highly dispersed on anatase TiO2 without causing the transformation of anatase TiO2 to ruffle by calcining under a current of air at 450℃ for 4.5 h, but there were some degrees of crystal distortion. The catalyst particle sizes were almost uniform with close pile-up and the pore structure was regular with complete macro-pore formation and large specific surface area. The NOx conversion was sensitive to temperature but nearly insensitive to NH3. The catalyst showed strong adaptability to NOx concentration with activity above 80% in the range of 615 1640 mg.m-3. Within the range of 720-8640 h continuous operation, the NOx conversion dropped at a rate of about 1% reduction per 600 h.

Systematic Study on Alpha Decay Half-Lives of Superheavy Nuclei

The α-decay half-lives of a set of superheavy nuclear isotope chain from Z = 105 to 120 have been analyzed systematically within the WKB method, and some nuclear structure features are found. The decay barriers have been determined in the quasi-molecular shape path within the Generalized Liquid Drop Model （GLDM） including the proximity effects between nucleons in a neck and the mass and charge asymmetry. The results are in reasonable agreement with the published experimental data for the alpha decay half-llves of isotopes of charge 112, 114, and 116, of the element 294118 and of some decay products. A comparison of present calculations with the results by the DDM3Y effective interaction and by the Viola-Seaborg-Sobiczewski （VSS） formulae is also made. The experimental a decay half lives all stand in between the GLDM calculations and VSS formula results. This demonstrates the possibility of these models to provide reasonable estimates for the half-lives of nuclear decays by a emissions for the domain of SHN. The half-lives of these new nuclei are thus well tested from the reasonable consistence of the macroscopic, the microscopic, the empirical formulae and the experimental data. This also shows that the present data of SHN themselves are consistent. It could suggest that the present experimental claims on the existence of new elements Z =110 - 118 are reliable. It is expected that greater deviations of a few SHN between the data and the model may be eliminated by further improvements on the precision of the measurements.

Lifetime Estimation Based on Surface Degradation and Characterization of HTV Silicone-rubber Based Composites for HVAC and HVDC Transmission

In this paper,six different types of silicone rubberbased composites were investigated for applications in high voltage insulation through multi-stress accelerated aging conducted for a period of 5000 h both under AC and DC voltages.The main goal of this study was lifetime prediction of HTV-SR based composites at a typical multi-stress aging conditions.Several diagnostic techniques such as hydrophobicity assessment,leakage current measurement and FTIR were incorporated to assess the aging.As an outcome of this investigation,all the five hybrid samples were found as quite resistant to aging while the neat sample was comparatively,less resistant to the aging.Overall,among the studied samples,TS2 and TS4 appeared to have shown the highest resistance to aging giving a service life of 43.2 and 42 years,respectively under AC aging.Under DC stress the order of merit of investigated samples was identical to that of AC stress but having marginally less life spans.

Understanding the Mechanism of Nanoparticle Formation in a Wire Explosion Process by Adopting the Optical Emission Technique

In the present study nano-tungsten carbide particles were generated in a wire explosion process.The plasma generated during the wire explosion process was analyzed using optical emission spectroscopy（OES）.The impact of ambient pressure on the plasma temperature,electron density and plasma lifetime was studied.Lifetime variations of the plasma produced under different experimental conditions were analyzed.The produced nanoparticles were characterized through wide angle X-ray diffraction（WAXD） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） studies. Particles produced with a negative DC charging voltage had a larger mean size when compared to a positive charging voltage.Polarity dependence on the plasma duration was observed where plasma was sustained for a longer duration with a negative DC charging voltage.

Enhancement of Electrical Performance of c-Si Solar Cells with New Texturization and Diffusion Process

Improving cell efficiency and increasing throughput in solar cell industry efforts were put on uniform texturization and optimum diffusion process. To reduce reflectivity, NaOH/KOH （sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide） and IPA （isopropyl alcohol） are widely used in standard alkaline texturization of mono c-Si （crystalline silicon） （〈100〉 crystal orientation） wafers, where IPA promotes formation of uniform pyramidal structure but leads to unstable process. In this work, carbohydrates have been investigated as an additive in etchant solution. Moreover uniform phosphorus diffusion process for B2B （back to back） diffusion （loading two wafers in one single slot of quartz boat） has been investigated with single and multiple temperature plateaus. Impact of pre-oxygen step on phosphorus diffusion is investigated in which number of inactive phosphorus at the PSG （phosphosilicate glass）-Si interface is reduced. A batch of 156 PSQ （pseudo square） mono c-Si solar cells with 18%-18.20% efficiency was fabricated which is -0.3% higher than the standard process. The EL （electroluminescence image）, reff （carrier effective life time）, Voc （open circuit voltage）, Isc （short circuit current）, Pvk （peak power） and r/ （efficiency） have been examined and compared with standard.

Degradation of Polymer &Elastomer Exposed to Chlorinated Water—A Review

In water industry, the chlorine is mostly used as a disinfectant agent. The chlorine present in potable water as a disinfectant has been reported to reduce the lifetime of contact polymeric material. This occurs in polymer pipes and it is now very common in plumbing and other parts of the drinking water distribution system. For more than 50 years, Polymer & Elastomeric materials have been used ubiquitously in drinking water distribution systems. Polymer & Elastomeric materials have successfully been used in a variety of applications ranging from rubber gaskets, to valves, to hydrants, to fittings. Polymer & Elastomers that degrade more quickly than expected create service problems, make it difficult for utilities to cost efficient plan preventive maintenance programs, and negatively affect customer relations. This review paper gives an insight idea to a reader about the selection of proper polymer & elastomer and predicting its performance in chlorinated water. Also the mechanism of degradation of Polymer & elastomer in chlorine environment and some model of life expectancy of in-service of Polymer & elastomer in various conditions and parameter in chlorinated water were discussed.

Reliability Comparison of MPPT Converter in DCM and CCM Operation

The reliability plays an important role in power electronic systems by which the number of system failures, repair costs, guarantee and etc. are estimated. In this paper first, a boost Maximum Power Point Tracker （MPPT） converter is simulated in Discontinues Conduction Mode （DCM） and Continuous Conduction Mode （CCM） under different output power ratings. For these simulations, all of the inherent parameters of MOSFET and diodes are applied according to the actual types. Then, reliability calculation is done based on MIL-HDBK-217 handbook. Results have shown that the MPPT converter would have better performance from reliability point of view in CCM operating mode.

Reliability Investigation of PCs＇ SMPSs

Today reliability is one of the serious requirements of electronic systems. The numbers of system failures, repair cost, guarantee, etc. are estimated by reliability estimation. In this paper reliability of a switching power supply, which is used for personal computers, is evaluated. It will show that the most of failure rates depends on power circuit because of more stresses and dissipations. Derating effect of devices on the failure rate is discussed. A prototype power supply＇s waveforms are used for stress detection and calculation of dissipations.

Oncothermia in Combination with Vitamin C Infusion for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: a Case Report

We herein report an advanced case(T3N3M0,Stage ⅢB)of squamous cell lung cancer.The patient survived beyond 5 years only receiving intravenous vitamin C(VitC)infusion combined with modulated electrohyperthermia(mEHT,trade name:oncothermia).

Full lifetime cost analysis of battery, plug-in hybrid and FCEVs in China in the near future

This paper analyzes the full lifetime cost of battery electric vehicles （BEVs）, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles （PHEVs）, and fuel cell electric vehicles （FCEVs） in China in the near future. The full lifetime cost comprises the initial and periodic cost of owning and operating the vehicle. Compared with the conventional gasoline vehi- cles, the full lifetime cost of the BEVs, PHEVs and FCEVs are approximately 1.5, 0.5 and 2.3 times more in the short term, respectively, due to the higher initial costs and higher non-energy-related costs though the fuel costs are lower. The results also suggest that with reasonably anticipatable technological progress in the long term, the lifetime cost of advanced electric vehicles （EVs） can be close to that of gasoline vehicles. It is found that two aspects of action are most important to make BEVs cost-effective： to support technology improvement to decrease the high cost of BEV and to formulate high energy cost of operating the conventional gasoline car. Moreover, it is important to decrease the non-energy operating costs including regis- tration fee, tax rate and etc., of BEVs at the same time.

Generalized Markov interacting branching processes

We consider a very general interacting branching process which includes most of the important interacting branching models considered so far. After obtaining some key preliminary results, we first obtain some elegant conditions regarding regularity and uniqueness, Then the extinction vector is obtained which is very easy to be calculated. The mean extinction time and the conditional mean extinction time are revealed.The mean explosion time and the total mean life time of th, processes are also investigated and resolved.

Microstructure characterization and HCF fracture mode transition for modified 9Cr-1Mo dissimilarly welded joint at different elevated temperatures

The high cycle fatigue（HCF） tests of modified 9 Cr-1 Mo dissimilarly welded joint were carried out at different elevated temperatures and the fracture mechanism was systematically revealed. The fatigue strength at 108 cycles based on S-N curve can be estimated as a half of weld joint＇s yield strength for all conducted temperatures, which can be a reliable criterion in predicting the fatigue life. The results show that the inter-critical heat affected zones（IC-HAZs） of both sides are the weak zones due to their low hardness and inferior fatigue resistance property. HAZ of COST-FB2（BM2） is the weakest zone at room temperature due to the existence of numerously distributed defects and the initiation of cracks, either in the surface or interior zone, impacting a crucial effect on the fatigue life of the joint. While at elevated temperatures, fatigue life was controlled mostly by the intrusion-extrusion mechanism at the specimen surface under high stress level and subsurface non-defect fatigue crack origin（SNDFCO） from the interior material under low stress amplitude. With increasing temperature, more and more fatigue failures began to occur at the HAZ of COST-E（BM1） due to its higher susceptibility of temperature. Besides, it is found that the-ferrite in the BM1 has no harm to the HCF behavior of the joint at the conducted temperatures.