Evolution of mechanical properties,localized corrosion resistance and microstructure of a high purity Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during non-isothermal aging

The evolution of mechanical properties,localized corrosion resistance of a high purity Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during non-isothermal aging(NIA)was investigated by hardness test,electrical conductivity test,tensile test,intergranular corrosion test,exfoliation corrosion test,slow strain rate tensile test and electrochemical test,and the mechanism has been discussed based on microstructure examination by optical microscopy,electron back scattered diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy.The NIA treatment includes a heating stage from 40℃to 180℃with a rate of 20℃/h and a cooling stage from 180℃to 40℃with a rate of 10℃/h.The results show that the hardness and strength increase rapidly during the heating stage of NIA since the increasing temperature favors the nucleation and the growth of strengthening precipitates and promotes the transformation of Guinier-Preston(GPI)zones toη'phase.During the cooling stage,the sizes ofη'phase increase with a little change in the number density,leading to a further slight increase of the hardness and strength.As NIA proceeds,the corroded morphology in the alloy changes from a layering feature to a wavy feature,the maximum corrosion depth decreases,and the reason has been analyzed based on the microstructural and microchemical feature of precipitates at grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries.

Aging Resistance Evaluation of Aged Paper Reinforced with Different Nanocelluloses

Paper documents experience severe acidification and embrittlement.Nanocellulose is an excellent reinforcement material for paper documents owing to its compatibility and excellent mechanical strength.However,little research has been conducted on the aging resistance of nanocellulose-reinforced paper.In this study,six types of nanocelluloses were used to reinforce aged paper.The reinforcement and anti-aging performances were evaluated,and the anti-aging mechanism was further clarified.Nanocellulose with a high degree of polymerization can better enhance aged paper,and non-chemical nanocellulose also shows better anti-aging performance,such as nanocellulose prepared by mechanical or biological methods.However,nanocellulose prepared using chemical methods exhibits poor reinforcement and anti-aging performance.This is because it has a small particle size that is not beneficial for physical crosslinking with paper fibers.More importantly,the introduction of acidic or oxidizing groups on nanocellulose accelerates the acid hydrolysis and oxidation rate of paper fibers,especially nanocellulose prepared by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl oxidation,which should not be used to protect paper documents.

How much resistance exercise is beneficial for healthy aging and longevity?

Regular physical activity(PA)promotes healthy aging,and activities aiming to increase muscular strength(i.e.,resistance exercise(RE))are important PA modalities for achieving health benefits.Previous meta-analyses demonstrated that both RE^(1) and muscular strength^(2) were associated with mortality benefits,even when RE was performed above the PA targets recommended by current guidelines^(1,3).

A study on light-aging resistance of instrument panel materials and bumper materials on the automobile

The light-aging test method commonly used in the automotive industry is utilized to carry out light- aging research on automotive instrument panel （IP） materials and bumper materials. On one hand, the impacts of common light-aging test methods on aging degree of automotive component materials are reviewed; on the other hand, the light-aging resistances of different component materials are compared. The results show that, for light-aging behavior of IP materials, the aging degree of the third test method is not severer than that of the second method, but it is severer than that of the first method. The light-aging resistance of IP material A is al- most the same as that of IP material B. With reference to light-aging behavior of bumper materials, the aging de- gree of three common test methods indicates that the aging degree of the sixth test method is not severer than that of the fourth method, but it is severer than that of the fifth method. The light-aging resistance of bumper material D is superior to that of bumper material C.

Preparation and Characterization of Lignosulfonate Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Application in Improving Ultraviolet Aging Resistance for Bitumen

In order to develop economically anti-ultraviolet(UV) aging additives to bitumen and extend the comprehensive utilization of lignin materials, lignosulfonate(LS) was selected to intercalate into layered double hydroxides(LDHs), then the LS intercalated LDHs(LS-LDHs) were applied to improve UV aging resistance of bitumen. With the characterization of X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, chemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy(SEM), LS was successfully intercalated into the galleries of LDHs. The ultraviolet and visible(UV-vis) absorbance curves showed LS-LDHs had excellent UV absorptive ability from 200 to 400 nm. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC) indicated LS-LDHs could have a good thermal stability during the processing of bitumen. Compared with the LDHs, the LS-LDHs exhibited better performance in UV aging resistance of bitumen.

Effect of Yttrium on Aging Resistance of Zinc Alloy ZA-27

By metalloscopy,scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction,electron probe,salt water erosion and hot steam erosion,the microstructures and the aging resistance of zinc alloy ZA-27 with different contents of yttrium were studied. The results show that with optimum addition of yttrium in the alloy ZA-27 the fine YAl_3 phase forms. The fine YAl_3 granules can act as the condensation nuclei of α phase and the number of the α phase′s nuclei increases greatly and the growth of the nuclei comes in for restrict during the crystallization and the alloy′s grains become fine and the segregation reduces. In addition,yttrium also combines with zinc and the fine dispersion Y-Zn phase forms which improves grain boundary conditions and the alloy′s aging resistance. But when the content of yttrium is overmuch some YAl_3 granules grow to be lumpy,so the fine and close texture of the alloy′s boundaries is damaged and the proportion of the interface among the phases increase which brings a decline in the alloy′s resistance to corrosion.

Effect of Ce on the Aging of AlMgSi Alloy by Resistance Measurement

The AlMgSi wires with and without Ce were aged at temperatures 18, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 120 and 140 degrees C respectively after quenching from solid solution states, and their resistivity was measured in situ during aging. The results showed that the resistance of the samples aged at the temperatures given above except the one at 140 degrees C was increasing with aging time. The rate of increase was large initially and then reduced gradually. The relative resistance increases Delta R/R(0) of the samples with Ce were smaller than that without Ce under similar conditions. The result assumed to be due to reduction of the dispersion of G. P. zone by Ce.

Precipitation of metastable phases and its effect on electrical resistivity of Al-0.96Mg_2Si alloy during aging

The precipitation behavior and its influence on the electrical resistivity of the Al-0.96Mg2Si alloy during aging were investigated with in-situ resistivity measurement and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The precipitates of the peak aged alloy include both β＂ and if, but the amount ratio of β＂ to β＂ varies with the aging temperature and time increasing. The precipitates during aging at 175 ℃ are dominated by needle-like β＂ phases （including pre-β＂ phase）, the size of which increases with the time prolonging, but does not increase substantially after further aging. The evolution of electrical conductivity is directly related to such microstructural evolution. However, the hardness of the alloy stays at the peak value for a long term. When the alloy is aged at 195 ℃, the ratio of β＂ to β＇ becomes the main factor to influence relative resistivity （Ap） value. The higher the temperature is, the smaller the ratio is, and the faster the Ap value decreases. Moreover, the hardness peak drops with the decrease of the ratio. With the size and distribution parameters measured from TEM images, a semi-quantitative relationship between precipitates and the electrical resistivity was established.

Effect of Oils on SBS Modified Asphalt:Rheological Characteristics and Oxidation Aging

This study focuses on the effect of oils on rheology and oxidation aging of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene modified asphalt(SBSMA)in the long term,after reducing one low-temperature Performance Grade(PG)of SBSMA by incorporating oils.Two oils,including corn-based bio-oil and re-refined engine oil bottom(REOB),were selected to enhance the low-temperature performance of SBSMA.All samples were subjected to Rolling Thin Film Oven(RTFO)aging and 20-h as well as 40-h Pressure Aging Vessel(PAV20 and PAV40)aging,prior to multiple stress creep recovery(MSCR),frequency sweep and Flourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)scanning.A good high-temperature performance of oil/SBS modified asphalt blends was reflected in MSCR and PG results,meanwhile non-recoverable creep compliance(Jnr)and recovery(R)were found to share a highly correlated relationship during aging progress.In addition,Glover–Rowe(G–R)parameter and phase angle master curves suggest that the improvement of cracking property mainly came from the softening effect of oils.Adding oils into SBSMA was observed to increase oxidation kinetics,but the blends with oils still exhibited better anti-oxidation aging than the base binder,mainly due to the SBS addition.Bio-oil exhibited an effect of relieving age hardening susceptibility of SBSMA.

Effect of secondary aging on microstructure and properties of cast Al-Cu-Mg alloy

To obtain better comprehensive properties of cast Al-Cu-Mg alloys,the secondary aging(T6I6)process(including initial aging,interrupted aging and re-aging stages)was optimized by an orthogonal method.The microstructures of the optimized Al-Cu-Mg alloy were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy,and the properties were investigated by hardness measurements,tensile tests,exfoliation corrosion tests,and intergranular corrosion tests.Results show that the S phase andθ’phase simultaneously exist in the T6I6 treated alloy.Appropriately increasing the temperature of the interrupted aging in the T6I6 process can improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Al-Cu-Mg alloy.The optimal comprehensive properties(tensile strength of 443.6 MPa,hardness of 161.6 HV)of the alloy are obtained by initial aging at 180℃for 2 h,interrupted aging at 90℃for 30 min,and re-aging at 170℃for 4 h.

Coarsening behavior of MX carbonitrides in type 347H heat-resistant austenitic steel during thermal aging

In this work, the growth kinetics of MX （M - metal, X - C/N） nanoprecipitates in type 347H austenitic steel was systematically studied. To investigate the coarsening behavior and the growth mechanism of MX carbonitrides during long-term aging, experiments were performed at 700, 800, 850, and 900℃ for different periods （1, 24, 70, and 100 h）. The precipitation behavior of carbonitrides in specimens subjected to various aging conditions was explored using carbon replicas and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） observations. The corresponding sizes ofMX carbonitrides were measured. The results demonstrates that MX carbonitrides precipitate in type 347H austenitic steel as Nb（C,N）. The coarsening rate constant is time-independent; however, an increase in aging temperature results in an increase in coarsening rate of Nb（C,N）. The coarsening process was analyzed according to the calculated diffusion activation energy of Nb（C,N）. When the aging temperature was 800-900℃, the mean activation energy was 294 kJ·mol -1, and the coarsening behavior was controlled primarily by the diffusion of Nb atoms.

Effect of aging temperature on the microstructures and mechanical properties of ZG12Cr9Mo1Co1NiVNbNB ferritic heat-resistant steel

The effect of aging on the mechanical properties and microstructures of a new ZG12Cr9 MolColNiVNbNB ferritic heat resistant steel was investigated in this work to satisfy the high steam parameters of the ultra-supercritical power plant.The results show that the main precipitates during aging are Fe（Cr,Mo）23C6,V（Nb）C,and（Fe2Mo） Laves in the steel.The amounts of the precipitated phases increase during aging,and correspondingly,the morphologies of phases are similar to be round.Fe（Cr,Mo）23C6 appears along boundaries and grows with increasing temperature.In addition,it is revealed that the martensitic laths are coarsened and eventually happen to be polygonization.The hardness and strength decrease gradually,whereas the plasticity of the steel increases.What＇s more,the hardness of this steel after creep is similar to that of other 9%-12%Cr ferritic steels.Thus,ZG12Cr9 MolColNiVNbNB can be used in the project.

锌电积用Pb-Ag阳极MnO_(2)镀膜的电化学性能

锌电积用Pb-Ag阳极存在析氧过电位高、表面铅易电化学氧化溶解,造成阴极电锌品质低等突出问题,如何减少阳极的溶铅污染并提升其催化析氧活性、降低反应能耗,成为亟待解决的难题。本文在Pb-Ag阳极表面电沉积一层均匀、致密的MnO_(2)薄膜,采用SEM、XRD和ICP等对MnO_(2)催化层的表面微观形貌、晶体结构和溶液含铅量进行分析;采用CV、LSV、EIS和Tafel等对Pb-Ag/MnO_(2)阳极的析氧催化活性和耐腐蚀性能进行分析。结果表明:在MnSO_(4)-H_(2)SO_(4)溶液中,当循环速率为200 mL/min、温度为80℃时,以4 mA/cm^(2)电沉积120 min制备的Pb-Ag/MnO_(2)镀膜电极具有最佳的催化析氧和耐蚀性能;PbAg阳极经优化镀膜后,50 mA/cm^(2)时其析氧过电位由936 mV降低为648 mV,腐蚀电流密度由7.03μA/cm^(2)降低至0.66μA/cm^(2);相较于Pb-Ag阳极,基于Pb-Ag/MnO_(2)阳极的15 d长周期电锌体系中溶铅量由0.61 mg/L降至0.29 mg/L。

添加不同含量Ga对新型SnInAg无铅焊料合金耐酸碱性的影响研究

为改进Sn-11In-1.5Ag无铅焊料合金焊料的耐蚀性,采用失重法和电化学实验研究了Sn-11In-1.5Ag-xGa(x=0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,质量分数,%)焊料合金在腐蚀环境中的腐蚀行为。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察Sn-11In-1.5Ag-xGa焊料合金的表面形貌,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对焊料表面的腐蚀产物进行表征。结果表明:无论是在酸性还是碱性溶液中,添加的Ga均能提高Sn-11In-1.5Ag焊料合金的耐蚀性。随Ga含量的增加,焊料的耐蚀性也随之增强。对于相同成分的焊料合金,其耐蚀性在碱性溶液中优于酸性溶液。SEM观察表明,在Sn-11In-1.5Ag合金中加入Ga可以明显减轻焊料的腐蚀程度。XRD分析表明,焊料合金在酸性和碱性溶液中的腐蚀产物均为In_(2)O_(3)。

VARIATION OF SUBSTRUCTURES OF PEARLITIC HEAT RESISTANT STEEL AFTER HIGH TEMPERATURE AGING

The observations of dislocations, substructures and other microstructural details were conducted mainly by means of transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for 12CrlMoV pearlitic heat-resistant steel. It is shown that during the high temperature long-term aging, the disordered and jumbled phase-transformed dislocations caused by normalized cooling are recovered and rearranged into cell substructures, and then the dislocation density is reduced gradually. Finally a low density linear dislocation configuration and a stabler dislocation network are formed and ferritic grains grow considerably.

基于^(6)LiF/ZnS(Ag)和导光束的微型耐高温中子探测器设计与测试

堆内中字注量率的测量对于反应堆的安全运行至关重要。闪烁体光纤中子探测器因其工作稳定、抗干扰能力强以及能够深入狭窄空间的特性在堆内中字注量率在线监测中发挥重要作用。将^(6)LiF/ZnS(Ag)混合材料和导光束相结合,设计了一种微型耐高温中子探测器。使用蒙特卡罗软件Geant4和光学仿真软件Trace Pro完成了探头结构的优化设计,并采用毛细玻璃管解决了粉末状闪烁材料在形状应用上的限制,显著提高了光产率。利用中国核动力研究院零功率实验堆和南华大学中子实验放射源进行了性能测试,结果表明探测器高温工作稳定性好、计数率高、响应灵敏以及γ抑制能力强,具备相对中字注量率在线监测能力,为将来适用于更高温度环境的高计数率微型闪烁体中子探测器的研制奠定了坚实基础。

Antibiotics/antibacterial drug use, their marketing and promotion during the post-antibiotic golden age and their role in emergence of bacterial resistance

During the post-antibiotic golden age, it has seen a massive antibiotic/antibacterial production and an increase in irrational use of these few existing drugs in the medical and veterinary practice, food industries, tissue cultures, agriculture and commercial ethanol production globally. The irrational drug use has been further exacerbated by the increased marketing and promotion of these drugs by the pharmaceutical companies thus increasing their accessibility in the public and hence their improper use. The lack of production and introduction of the newer and effective antibiotic/antibacterial drugs in clinical practice in the post-antibiotic golden age has seen an increase in the emergence of the resistant pathogenic bacterial infections creating a significant problem in the global health of humankind. The massive productions of the antibiotic/antibacterial drugs have contributed to the poor disposal of these drugs and hence many of them are discharged in various water bodies contributing to the environmental antibiotic/antibacterial drug pollution. In the environment, these drugs exert pressure on the environmental bacteria by destroying useful bacteria that are responsible for the recycling of the organic matter and as well as promoting the selection of the resistant pathogenic bacteria that can spread in human and animal population thus causing an increase in the observed bacterial disease burden and hence a significant global public health problem. The resistant bacterial diseases lead to the high cost, increased occurrence of adverse drug reactions, prolonged hospitalization, the exposure to the second- and third-line drugs like in MDR-TB and XDR-TB that leads to toxicity and deaths as well as the increased poor production in agriculture and animal industry and commercial ethanol production.

Al-Cu-Mn-Fe-Ag-Zr合金的微观组织与室温和高温性能研究

Al-Cu合金具有低密度、耐热性好和潜在的高温稳定性等优点,广泛应用于汽车和航空航天等领域。为提高Al-Cu基铸造合金的耐热性能,本文制备了质量分数为Al-4%Cu-0.5%Mn-0.1%Fe-0.4%Ag-0.3%Zr(简称AC)的合金。采用OM和SEM分析了合金的微观形貌及化学成分,采用XRD分析了合金的物相结构,采用EBSD研究了晶粒形态与尺寸分布,采用TEM分析了合金在时效处理后的微观组织和析出相形态,采用高低温拉伸试验机进行了室温和高温力学性能测试。结果表明,AC合金在铸造过程中形成的金属间化合物主要包括Al_2Cu和Al_7Cu_2Fe,其中,Al_2Cu相在固溶处理后溶入基体中,并在时效处理后重新沉淀为θ′相,成为主要的强化相。此外,经T6热处理后,合金中还包含着T_(Mn)(Al_(20)Cu_2Mn_3)相,Ag元素固溶于铝基体中,而Zr元素则使得合金析出L1_2-Al_3Zr纳米相,其与θ′相存在位向关系。测试了合金在室温和高温(200、300和400℃)下的拉伸性能,对应屈服强度可分别达236、155、129和61 MPa。

Evaluation of Cracking Resistance of Copper-Bearing Age Hardening Steel Weldment

The weldability of a low-carbon copper-bearing age hardening steel was evaluated using cracking suscepti- bility calculation, HAZ maximum hardness measurement, and Y-groove cracking evaluation test. The results show that the hardenability characteristics and cold cracking susceptibility of the steel are very low. The results also indicate that a crack-free weldment can be obtained during the welding of this type of steel even at an ambient temperature as low as -5 ℃ as well as in an absolute humidity lower than 4 000 Pa without any preheat treatment. A slight preheat treatment can prevent the joint from cracking when welding is carried out at lower ambient temperature or higher absolute humidity.

电刷镀Ag-Bi合金镀层的结构与耐蚀性能研究

目的采用电刷镀技术制备Ag-Bi合金镀层,揭示镀层的微观结构特征与耐腐蚀性能。方法基于酸性硫代硫酸钠无氰镀液体系,利用电刷镀技术在铜基体上制备了纯银以及Ag-Bi合金镀层。利用XRD和SEM分析了镀层的物相组成和微观形貌,采用显微硬度计测试了镀层的硬度,通过极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱对镀层的耐腐蚀能力进行了表征。结果电刷镀制备的合金镀层均由面心立方结构Ag(Bi)过饱和固溶体组成,在Ag-15.64Bi合金镀层中还形成了六方结构α-Bi相。所制备的镀层具有纳米级晶粒尺寸,范围为13.5~21nm。与纯Ag镀层相比,电刷镀Ag-Bi合金镀层的致密性和平整度明显提高。合金镀层的硬度随着Bi含量的增加而增加,最高为220.7HV。镀层的自腐蚀电位和电荷转移电阻随着Bi含量的增加先增加后减小,腐蚀电流密度呈现相反趋势,Ag-4.52Bi镀层具有最佳的耐腐蚀能力,其自腐蚀电位为-0.189 V,腐蚀电流密度为1.76×10^(-2) mA·cm^(-2),电荷转移电阻为1635Ω·cm^(2)。结论通过在酸性硫代硫酸钠镀液中加入硝酸铋,可以电刷镀制备Ag-Bi合金镀层。Bi元素含量对镀层的显微硬度和耐腐蚀能力均具有显著影响。随着镀层中Bi元素的增加,固溶强化、细晶强化效应使镀层的硬度明显增加。合金镀层中孔隙和缝隙等结构缺陷的减少阻碍了腐蚀介质的渗入,Bi元素对镀层钝化膜的形成具有促进作用,最终使镀层的耐腐蚀性能得到提升。