A novel porous binder was obtained from acid-treated kaolin. This new binder possessed abundant meso/macropores, good hydrothermal stability and heavy metal resistance. The prepared catalyst using new binder featured ...A novel porous binder was obtained from acid-treated kaolin. This new binder possessed abundant meso/macropores, good hydrothermal stability and heavy metal resistance. The prepared catalyst using new binder featured low attrition index and large pore volume. The catalysts were contaminated with Ni, V, and tested in a fixed-fluidized bed reactor unit. In comparison with the reference sample, the oil conversion achieved by the above-mentioned catalyst increased by 3.50 percentage points, and heavy oil yield decreased by 2.86 percentage points, while the total liquid yield and light oil yield increased by 2.82 percentage points and 0.79 percentage points, respectively. The perfect pore structure, good hydrothermal stability and heavy metal resistant performance of new binder were the possible causes leading to its outstanding performance.展开更多
A new microfluidic microelectromechanical light modulator using a magnetic fluid is introduced. The optical reflection from the device is modulated by applying an electric current into an electrode, which is enclosed ...A new microfluidic microelectromechanical light modulator using a magnetic fluid is introduced. The optical reflection from the device is modulated by applying an electric current into an electrode, which is enclosed by ferromagnetic thin films as in an inductive head for a magnetic data storage device. The magnetic field produced by the current exerts a magnetic force on the magnetic fluid and drives the fluid to cover the cell surface. The surface tension of the fluid provides a restoring force when the field is reduced. The actuation of the fluid is completed in about 12 ms for both thin-to-thick and thick-to-thin fluid film switchings by magnetic forces and surface tension forces, respectively. It was observed that the switching speed was almost independent of the driving current, and no considerable thermal effect were observed when driven by a current up to 100 mA.展开更多
The Songxi deposit is a newly discovered large Ag (Sb) deposit. By using a suite of high-vacuum quadrupole gas mass spectrometer systems, the authors have recognized many kinds of light hydrocarbons in fluid inclusion...The Songxi deposit is a newly discovered large Ag (Sb) deposit. By using a suite of high-vacuum quadrupole gas mass spectrometer systems, the authors have recognized many kinds of light hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions of minerals. These hydrocarbons are mainly composed of C1-C4 saturated alkanes, while the contents of C2-C4 unsaturated alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons are quite low, suggesting that the metallogenic processes have not been affected by magmatic activities. Chemical equilibrium studies show that these hydrocarbons may be a mixture of organic gases generated by microorganism activity and those by thermal cracking of type-II kerogens (kukersite) in sedimentary host rocks, and the former may constitute more than two-thirds, implying that microorganism might have played an important role in the metallogenesis. The equilibrium temperature of the latter is about 300(C, which is much higher than the geothermal temperature at the estimated depth of metallogenesis. Thus, the light hydrocarbons generated by thermal cracking of kerogens probably originated in the deep part of the sedimentary basins and then migrated through a long distance to shallower horizons of the basin. Based on the composition of light hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions, the authors infer that the Songxi deposit was formed in a continental rift. The analytical data presented in this paper support from one aspect the genetic model that the Songxi deposit may be a sedimentary hot brine transformed deposit instead of a submarine basic volcanic exhalation and low-medium temperature volcanic hydrothermal fluid filling deposit proposed by most previous researchers.展开更多
Helium and argon isotopes in fluid inclusions in minerals of corundum bearing rocks with anomalous light oxygen of the Khitoostrov (North Karelia, Russia) were studied. It was found that atmospheric noble gas componen...Helium and argon isotopes in fluid inclusions in minerals of corundum bearing rocks with anomalous light oxygen of the Khitoostrov (North Karelia, Russia) were studied. It was found that atmospheric noble gas component is missing. Therefore, all previously proposed models of participation in the fluid surface ice meltwater are not valid. Proposed and justified endogenous mechanism of isotope fractionation of oxygen and other chemical elements by the mechanism of thermal diffusion. Geologically justified existence of the cascading effect for a number of the separation thermodiffusion cells, which lead to significant isotope effects. Cascading is realized due to the “fluid pump”, in which role are acting amphibolized gabbro in the contact with corundum metasomatites. It is assumed that the mechanism is not specific for the case corundum metasomatic rocks, which are a special case of manifestation of such a scenario in processes involving endogenous fluid flows.展开更多
Suspended asphaltenic heavy organic particles in petroleum fluids may stick to the inner walls of oil wells and pipelines. This is the major reason for fouling and arterial blockage in the petroleum industry. This rep...Suspended asphaltenic heavy organic particles in petroleum fluids may stick to the inner walls of oil wells and pipelines. This is the major reason for fouling and arterial blockage in the petroleum industry. This report is devoted the study of the mechanism of migration of suspended heavy organic particles towards the walls in oil-producing wells and pipelines. In this report we present a detailed analytical model for the heavy organics suspended particle deposition coefficient corresponding to petroleum fluids flow production conditions in oil wells. We predict the rate of particle deposition during various turbulent flow regimes. The turbulent boundary layer theory and the concepts of mass transfer are utilized to model and calculate the particle deposition rates on the walls of flowing conduits. The developed model accounts for the eddy diffusivity, and Brownian diffusivity as well as for inertial effects. The analysis presented in this paper shows that rates of particle deposition (during petroleum fluid production) on the walls of the flowing channel due solely to diffusion effects are small. It is also shown that deposition rates decrease with increasing particle size. However, when the process is momentum controlled (large particle sizes) higher deposition rates are expected.展开更多
Increasing gasoline production in FCC unit can improve the utilization efficiency of petroleum resources and gain economic benefit.This paper discusses the technical principles for increasing FCC gasoline yield from t...Increasing gasoline production in FCC unit can improve the utilization efficiency of petroleum resources and gain economic benefit.This paper discusses the technical principles for increasing FCC gasoline yield from the aspects of feedstock properties,operating conditions,LCO(light cycle oil)recycling,catalyst selection and reactor type,and illustrates the industrial application examples for maximizing gasoline production.The technical measures,such as optimizing the feedstock,properly increasing the catalyst activity and reaction temperature,recycling LCO or hydrotreated LCO,applying high gasoline yield catalyst,and adopting the two-zone riser reactor,are proposed to enhance the gasoline yield.展开更多
These experimental investigations are designed to study shock wave characteristics and spray structure. Supersonic liq- uid jets injected into ambient fields are empirically studied using projectile impacts in a two-s...These experimental investigations are designed to study shock wave characteristics and spray structure. Supersonic liq- uid jets injected into ambient fields are empirically studied using projectile impacts in a two-stage light gas gun. This study looks primarily at the design of the nozzle assembly, the tip velocity of the high speed jet, the structure of the spray jet and the shock wave generation process. The supersonic liquid jets were visualized using an ultra high-speed camera and the schlieren system for visualization to quantitatively analyze the shock wave angle. The experimental re- sults with straight cone nozzle types and various non-Newtonian fluid viscosities are presented in this paper. The effects of nozzle geometry on the jet behavior are described. The characteristics of the shock wave generation and spray jet structure were found to be significantly related to the nozzle geometry. The expansion gases accelerated the projectile, which had a mass of 6 grams, from 250 m/s. As a result, it was found that the maximum jet velocity appeared in the liquid jet with high viscosity properties. Supersonic liquid jets, which occurred at the leading edge the shock waves and the compression waves in front of the jets, were observed. Also, the shock waves significantly affected the atomization process for each spray droplet.展开更多
Fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)technologies of downer reactors,which have reached the demonstration or commercial scale,are systematically discussed,i.e.,millisecond catalytic cracking,fluidization lab of Tsinghua Unive...Fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)technologies of downer reactors,which have reached the demonstration or commercial scale,are systematically discussed,i.e.,millisecond catalytic cracking,fluidization lab of Tsinghua University,and high-severity FCC.Moreover,aiming to promote industrial application,the fundamental studies are comprehensively described,particularly focusing on high-density downer reactors,clusters,and up-scaling.Furthermore,from the perspective of industrial application,some research directions toward further developments are suggested.展开更多
基金the Department of Science and Technology Management of PetroChina for providing financial support
文摘A novel porous binder was obtained from acid-treated kaolin. This new binder possessed abundant meso/macropores, good hydrothermal stability and heavy metal resistance. The prepared catalyst using new binder featured low attrition index and large pore volume. The catalysts were contaminated with Ni, V, and tested in a fixed-fluidized bed reactor unit. In comparison with the reference sample, the oil conversion achieved by the above-mentioned catalyst increased by 3.50 percentage points, and heavy oil yield decreased by 2.86 percentage points, while the total liquid yield and light oil yield increased by 2.82 percentage points and 0.79 percentage points, respectively. The perfect pore structure, good hydrothermal stability and heavy metal resistant performance of new binder were the possible causes leading to its outstanding performance.
文摘A new microfluidic microelectromechanical light modulator using a magnetic fluid is introduced. The optical reflection from the device is modulated by applying an electric current into an electrode, which is enclosed by ferromagnetic thin films as in an inductive head for a magnetic data storage device. The magnetic field produced by the current exerts a magnetic force on the magnetic fluid and drives the fluid to cover the cell surface. The surface tension of the fluid provides a restoring force when the field is reduced. The actuation of the fluid is completed in about 12 ms for both thin-to-thick and thick-to-thin fluid film switchings by magnetic forces and surface tension forces, respectively. It was observed that the switching speed was almost independent of the driving current, and no considerable thermal effect were observed when driven by a current up to 100 mA.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 49502029,49928201 and 49773195)the Natural Sciences Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.970123)+3 种基金the Visiting Scholar Foundation of Labs in Universitiesthe Research Foundation of the State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research in Nanjing UniversityResearch Foundation of Young(originally translated as Youth)Teachers of the National Educational Department and the Training Program of Middle-aged and Young(originally translated as Medium-Youth)Teachers supported by the Lingnan Foundationsupported by the Trans-century Training Program Foundation for the Talents by the Ministry of Education
文摘The Songxi deposit is a newly discovered large Ag (Sb) deposit. By using a suite of high-vacuum quadrupole gas mass spectrometer systems, the authors have recognized many kinds of light hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions of minerals. These hydrocarbons are mainly composed of C1-C4 saturated alkanes, while the contents of C2-C4 unsaturated alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons are quite low, suggesting that the metallogenic processes have not been affected by magmatic activities. Chemical equilibrium studies show that these hydrocarbons may be a mixture of organic gases generated by microorganism activity and those by thermal cracking of type-II kerogens (kukersite) in sedimentary host rocks, and the former may constitute more than two-thirds, implying that microorganism might have played an important role in the metallogenesis. The equilibrium temperature of the latter is about 300(C, which is much higher than the geothermal temperature at the estimated depth of metallogenesis. Thus, the light hydrocarbons generated by thermal cracking of kerogens probably originated in the deep part of the sedimentary basins and then migrated through a long distance to shallower horizons of the basin. Based on the composition of light hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions, the authors infer that the Songxi deposit was formed in a continental rift. The analytical data presented in this paper support from one aspect the genetic model that the Songxi deposit may be a sedimentary hot brine transformed deposit instead of a submarine basic volcanic exhalation and low-medium temperature volcanic hydrothermal fluid filling deposit proposed by most previous researchers.
文摘Helium and argon isotopes in fluid inclusions in minerals of corundum bearing rocks with anomalous light oxygen of the Khitoostrov (North Karelia, Russia) were studied. It was found that atmospheric noble gas component is missing. Therefore, all previously proposed models of participation in the fluid surface ice meltwater are not valid. Proposed and justified endogenous mechanism of isotope fractionation of oxygen and other chemical elements by the mechanism of thermal diffusion. Geologically justified existence of the cascading effect for a number of the separation thermodiffusion cells, which lead to significant isotope effects. Cascading is realized due to the “fluid pump”, in which role are acting amphibolized gabbro in the contact with corundum metasomatites. It is assumed that the mechanism is not specific for the case corundum metasomatic rocks, which are a special case of manifestation of such a scenario in processes involving endogenous fluid flows.
文摘Suspended asphaltenic heavy organic particles in petroleum fluids may stick to the inner walls of oil wells and pipelines. This is the major reason for fouling and arterial blockage in the petroleum industry. This report is devoted the study of the mechanism of migration of suspended heavy organic particles towards the walls in oil-producing wells and pipelines. In this report we present a detailed analytical model for the heavy organics suspended particle deposition coefficient corresponding to petroleum fluids flow production conditions in oil wells. We predict the rate of particle deposition during various turbulent flow regimes. The turbulent boundary layer theory and the concepts of mass transfer are utilized to model and calculate the particle deposition rates on the walls of flowing conduits. The developed model accounts for the eddy diffusivity, and Brownian diffusivity as well as for inertial effects. The analysis presented in this paper shows that rates of particle deposition (during petroleum fluid production) on the walls of the flowing channel due solely to diffusion effects are small. It is also shown that deposition rates decrease with increasing particle size. However, when the process is momentum controlled (large particle sizes) higher deposition rates are expected.
文摘Increasing gasoline production in FCC unit can improve the utilization efficiency of petroleum resources and gain economic benefit.This paper discusses the technical principles for increasing FCC gasoline yield from the aspects of feedstock properties,operating conditions,LCO(light cycle oil)recycling,catalyst selection and reactor type,and illustrates the industrial application examples for maximizing gasoline production.The technical measures,such as optimizing the feedstock,properly increasing the catalyst activity and reaction temperature,recycling LCO or hydrotreated LCO,applying high gasoline yield catalyst,and adopting the two-zone riser reactor,are proposed to enhance the gasoline yield.
文摘These experimental investigations are designed to study shock wave characteristics and spray structure. Supersonic liq- uid jets injected into ambient fields are empirically studied using projectile impacts in a two-stage light gas gun. This study looks primarily at the design of the nozzle assembly, the tip velocity of the high speed jet, the structure of the spray jet and the shock wave generation process. The supersonic liquid jets were visualized using an ultra high-speed camera and the schlieren system for visualization to quantitatively analyze the shock wave angle. The experimental re- sults with straight cone nozzle types and various non-Newtonian fluid viscosities are presented in this paper. The effects of nozzle geometry on the jet behavior are described. The characteristics of the shock wave generation and spray jet structure were found to be significantly related to the nozzle geometry. The expansion gases accelerated the projectile, which had a mass of 6 grams, from 250 m/s. As a result, it was found that the maximum jet velocity appeared in the liquid jet with high viscosity properties. Supersonic liquid jets, which occurred at the leading edge the shock waves and the compression waves in front of the jets, were observed. Also, the shock waves significantly affected the atomization process for each spray droplet.
基金the funding of the project by SINOPEC (No. 120009)
文摘Fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)technologies of downer reactors,which have reached the demonstration or commercial scale,are systematically discussed,i.e.,millisecond catalytic cracking,fluidization lab of Tsinghua University,and high-severity FCC.Moreover,aiming to promote industrial application,the fundamental studies are comprehensively described,particularly focusing on high-density downer reactors,clusters,and up-scaling.Furthermore,from the perspective of industrial application,some research directions toward further developments are suggested.
