Light adaptation enables the vertebrate visual system to operate over a wide range of ambient illumination.Regulation of phototransduction in photoreceptors is considered a major mechanism underlying light adaptation....Light adaptation enables the vertebrate visual system to operate over a wide range of ambient illumination.Regulation of phototransduction in photoreceptors is considered a major mechanism underlying light adaptation.However,various types of neurons and glial cells exist in the retina,and whether and how all retinal cells interact to adapt to light/dark conditions at the cellular and molecular levels requires systematic investigation.Therefore,we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing to dissect retinal cell-type-specific transcriptomes during light/dark adaptation in mice.The results demonstrated that,in addition to photoreceptors,other retinal cell types also showed dynamic molecular changes and specifically enriched signaling pathways under light/dark adaptation.Importantly,Müller glial cells(MGs)were identified as hub cells for intercellular interactions,displaying complex cell‒cell communication with other retinal cells.Furthermore,light increased the transcription of the deiodinase Dio2 in MGs,which converted thyroxine(T4)to active triiodothyronine(T3).Subsequently,light increased T3 levels and regulated mitochondrial respiration in retinal cells in response to light conditions.As cones specifically express the thyroid hormone receptor Thrb,they responded to the increase in T3 by adjusting light responsiveness.Loss of the expression of Dio2 specifically in MGs decreased the light responsive ability of cones.These results suggest that retinal cells display global transcriptional changes under light/dark adaptation and that MGs coordinate intercellular communication during light/dark adaptation via thyroid hormone signaling.展开更多
Dark adaptation is a highly sensitive neural function and may be the first symptom of many status including the physiologic and pathologic entity, suggesting that it could be instrumental for diagnose. However, shortc...Dark adaptation is a highly sensitive neural function and may be the first symptom of many status including the physiologic and pathologic entity, suggesting that it could be instrumental for diagnose. However, shortcomings such as the lack of standardized parameters, the long duration of examination, and subjective randomness would substantially impede the use of dark adaptation in clinical work. In this review we summarize the recent research about the dark adaptation, including two visual cycles-canonical and cone-specific visual cycle, affecting factors and the methods for measuring dark adaptation. In the opinions of authors, intensive investigations are needed to be done for the widely use of this significant visual function in clinic.展开更多
Image matching refers to the process of matching two or more images obtained at different time,different sensors or different conditions through a large number of feature points in the image.At present,image matching ...Image matching refers to the process of matching two or more images obtained at different time,different sensors or different conditions through a large number of feature points in the image.At present,image matching is widely used in target recognition and tracking,indoor positioning and navigation.Local features missing,however,often occurs in color images taken in dark light,making the extracted feature points greatly reduced in number,so as to affect image matching and even fail the target recognition.An unsharp masking(USM)based denoising model is established and a local adaptive enhancement algorithm is proposed to achieve feature point compensation by strengthening local features of the dark image in order to increase amount of image information effectively.Fast library for approximate nearest neighbors(FLANN)and random sample consensus(RANSAC)are image matching algorithms.Experimental results show that the number of effective feature points obtained by the proposed algorithm from images in dark light environment is increased,and the accuracy of image matching can be improved obviously.展开更多
This paper presents the results of darkness adaptationtest for drivers. It is shown that there is a significant difference ( p <0.05)in their darkness adaptation ability between the drivers in accident group and ...This paper presents the results of darkness adaptationtest for drivers. It is shown that there is a significant difference ( p <0.05)in their darkness adaptation ability between the drivers in accident group and non-accident group. It is further revealed that the accident rate of the drivers with darkness adaptation time ≤10 s is 2.6%, while that with darkness adaptation time >10 s is 7.3%, implying that the high accident rate of the drivers in accident group might be caused by their longer darkness adaptation time.展开更多
Because the transient O3 injury of leaves is lost with time, the evaluation of O3 effect on the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) is difficult. Thus, the authors examined Fv/Fm in rice leaves exposed to diffe...Because the transient O3 injury of leaves is lost with time, the evaluation of O3 effect on the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) is difficult. Thus, the authors examined Fv/Fm in rice leaves exposed to different O3 concentrations (0, 0.1, and 0.3 cm3·m-3, expressed as O0, O0.1, and O0.3) under different dark adaptation periods (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min, expressed as D0, D1, D5, D10, D20, and D30) to ascertain its optimum time span. Fv/Fm was inhibited by O3;however in the O0 and O0.1 plants, it recovered during dark adaptation. In the O0.3 plants, Fv/Fm decreased gradually with time. F0 was found to be increased by O3, and it increased further in the O0.3 plants during dark adaptation. Under a high light intensity, Fm was decreased by O3, and the O3-induced damage to Fv/Fm was therefore more pronounced. However, the sensitivity of展开更多
The paper presents a detailed analysis of ordinary and dark energy density of the cosmos based on two different but complimentary theories. First, and starting from the concept of the speed of light being an average o...The paper presents a detailed analysis of ordinary and dark energy density of the cosmos based on two different but complimentary theories. First, and starting from the concept of the speed of light being an average over multi-fractals, we use Magueijo-Smolin’s ingenious revision of Einstein’s special relativity famous formula E = mc2 to a doubly special formula which includes the Planck energy as invariant to derive the ordinary energy density E(O) = mc2/22 and the dark energy density E(D) = mc2(21/22) wheremis the mass andcis the speed of light. Second we use the topological theory of pure gravity to reach the same result thus confirming the correctness of the theory of varying speed of light as well as the COBE, WMAP and Type 1a supernova cosmological measurements.展开更多
The different reflection characteristics of the surface of tin steel strips and the different speeds of the tinning line demand an adaptive illumination light source for online machine vision inspection. This light so...The different reflection characteristics of the surface of tin steel strips and the different speeds of the tinning line demand an adaptive illumination light source for online machine vision inspection. This light source can be integrated with a time delay integration charge-coupled device (TDI CCD ) to capture the images of moving objects and facilitate inspection of the surface quality of tin steel strips. On-site application show the effectiveness of the TDI camera with the adaptive illumination light source in detecting the surface defects on tin steel strips of three different materials and with different tin coating weights.展开更多
In the proposed light-dark dual universe, the light universe is the observable universe with light and kinetic energy that fueled the Big Bang, and the dark universe without light and kinetic energy has been observed ...In the proposed light-dark dual universe, the light universe is the observable universe with light and kinetic energy that fueled the Big Bang, and the dark universe without light and kinetic energy has been observed as dark energy since about 9 billion years after the Big Bang. The light-dark dual universe started from the zero-energy universe through the four-stage cyclic transformation. Emerging from the zero-energy universe, the four-stage transformation consists of the 11D (dimensional) positive-negative energy dual membrane universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual string universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual particle universe, and the 4D (light)-variable D (dark) positive-negative energy dual particle asymmetrical universe. The transformation can then be reversed back to the zero-energy universe through the reverse four-stage transformation. The light universe is an observable four-dimensional universe started with the inflation and the Big Bang, and the dark universe is a variable dimensional universe from 10D to 4D. The dark universe could be observed as dark energy only when the dark universe turned into a four-dimensional universe. The four-stage transformation explains the four force fields in our universe. The theoretical calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 72.8. 22.7, and 4.53, respectively, in nearly complete agreement with observed 72.8, 22.7, and 4.56, respectively. According to the calculation, dark energy started in 4.47 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago. The zero-energy cyclic universe is based on the space-object structures.展开更多
Looped light in a recent sophisticated real three-slit experiment is interpreted as a strong justification of the old theoretical Peano-Hilbert spacetime model of Ord and El Naschie. This in turn entails the existence...Looped light in a recent sophisticated real three-slit experiment is interpreted as a strong justification of the old theoretical Peano-Hilbert spacetime model of Ord and El Naschie. This in turn entails the existence of extra fractal dimensions and consequently of real dark energy density in full agreement with previous analysis as well as accurate measurements and observations of COBE, WMAP, and the type 1a supernova.展开更多
Time dilation, space contraction and relativistic mass are combined in a novel fashion using Newtonian dynamics. In this way we can surprisingly retrieve an effective quantum gravity energy-mass equation which gives t...Time dilation, space contraction and relativistic mass are combined in a novel fashion using Newtonian dynamics. In this way we can surprisingly retrieve an effective quantum gravity energy-mass equation which gives the accurate experimental value of vacuum density. Furthermore Einstein’s equation of special relativity E = mc2, where m is the mass and c is the velocity of light developed assuming smooth 4D space time is transferred to a rugged Calabi-Yau and K3 fuzzy Kahler manifolds and revised to become E=(mc2)/(22), where the division factor 22 maybe interpreted as the compactified bosonic dimensions of Veneziano-Nambu strings. The result is again an accurate effective quantum gravity energy-mass relation akin to the one found using Newtonian dynamics which correctly predicts that 95.4915028% of the energy in the cosmos is the hypothetical missing dark energy. The agreement with WMAP and supernova measurements is in that respect astounding. In addition different theories are used to check the calculations and all lead to the same quantitative result. Thus the theories of varying speed of light, scale relativity, E-infinity theory, M-theory, Heterotic super strings, quantum field in curved space time, Veneziano’s dual resonance model, Nash Euclidean embedding and super gravity all reinforce, without any reservation, the above mentioned theoretical result which in turn is in total agreement with the most sophisticated cosmological measurements which was deservingly awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics. Finally and more importantly from certain viewpoints, we reason that the speed of light is constant because it is a definite probabilistic expectation value of a variable velocity in a hierarchical fractal clopen, i.e. closed and open micro space time.展开更多
Fractal speed of light theory is a variation of Magueijo-Smolin varying speed of light (VSL) theoretical modification of Einstein’s energy mass relation. We use this theory to derive an exact value for the missing da...Fractal speed of light theory is a variation of Magueijo-Smolin varying speed of light (VSL) theoretical modification of Einstein’s energy mass relation. We use this theory to derive an exact value for the missing dark energy which is found to be in astonishing agreement with the latest result of the WMAP measurement and the independent supernova analysis. Thus while Einstein’s formula predicts 95.5% more energy than found in highly precise astrophysical measurement, our VSL- based calculation indicates an exact theoretical value of only 4.508497% real energy. Consequently, the exact conjectured missing dark energy must be 95.491502%. By any standards, this is an astounding confirmation for both the cosmological measurement and the VSL theory.展开更多
Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus is very sensitive to light changes. It is important to study the influence of light on the molecular response of A. japonicus. In this study, RNA-seq provided a general overview of...Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus is very sensitive to light changes. It is important to study the influence of light on the molecular response of A. japonicus. In this study, RNA-seq provided a general overview of the gene expression profiles of the body walls of A. japonicus exposed to strong light("light"), normal light("control") and fully dark("dark") environment. In the comparisons of "control" vs. "dark", "control" vs. "light" and "dark" vs."light", 1 161, 113 and 1 705 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified following the criteria of|log2 ratio|≥1 and FDR≤0.001, respectively. Gene ontology analysis showed that "cellular process" and "binding"enriched the most DEGs in the category of "biological process" and "molecular function", while "cell" and "cell part" enriched the most DEGs in the category of "cellular component". And the DEGs were mapped to 214, 41 and229 pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, and 51, 2 and 57 pathways were significantly enriched, respectively. Light-specific DEGs identified in this study will be important targets for further investigation to establish the biochemical mechanisms involved in the adaption of this sea cucumber to changes in the level of environmental light.展开更多
We give a mathematical golden mean distribution based probabilistic confirmation of a recent spectacular experiment with light. The experiment in question is a three-slit variant of the well known two-slit set up of q...We give a mathematical golden mean distribution based probabilistic confirmation of a recent spectacular experiment with light. The experiment in question is a three-slit variant of the well known two-slit set up of quantum mechanics. The outcome of the sophisticated experiment revealed the looped path of light on the quantum scale and consequently the Peano-Hilbert geometry of spacetime, ergo its fractal-Cantorian nature. The mathematics used here on the other hand is the remarkably simple and insightful golden mean probability distribution known from a famous paradox known in social sciences as the voter paradox.展开更多
The effects of light on the fluorescence characteristics and biochemical composition of a marine diatom Tha-lassiosira pseudonana in light and dark cycles were investigated with semi-continuous culture. The results in...The effects of light on the fluorescence characteristics and biochemical composition of a marine diatom Tha-lassiosira pseudonana in light and dark cycles were investigated with semi-continuous culture. The results indicate that, with the increase of growing light intensity, DCMU enhanced fluorescence yield (Fd/Chl), enhanced fluorescence ratio (Fd/F) , cellular carbohydrate content. carbohydrate/chlorophyll a and carbohydrate/protein ratio increased , but the fluorescence yield and cellular chlorophyll a content decreased; The protein content declined with the increase of light intensity in the range of 10- 100 μmol/ (m2·s) and increased at higher than 100 μmol/ (m2·s). Sampling time during the day had great effect on the relationships between growing light intensity and cellular chlorophyll a , carbohydrate content , carbohydrate/chlorophyll a and carbohydrate/protein ratio.展开更多
We present a Machian model of Quantum Cosmology with full dark matter and light speed expansion and rotation. During galaxy formation and evolution, fraction of dark matter transforms to visible matter with a relation...We present a Machian model of Quantum Cosmology with full dark matter and light speed expansion and rotation. During galaxy formation and evolution, fraction of dark matter transforms to visible matter with a relation of the form, m_vis = constant * (m_dark)<sup>2/3</sup>. Using this relation and replacing MOND’s “critical acceleration” with “current cosmic maximum angular acceleration”, galactic flat rotation speed range of (50 to 500) km/sec can be fitted well. Estimated flat rotation speeds of DD168, Milky Way and UGC12591 are 49.96 km/sec, 199.66 km/sec and 521.75 km/sec respectively. Based on these striking coincidences, it is possible to say that, MOND’s approach is implicitly connected with cosmological estimation of 95% invisible matter. With reference to SPARC data for flat rotation speeds and current cosmic maximum angular acceleration, galactic total mass can be estimated. Considering galactic total mass, galactic visible mass and dark mass can be estimated. Proceeding further, galactic working radii, angular velocity and visible matter density can be estimated. Estimated Milky Way’s effective radius is 293 kpc. Even though, this model is free from “big bang”, “inflation”, “dark energy”, “flatness” and “red shift” issues, at 2.722 K, estimated present Hubble parameter is 66.24 km/sec/Mpc, cosmic radius is 146.3 times of the Hubble radius, angular velocity is 146.3 times lower than the Hubble parameter and cosmic age is 146.3 times of the Hubble age. With future observations and advanced telescopes, it may be possible to see far distant galaxies and very old stars far beyond the current observable cosmic radius.展开更多
The effects of nutrients on the fluorescence characteristics and biochemical composition of marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana 3H in light and dark cycles were investigated with continuous culture. The results sho...The effects of nutrients on the fluorescence characteristics and biochemical composition of marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana 3H in light and dark cycles were investigated with continuous culture. The results show that with the increase of nutrient deficiency, the ratio of enhanced fluorescence to fluorescence (Fd/F), cellular chloropyll-a and protein content of the algae decline, but the fluorescence yield (F/Chl) , DCMU enhanced fluorescence yield (Fd/Chl) , cellular carbohydrate content, carbohydrate/Chl, protein/Chl, carbohydrate/protein increase. The changing amplitude of each parameter is different at different nutrition status, sampling time and different light intensity.展开更多
The principal circadian clock in the suprachiasm nucleus (SCN) regulates the circadian rhythm of physiological and behavioral activities of mammals. Except for the normal function of the circadian rhythm, the ensemb...The principal circadian clock in the suprachiasm nucleus (SCN) regulates the circadian rhythm of physiological and behavioral activities of mammals. Except for the normal function of the circadian rhythm, the ensemble of SCN neurons may show two collective behaviors, i.e., a free running period in the absence of a light-dark cycle and an entrainment ability to an external T cycle. Experiments show that both the free running periods and the entrainment ranges may vary from one species to another and can be seriously influenced by the coupling among the SCN neurons. We here review the recent progress on how the heterogeneous couplings influence these two collective behaviors. We will show that in the case of homogeneous coupling, the free running period increases monotonically while the entrainment range decreases monotonically with the increase of the coupling strength. While in the case of heterogenous coupling, the dispersion of the coupling strength plays a crucial role. It has been found that the free running period decreases with the increase of the dispersion while the entrainment ability is enhanced by the dispersion. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of the circadian clock in the SCN.展开更多
文摘Light adaptation enables the vertebrate visual system to operate over a wide range of ambient illumination.Regulation of phototransduction in photoreceptors is considered a major mechanism underlying light adaptation.However,various types of neurons and glial cells exist in the retina,and whether and how all retinal cells interact to adapt to light/dark conditions at the cellular and molecular levels requires systematic investigation.Therefore,we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing to dissect retinal cell-type-specific transcriptomes during light/dark adaptation in mice.The results demonstrated that,in addition to photoreceptors,other retinal cell types also showed dynamic molecular changes and specifically enriched signaling pathways under light/dark adaptation.Importantly,Müller glial cells(MGs)were identified as hub cells for intercellular interactions,displaying complex cell‒cell communication with other retinal cells.Furthermore,light increased the transcription of the deiodinase Dio2 in MGs,which converted thyroxine(T4)to active triiodothyronine(T3).Subsequently,light increased T3 levels and regulated mitochondrial respiration in retinal cells in response to light conditions.As cones specifically express the thyroid hormone receptor Thrb,they responded to the increase in T3 by adjusting light responsiveness.Loss of the expression of Dio2 specifically in MGs decreased the light responsive ability of cones.These results suggest that retinal cells display global transcriptional changes under light/dark adaptation and that MGs coordinate intercellular communication during light/dark adaptation via thyroid hormone signaling.
文摘Dark adaptation is a highly sensitive neural function and may be the first symptom of many status including the physiologic and pathologic entity, suggesting that it could be instrumental for diagnose. However, shortcomings such as the lack of standardized parameters, the long duration of examination, and subjective randomness would substantially impede the use of dark adaptation in clinical work. In this review we summarize the recent research about the dark adaptation, including two visual cycles-canonical and cone-specific visual cycle, affecting factors and the methods for measuring dark adaptation. In the opinions of authors, intensive investigations are needed to be done for the widely use of this significant visual function in clinic.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61771186)the Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.YQ2020F012)the University Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in Heilongjiang Province(No.UNPYSCT-2017125).
文摘Image matching refers to the process of matching two or more images obtained at different time,different sensors or different conditions through a large number of feature points in the image.At present,image matching is widely used in target recognition and tracking,indoor positioning and navigation.Local features missing,however,often occurs in color images taken in dark light,making the extracted feature points greatly reduced in number,so as to affect image matching and even fail the target recognition.An unsharp masking(USM)based denoising model is established and a local adaptive enhancement algorithm is proposed to achieve feature point compensation by strengthening local features of the dark image in order to increase amount of image information effectively.Fast library for approximate nearest neighbors(FLANN)and random sample consensus(RANSAC)are image matching algorithms.Experimental results show that the number of effective feature points obtained by the proposed algorithm from images in dark light environment is increased,and the accuracy of image matching can be improved obviously.
文摘This paper presents the results of darkness adaptationtest for drivers. It is shown that there is a significant difference ( p <0.05)in their darkness adaptation ability between the drivers in accident group and non-accident group. It is further revealed that the accident rate of the drivers with darkness adaptation time ≤10 s is 2.6%, while that with darkness adaptation time >10 s is 7.3%, implying that the high accident rate of the drivers in accident group might be caused by their longer darkness adaptation time.
文摘Because the transient O3 injury of leaves is lost with time, the evaluation of O3 effect on the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) is difficult. Thus, the authors examined Fv/Fm in rice leaves exposed to different O3 concentrations (0, 0.1, and 0.3 cm3·m-3, expressed as O0, O0.1, and O0.3) under different dark adaptation periods (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min, expressed as D0, D1, D5, D10, D20, and D30) to ascertain its optimum time span. Fv/Fm was inhibited by O3;however in the O0 and O0.1 plants, it recovered during dark adaptation. In the O0.3 plants, Fv/Fm decreased gradually with time. F0 was found to be increased by O3, and it increased further in the O0.3 plants during dark adaptation. Under a high light intensity, Fm was decreased by O3, and the O3-induced damage to Fv/Fm was therefore more pronounced. However, the sensitivity of
文摘The paper presents a detailed analysis of ordinary and dark energy density of the cosmos based on two different but complimentary theories. First, and starting from the concept of the speed of light being an average over multi-fractals, we use Magueijo-Smolin’s ingenious revision of Einstein’s special relativity famous formula E = mc2 to a doubly special formula which includes the Planck energy as invariant to derive the ordinary energy density E(O) = mc2/22 and the dark energy density E(D) = mc2(21/22) wheremis the mass andcis the speed of light. Second we use the topological theory of pure gravity to reach the same result thus confirming the correctness of the theory of varying speed of light as well as the COBE, WMAP and Type 1a supernova cosmological measurements.
文摘The different reflection characteristics of the surface of tin steel strips and the different speeds of the tinning line demand an adaptive illumination light source for online machine vision inspection. This light source can be integrated with a time delay integration charge-coupled device (TDI CCD ) to capture the images of moving objects and facilitate inspection of the surface quality of tin steel strips. On-site application show the effectiveness of the TDI camera with the adaptive illumination light source in detecting the surface defects on tin steel strips of three different materials and with different tin coating weights.
文摘In the proposed light-dark dual universe, the light universe is the observable universe with light and kinetic energy that fueled the Big Bang, and the dark universe without light and kinetic energy has been observed as dark energy since about 9 billion years after the Big Bang. The light-dark dual universe started from the zero-energy universe through the four-stage cyclic transformation. Emerging from the zero-energy universe, the four-stage transformation consists of the 11D (dimensional) positive-negative energy dual membrane universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual string universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual particle universe, and the 4D (light)-variable D (dark) positive-negative energy dual particle asymmetrical universe. The transformation can then be reversed back to the zero-energy universe through the reverse four-stage transformation. The light universe is an observable four-dimensional universe started with the inflation and the Big Bang, and the dark universe is a variable dimensional universe from 10D to 4D. The dark universe could be observed as dark energy only when the dark universe turned into a four-dimensional universe. The four-stage transformation explains the four force fields in our universe. The theoretical calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 72.8. 22.7, and 4.53, respectively, in nearly complete agreement with observed 72.8, 22.7, and 4.56, respectively. According to the calculation, dark energy started in 4.47 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago. The zero-energy cyclic universe is based on the space-object structures.
文摘Looped light in a recent sophisticated real three-slit experiment is interpreted as a strong justification of the old theoretical Peano-Hilbert spacetime model of Ord and El Naschie. This in turn entails the existence of extra fractal dimensions and consequently of real dark energy density in full agreement with previous analysis as well as accurate measurements and observations of COBE, WMAP, and the type 1a supernova.
文摘Time dilation, space contraction and relativistic mass are combined in a novel fashion using Newtonian dynamics. In this way we can surprisingly retrieve an effective quantum gravity energy-mass equation which gives the accurate experimental value of vacuum density. Furthermore Einstein’s equation of special relativity E = mc2, where m is the mass and c is the velocity of light developed assuming smooth 4D space time is transferred to a rugged Calabi-Yau and K3 fuzzy Kahler manifolds and revised to become E=(mc2)/(22), where the division factor 22 maybe interpreted as the compactified bosonic dimensions of Veneziano-Nambu strings. The result is again an accurate effective quantum gravity energy-mass relation akin to the one found using Newtonian dynamics which correctly predicts that 95.4915028% of the energy in the cosmos is the hypothetical missing dark energy. The agreement with WMAP and supernova measurements is in that respect astounding. In addition different theories are used to check the calculations and all lead to the same quantitative result. Thus the theories of varying speed of light, scale relativity, E-infinity theory, M-theory, Heterotic super strings, quantum field in curved space time, Veneziano’s dual resonance model, Nash Euclidean embedding and super gravity all reinforce, without any reservation, the above mentioned theoretical result which in turn is in total agreement with the most sophisticated cosmological measurements which was deservingly awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics. Finally and more importantly from certain viewpoints, we reason that the speed of light is constant because it is a definite probabilistic expectation value of a variable velocity in a hierarchical fractal clopen, i.e. closed and open micro space time.
文摘Fractal speed of light theory is a variation of Magueijo-Smolin varying speed of light (VSL) theoretical modification of Einstein’s energy mass relation. We use this theory to derive an exact value for the missing dark energy which is found to be in astonishing agreement with the latest result of the WMAP measurement and the independent supernova analysis. Thus while Einstein’s formula predicts 95.5% more energy than found in highly precise astrophysical measurement, our VSL- based calculation indicates an exact theoretical value of only 4.508497% real energy. Consequently, the exact conjectured missing dark energy must be 95.491502%. By any standards, this is an astounding confirmation for both the cosmological measurement and the VSL theory.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41676136the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA11020703the Science and Technology Major Project of Shandong Province(Industry Transformation and Upgrading) under contract No.2015ZDZX05002
文摘Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus is very sensitive to light changes. It is important to study the influence of light on the molecular response of A. japonicus. In this study, RNA-seq provided a general overview of the gene expression profiles of the body walls of A. japonicus exposed to strong light("light"), normal light("control") and fully dark("dark") environment. In the comparisons of "control" vs. "dark", "control" vs. "light" and "dark" vs."light", 1 161, 113 and 1 705 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified following the criteria of|log2 ratio|≥1 and FDR≤0.001, respectively. Gene ontology analysis showed that "cellular process" and "binding"enriched the most DEGs in the category of "biological process" and "molecular function", while "cell" and "cell part" enriched the most DEGs in the category of "cellular component". And the DEGs were mapped to 214, 41 and229 pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, and 51, 2 and 57 pathways were significantly enriched, respectively. Light-specific DEGs identified in this study will be important targets for further investigation to establish the biochemical mechanisms involved in the adaption of this sea cucumber to changes in the level of environmental light.
文摘We give a mathematical golden mean distribution based probabilistic confirmation of a recent spectacular experiment with light. The experiment in question is a three-slit variant of the well known two-slit set up of quantum mechanics. The outcome of the sophisticated experiment revealed the looped path of light on the quantum scale and consequently the Peano-Hilbert geometry of spacetime, ergo its fractal-Cantorian nature. The mathematics used here on the other hand is the remarkably simple and insightful golden mean probability distribution known from a famous paradox known in social sciences as the voter paradox.
文摘The effects of light on the fluorescence characteristics and biochemical composition of a marine diatom Tha-lassiosira pseudonana in light and dark cycles were investigated with semi-continuous culture. The results indicate that, with the increase of growing light intensity, DCMU enhanced fluorescence yield (Fd/Chl), enhanced fluorescence ratio (Fd/F) , cellular carbohydrate content. carbohydrate/chlorophyll a and carbohydrate/protein ratio increased , but the fluorescence yield and cellular chlorophyll a content decreased; The protein content declined with the increase of light intensity in the range of 10- 100 μmol/ (m2·s) and increased at higher than 100 μmol/ (m2·s). Sampling time during the day had great effect on the relationships between growing light intensity and cellular chlorophyll a , carbohydrate content , carbohydrate/chlorophyll a and carbohydrate/protein ratio.
文摘We present a Machian model of Quantum Cosmology with full dark matter and light speed expansion and rotation. During galaxy formation and evolution, fraction of dark matter transforms to visible matter with a relation of the form, m_vis = constant * (m_dark)<sup>2/3</sup>. Using this relation and replacing MOND’s “critical acceleration” with “current cosmic maximum angular acceleration”, galactic flat rotation speed range of (50 to 500) km/sec can be fitted well. Estimated flat rotation speeds of DD168, Milky Way and UGC12591 are 49.96 km/sec, 199.66 km/sec and 521.75 km/sec respectively. Based on these striking coincidences, it is possible to say that, MOND’s approach is implicitly connected with cosmological estimation of 95% invisible matter. With reference to SPARC data for flat rotation speeds and current cosmic maximum angular acceleration, galactic total mass can be estimated. Considering galactic total mass, galactic visible mass and dark mass can be estimated. Proceeding further, galactic working radii, angular velocity and visible matter density can be estimated. Estimated Milky Way’s effective radius is 293 kpc. Even though, this model is free from “big bang”, “inflation”, “dark energy”, “flatness” and “red shift” issues, at 2.722 K, estimated present Hubble parameter is 66.24 km/sec/Mpc, cosmic radius is 146.3 times of the Hubble radius, angular velocity is 146.3 times lower than the Hubble parameter and cosmic age is 146.3 times of the Hubble age. With future observations and advanced telescopes, it may be possible to see far distant galaxies and very old stars far beyond the current observable cosmic radius.
文摘The effects of nutrients on the fluorescence characteristics and biochemical composition of marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana 3H in light and dark cycles were investigated with continuous culture. The results show that with the increase of nutrient deficiency, the ratio of enhanced fluorescence to fluorescence (Fd/F), cellular chloropyll-a and protein content of the algae decline, but the fluorescence yield (F/Chl) , DCMU enhanced fluorescence yield (Fd/Chl) , cellular carbohydrate content, carbohydrate/Chl, protein/Chl, carbohydrate/protein increase. The changing amplitude of each parameter is different at different nutrition status, sampling time and different light intensity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11135001 and 11375066)the Joriss Project,China (Grant No. 78230050)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2013CB834100)
文摘The principal circadian clock in the suprachiasm nucleus (SCN) regulates the circadian rhythm of physiological and behavioral activities of mammals. Except for the normal function of the circadian rhythm, the ensemble of SCN neurons may show two collective behaviors, i.e., a free running period in the absence of a light-dark cycle and an entrainment ability to an external T cycle. Experiments show that both the free running periods and the entrainment ranges may vary from one species to another and can be seriously influenced by the coupling among the SCN neurons. We here review the recent progress on how the heterogeneous couplings influence these two collective behaviors. We will show that in the case of homogeneous coupling, the free running period increases monotonically while the entrainment range decreases monotonically with the increase of the coupling strength. While in the case of heterogenous coupling, the dispersion of the coupling strength plays a crucial role. It has been found that the free running period decreases with the increase of the dispersion while the entrainment ability is enhanced by the dispersion. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of the circadian clock in the SCN.