Discoloration Range and Shroud Image Depth Values Cannot Be Satisfied by the Same Proton Energy

The radiative hypothesis has been revisited showing other characteristics, produced by the protons used as dyes in total disagree with the ones of the Body Image that appears on the Shroud of Turin. Our investigations highlight that for the protons to reach 3.7 cm in air, the distance that measures the range of discoloration effects, must be emitted with an energy of about 1.5 MeV using Wilson and Brobeck’s empirical formula and 1.35 MeV using Bethe’s. This last formula provides a result closer to reality. Bethe shows that the penetration depth is greater than that calculated empirically. Such a value of proton energy (1.35 MeV) makes it possible to satisfy the discoloration effects range for the Shroud but it is incompatible with a depth of penetration in linen that is only 200 nm. Moreover, using the same subatomic particles, we obtained on the colored linen a distribution of energy represented by regression but not linear. Thus, also the possible I(z) correlation, between color intensity and body-sheet distance, which should be due to the oxidizing action of protons, does not agree with that extracted from the Shroud of Turin.

Adsorptive Properties of Dyes to Cellulosic Sheet and Discoloration of Dye Solution by UV-ray Irradiation

The adsorptive properties and selectivity of dyes and water molecules to cellulosic sheet, dependence of adsorptive properties of dyes on the concentration of dye solution, and discoloration of the dye solution due to the UV-ray irradiation were determined for 18 kinds of commercial dyes. The results are as follows： 1） the adsorptive properties of dyes to cellulose sheet differed greatly, but did not depend on the dye types such as acidic, basic and so on; 2） adsorptive properties of dyes to cellulosic sheet de- pended on the concentration of dye solution and were classified into 4 types： concentration-independent, increasing or decreasing with dye concentration, and having a maximum. This classification was irrelevant to the dye types; 3） the irradiation of UV-ray did not cause significant discoloration of dye solution itself, which suggested that wood components as well as dye molecules influence the discoloration of wood.

Discoloration of Congo Red by Rod-Plate Dielectric Barrier Discharge Processes at Atmospheric Pressure

A dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） reactor with a rod-plate electrode configuration was used for the oxidative decomposition of Congo red dye in an aqueous solution. Plasma was generated in the gas space above the water interface under atmospheric pressure. Discharge characteristics were analyzed by voltage-current waveforms. Effects of applied voltage, initial conductivity, and initial concentration were also analyzed. Congo red discoloration increased with increased applied voltage and decreased conductivity. The initial conductivity significantly influenced the Congo red discoloration. Under the same conditions, the highest discoloration rate was obtained at 25 mg/L. The presence of ferrous ions in the solutions had a substantial positive effect on Fenton dye degradation and flocculation. At an applied voltage of 20 kV, about 100% of dye was degraded after 4 min of Fe^2＋/DBD treatment. Results showed that adding a certain dosage of hydrogen peroxide to the wastewater could enhance the discoloration rate. Possible pathways of Congo red discoloration by DBD plasma were proposed based on GC/MS, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy analyses.

Correlation of discoloration and biomechanical properties in porcine sclera induced by genipin

·AIM: To study the feasibility of using the discoloration to evaluate the biomechanical properties after treating with genipin.·METHODS: Porcine cadaver eyes were treated for30 min with 1.0%(by w/v) genipin. Untreated samples were used as controls. After treatment, scleral strips of4.0 ×10.0-mm2 were cut. The denaturation temperature(Td) measurement and stress-strain test were performed after taking photograph to analyze the color.·RESULTS: Within 24 h after treating with genipin, the sclera exhibited a bluish color which became deeper with time. And the denaturation temperature also was increased gradually. Compared with untreated groups, at1, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h after treatment, the ultimate stress were increased by 56%, 153%, 173%, 225% and 211%respectively. The Young’s modulus at 10% strain also increased by 170%, 246%, 264%, 389% and 288%respectively. There were strong correlation between the discoloration and the biomechanical properties(ΔE-Ultimate stress:R2=0.892, P =0.00; ΔE-Young’s modulus:R2=0.602, P =0.00).·CONCLUSION: Genipin could be used to strengthen collagen gradually in a relatively short time span. And the biomechanical properties could be reliably evaluated via simple visible discoloration.

Effect of drying methods on the discoloration of three major domestic softwood species in Korea

Japanese pine, Korean pine and larch are three major softwood species in Korea. Their colors are relatively light, thus easily discolored due to drying and UV irradiation. In this study, they were dried with five different drying methods, steam treated and exposed to weathering. Their colors were measured using a spectrophotometer and comparisons made both among species and drying methods. For Japanese and Korean pines, high temperature dried and steam-dried specimens showed distinct color differences compared with the controls. Steam treatment discolored the dried specimens of Japanese and Korean pines but did not discolor those of larch. After weathering for 144 days the specimens of Japanese pine showed slight color differences among drying methods.

Effects of gold plating on the resistance to high temperature discoloration of the cavity for ceramic packages

The effects of thickness and types of gold plating on the resistance to hightemperature discoloration of gold plating on cavity surface of ceramic package were investigated. Itwas found that the thicker gold plating, the less discoloration degree for ceramic packages.Non-cyanide gold plating performed better resistance to high-temperature aging than cyanide goldplating. The relationship between the gold plating thickness and the amount of diffused Ni to thegold plating of ceramic packages with Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Co platings after heating at 420℃ for 15 minwas also studied. When the gold plating thickness reach 2.0 μm and 1.6 μm for Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Coplating systems, respectively, no discoloration was observed on the gold plating surface of cavity,and the corresponding diffused Ni amounts (mass fraction) are 1.0% and 0.4%, while the diffused Coto the gold plating is 0.04%.

Evaluation of Teeth Discoloration Induced by Endomethasone, AH+, Canason and Apexit Paste

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate, in vitro, the color changes of the teeth, induced by endodontic sealers. Materials and Methods: Forty-five mature maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons, were collected. After the chemo-mechanical instrumentation of the root canal, teeth were filled with four endodontic sealers (Endomethason, AH+, Canason and Apexit). Depending on canal sealers and the CEJ (Cement Enamel Junction), teeth were divided into 8 experimental groups (n = 5) and one control group/CG (n = 5). Teeth color changes (L*a*b*/CIE Commission Internationaled’ Eclaraige) were determinated by a spectrophotometer Vita Easyshade in 4 stages (Baseline, Week 0, 4 and 12). Results: Between the EOCEJ and CG for the parameter L*, there was a statistical significance (p 0.05). The L*a*b* results were: L* (83.6 ± 4.8 → 83.6 ± 4.9);a* (﹣2.68 ± 1.02 → ﹣1.12 ± 0.72) and b* (20.2 ± 4.5 → 24.4 ± 4.2). Conclusions: All endodontic sealers may cause teeth discoloration.

Effects of gold plating on the resistance to high temperature discoloration of the cavity for ceramic packages

The effects of thickness and types of gold plating on the resistance to high temperature discoloration of gold plating on cavity surface of ceramic package were investigated. It was found that the thicker gold plating, the less discoloration degree for ceramic packages. Non-cyanide gold plating performed better resistance to high-temperature aging than cyanide gold plating. The relationship between the gold plating thickness and the amount of diffused Ni to the gold plating of ceramic packages with Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Co platings after heating at 420℃for 15 min was also studied. When the gold plating thickness reach 2.0 μm and 1.6 μm for Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Co plating systems, respectively, no discoloration was observed on the gold plating surface of cavity, and the corresponding diffused Ni amounts (mass fraction) are 1.0% and 0.4%, while the diffused Co to the gold plating is 0.04%.

Discoloration on Methylene Blue Solutions by Direct and Catalytic Ozonation

During textile manufacturing, huge amounts of wastewaters characterized by removed impurities and high concentrations of dye are produced. These wastewaters cause several problems when they are discharged to the environment. The use of ozone in wastewater treatment results of interest. In this work we propose to assess the discoloration rate of different synthetic wastewaters as a function of pH, dye concentration (methylene blue (MB)) and reaction time. A comparison of discoloration rate between conventional ozonation and catalytic ozonation salts of copper, zinc, silver and nickel was also performed. For the optimization of the ozonation process of colored solutions, it was used a central composite experimental design with five replicates of the center point resulting to evaluate the influence of the independent variables at different ranges of pH, [MB] and time. In the catalyst-assisted ozonation, [MB], pH and the reaction time were fixed to 100 mg/L, 5.5 and 15 min, respectively. The optimized experimental conditions to provide maximum discoloration were pH=3.3;[MB]=8.6 mg/L and time=74.3 min. Regarding the catalyst-assisted ozonation, it was found that CuSO4 catalyst gave better color reduction if compared with other catalysts assayed.

Dark Oscillation of Light-induced Absorption in Heavy Reduced Co: KNSBN Crystal

This paper presents dark oscillations of light-indhced absorption in heavy reduced Co: KNSBN crystal, points out there are double carriers and multiple traps in the crystal and explains the experimental results with the newly established model of double carriers and multiple traps.

Light-Induced Charge Transfer at Interface Between Lipid-Free RhTSPc Film and p-Si(111)

The present paper covers the lipid-free rhodium tetrasulfonato-phthalocyanine (RhTSPc) films prepared on p-Si(111) by using Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Their surface photovoltage spectra were measured. It was found that there is a strong interaction at the interface between the RhTSPc film and p-Si (111) and that the surface photovoltaic effect of the film system is maximum when only one monolayer of RhTSPc molecules coats p-Si(111), which is similar to that of CuTSPc films on p-Si(111) reported previously. These results confirm that only the monolayer of dye molecules being adjacent to the semiconductor surface plays a key role in the light-induced interfacial charge transfer process.

Oscillation of the spin-currents of cold atoms on a ring due to light-induced spin–orbit coupling

The evolution of two-component cold atoms on a ring with spin-orbit coupling has been studied analytically for the case with N noninteracting particles. Then, the effect of interaction is evaluated numerically via a two-body system. Two cases are considered： （i） Starting from a ground state the evolution is induced by a sudden change of the laser field, and （ii） the evolution starting from a superposition state. Oscillating persistent spin-currents have been found. A set of formulae have been derived to describe the period and amplitude of the oscillation. Based on these formulae the oscillation can be well controlled via adjusting the parameters of the laser beams. In particular, it is predicted that movable stripes might emerge on the ring.

Advantage of Introducing Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence in School Dental Checkups

Background: Caries detection in school oral examinations insufficient accuracy. Objective: To evaluate advantages of introducing quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) in school oral examinations. Methods: Experiment No. 1. Early demineralized lesions in the upper and lower incisors and canines were visually inspected by three dentists and by QLF-D. The numbers of tooth planes with early demineralized lesions were compared between the methods. Experiment No. 2. Approximal demineralized lesions in molars were assessed by visual inspection, x-ray imaging, and QLF-D. The numbers of tooth planes with demineralized lesions were compared among the methods. Experiment No. 3. Plaque distribution was evaluated by QLF-D and a traditional staining method. The ratio of the diameter of plaque to tooth crown in the tooth axis direction in each method was calculated. The results were evaluated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis and Bland-Altman plot. Results: Experiment No. 1. The three dentists found 0.67 tooth planes on average. QLF-D found 22 tooth planes with early demineralized lesions in the same samples. Experiment No. 2. Fourteen approximal tooth planes of molars were found to have demineralized lesions by x-ray imaging. QLF-D detected 71.4% of the tooth planes out of the 14, whereas visual inspection found 7.1%. Experiment No. 3. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the evaluations of plaque distribution between the QLF-D and traditional staining methods was 0.77 (P Conclusion: The results support introduction of QLF-D for use in school dental examinations.

Evaluating Acid Resistance Effect of Fluoride-Releasing Dental Materials Using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence-Digital in Vitro

As erosion has become one of the serious oral health problems, some fluoride-releasing dental materials have been developed to protect enamel from demineralization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antidemineralization effect of PRG Barrier Coat® and FujiVII® (fluoride-releasing dental materials). Four square windows measuring 1 mm2 were prepared on the labial enamel surface of each bovine tooth using masking tape and nail varnish. The first and second windows were half covered by fluoride-releasing material and control material, respectively, whereas the third and fourth windows were left untreated. All windows were immersed into 0.1 M lactic acid and 6wt% CM-cellulose (pH 4.5) at 38℃ for 21 days. Subsequently, the first and second windows were covered with nail varnish after removal of the materials, and the third and fourth windows were immersed into ultrapure water at 38℃ for 28 days after being half covered with fluoride-releasing and control materials, respectively. The following procedure was performed separately during evaluations of the fluoride-releasing materials, PRG Barrier Coat, and FujiVII®, using eight and six bovine teeth, respectively. The first, second, third, and fourth windows were classified into DM-PRG;Demineralized-PRG or DM-FujiVII;Demineralized-FujiVII, DM-TCM;Demineralized-traditional cement or DM-TGIC;De-mineralized-traditional glass ionomer cement, RM-PRG;Remineralized-PRG or RM-FujiVII;Re-mineralized-FujiVII, and RM-TCM;Remineralized- traditional cement or RM-TGIC;Remineral-ized-traditional glass ionomer cement, respectively. After nail varnish was removed, △Q values (mean ± SD) of the windows were measured using QLF-D and were compared between DM-PRG and DM-TCM, RM-PRG and RM-TCM, DM-FujiVII and DM-TGIC, and RM-FujiVII and RM-TGIC groups. △Q values of RM-PRG (-60 ± 44) and RM-FujiVII (-5.0 ± 10) were significantly higher than that of RM-TCM (-315 ± 193) and RM-TGIC (-56 ± 43), respectively. The fluoride releasing materials provided remineralization effects to bovine enamel.

Light-Induced Mid-Infrared Emission of Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride and Benzene

Light-induced infrared emission spectroscopy (LIRES) is a novel technique that permits to receive high-quality spectra in the mid-infrared region. Low-intensity visible light connected to a highly sensitive FTIR spectrometer is more advantageous for studying any samples, including biological samples without any damage. This technique permits obtaining unique information on the molecule structure via vibrational excitation fundamental frequencies, overtones, and combination modes. It also enables a direct observation of vibrational radiation transitions in vibrationally excited molecules as well as the channels of vibration energy redistribution, which is not allowed with any other method. In this work, the LIRES is being tested as a technique for studying of vibrationally-excited molecules of carbon tetrachloride and benzene in the liquid phase. On the other hand, using transparent liquids, we had tried to understand some of the physical phenomena that can drive emission in mid-IR. The characteristics of the infrared emission of both liquid species produced by different wavelength radiation from various types of light systems (100 - watt Xe-lamp and Nd:YAG laser;lambda = 1064 nm (8 mW) and lambda = 532 nm (4 mW)) are presented. We demonstrated that the IR-signal, as well as spectral properties of carbon tetrachloride and benzene, was dependent on the wavelength and power of excitation beam. Results obtained with different light sources show that the visible light produces a nonlinear IR-emission signal in transparent liquids. We believe that the visible light is the source of the nonlinear response and is producing the vibration excitation as well as photostimulated transformations of the molecules possessing the high activity for the nonlinear response.

不同因素对咸鸭蛋“黑黄”产生的影响

为分析影响盐腌鸭蛋中“黑黄”产生的因素,本实验通过色度值和金属离子含量测定以及蛋白质组学分析,对比“黑黄”咸蛋和正常咸蛋不同部位的差异,初步确定与“黑黄”形成有关的因素,再通过单因素试验进一步研究这些因素对黑黄形成程度和速率的影响。结果表明,Fe、Cu含量越高,蛋黄色度值越小,“黑黄”越黑,推测卵黄高磷蛋白中Fe2+与S2-结合形成的硫化物是使蛋黄变黑的原因,半胱氨酸的降解脱硫是蛋黄产硫的主要原因。微生物浓度、温度、pH值是影响黑黄产生的主要因素,鸭蛋载菌量和腌制温度越高,黑黄率越高;pH7.0~8.0范围内均可产生H2S,其中pH7.5时产气速率最快。综上,可以推测“黑黄”是由蛋黄内硫元素与铁元素之间的变色反应造成,腌制过程中的温度、pH值以及鸭蛋本身的载菌量对“黑黄”现象均有较大影响。

牙齿漂白技术的临床应用策略

牙齿漂白技术是微创治疗牙齿着色的有效方法之一。漂白技术实施简单,但是临床应用中颇具挑战性。术前进行充分的医患沟通和评估,根据病因和难度制定个性化方案,对于治疗中可能出现的问题进行有计划地防控,是治疗取得成功的关键。本文结合文献回顾和笔者的临床体会,对活髓牙漂白技术的临床策略进行探讨,以期为着色牙的漂白治疗提供参考。

双环境背景稳态变色织物的制备及变色性能

针对常规温致变色纺织品因仅有一个变色点而在某些特殊领域应用时无法实现自主控制颜色的问题,利用分散染料不变色,以及变色微胶囊在高温条件下呈无色态和低温条件下呈有色态的性能特点,将双稳态温致变色微胶囊与分散染料复配,配制出高温浅棕-低温深灰、高温深绿-低温红棕和高温黄绿-低温中灰三种稳态互变的温致变色色浆,并采用筛网印花法将印花色浆施加到纺织品上,制备具有双环境背景稳态互变的迷彩织物。印制的迷彩织物高温和低温变色响应时间分别约为20 s和120 s,变色循环可达200次,耐摩擦色牢度为4~5级,耐水洗色牢度为4级,耐日晒色牢度为3级,且手感较好。此外,分别通过高温和低温刺激,印制的迷彩织物在-5~60℃的环境温度范围内可以稳态呈现两种不同的颜色效果,从而实现对迷彩织物的自主呈色控制。

深度语义分割网络无人机遥感松材线虫病变色木识别

松材线虫病是危害我国林业资源的主要病害,研究深度语义分割网络无人机遥感技术可提高松材线虫病变色木识别准确率,为提升和保护林业资源质量提供技术支撑。该文以青岛崂山松林为研究区,通过固定翼无人机航拍获取区域无人机松材线虫病疑似变色木影像,以全卷积网络(fully convolutional networks,FCN),U-Net,DeepLabV3+和OCNet 4种深度语义分割模型为研究对象,选用召回率(Recall)、精确率(Precision)、交并比(intersection over union,IoU)和F1值评估各模型分割精度。航拍飞行获得2688张无人机影像,通过手动标记和样本扩增生成训练样本28800个。4种网络均能够较好识别松材线虫病变色木,无显著误报,并且深度语义模型对颜色相近的地物,如岩石、黄色裸土等有较好的辨别结果。总体上,DeepLabV3+具有最高的变色木分割精度,IoU与F1值分别为0.711和0.829;FCN模型分割精度最低,IoU与F1值分别为0.699和0.812;DeepLabV3+训练耗时最低,达到27.2 ms/幅;FCN预测耗时最低,达到7.2 ms/幅,但分割变色木的边缘精度最低。以3种特征提取网络ResNet50,ResNet101和ResNet152为前端特征提取网络构建的DeepLabV3+模型变色木识别IoU值分别为0.711,0.702和0.702,F1值分别为0.829,0.822和0.820。DeepLabV3+比DeepLabV3网络具有更高的变色木识别精度,DeepLabV3网络变色木识别的IoU和F1值分别为0.701和0.812。DeepLabV3+模型在测试数据中具有最高变色木识别精度,特征提取网络ResNet网络深度对变色木识别精度影响较小。DeepLabV3+引入的编码和解码结构能够显著改进DeepLabV3分割精度,同时可获得详细的分割边缘,更有利于松材线虫病变色木识别。

Fe^(2+)、Cu^(2+)诱导工艺对柞木表板颜色变化规律的影响

木材中的木质素、抽提物等物质具有能与金属盐溶液产生颜色反应的特性。利用这一特性以硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜溶液作为诱导剂,通过正交试验得到色差最大时的工艺参数,探究金属Fe^(2+)、Cu^(2+)的诱导剂质量分数、诱导时间、干燥时间、干燥温度对实木复合地板柞木表板颜色变化的影响。结果表明:Fe^(2+)、Cu^(2+)的诱导剂质量分数对柞木表板色彩色调的影响极为显著(F值分别为20.4453、8.8442);柞木表板的明度色品指数(L^(*))、红绿轴色品指数(a^(*))、黄蓝轴色品指数(b^(*))均随着Fe^(2+)、Cu^(2+)的诱导剂质量分数、诱导时间、干燥时间的增加而逐渐减少,总色差(ΔE^(*))逐渐增大,最大为31.53、9.90,表板色调逐渐偏暗、偏绿、偏蓝;随着干燥温度的增加,Fe^(2+)、Cu^(2+)诱导时的柞木表板总色差都逐渐减小。