Impaired pericyte-Müller glia interaction via PDGFRβ suppression aggravates photoreceptor loss in a rodent model of light-induced retinal injury

AIM:To investigate the involvement of pericyte-Müller glia interaction in retinal damage repair and assess the influence of suppressing the platelet-derived growth factor receptorβ(PDGFRβ)signaling pathway in retinal pericytes on photoreceptor loss and Müller glial response.METHODS:Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to intense light to induce retinal injury.Neutralizing antibody against PDGFRβwere deployed to block the signaling pathway in retinal pericytes through intravitreal injection.Retinal histology and Müller glial reaction were assessed following light injury.In vitro,normal and PDGFRβ-blocked retinal pericytes were cocultured with Müller cell line(rMC-1)to examine morphological and protein expression changes upon supplementation with light-injured supernatants of homogenized retinas(SHRs).RESULTS:PDGFRβblockage 24h prior to intense light exposure resulted in a significant exacerbation of photoreceptor loss.The upregulation of GFAP and p-STAT3,observed after intense light exposure,was significantly inhibited in the PDGFRβblockage group.Fur ther upregulation of cytokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)was also observed following PDGFRβinhibition.In the in vitro coculture system,the addition of light-injured SHRs induced pericyte deformation and upregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)expression,while Müller cells exhibited neuron-like morphology and expressed Nestin.However,PDGFRβblockage in retinal pericytes abolished these cellular responses to light-induced damage,consistent with the in vivo PDGFRβblockage findings.CONCLUSION:Pericyte-Müller glia interaction plays a potential role in the endogenous repair process of retinal injury.Impairment of this interaction exacerbates photoreceptor degeneration in light-induced retinal injury.

Light-Induced Changes in a-Si∶H Films Studied by Transient Photoconductivity

Light induced changes in a-Si∶H films are investigated by transient photoconductivity.The transient photoconductivity decay data can neither be fit well by common power-law for transient photocurrent in amorphous semiconductors,nor by stretched exponential rule for transient decay from the steady state in photoconductivity.Instead,the data are fit fairly well with a sum of two exponential functions.The results show that the long time decay is governed by deep traps rather than band tail states,and two different traps locating separately at 0.52 and 0.59eV below E _c are responsible for the two exponential functions.They are designated as negatively charged dangling bond D - centers.The light-induced changes in photoconductivity are attributed mainly to the decrease in electron lifetime caused by the increase of recombination centers after light soaking.

Light-Induced Reaction of Benzene with Carbonates

We found an ultraviolet （UV）-light induced formation of biphenyl and sodium benzoate from benzene and sodium carbonate. The reaction happens in the interface of benzene and aqueous solution at the room temperature. After 5 h of UV-light exposure, 11.4% of initial amount of 4.4 g （5.0 mL） benzene are converted to biphenyl and sodium benzoate, which are distributed in benzene and aqueous solution, respectively. Using density function theory （DFT） and time dependent DFT, we have investigated the mechanism of this light-induced reaction, and found that the sodium carbonate is not only a reactant for the formation of sodium benzoate, but also a catalyst for the formation of biphenyl.

Path planning for light-induced dielectrophoretic manipulation of micro-particles

To realize automatic manipulation of micro-particles by light-induced dielectrophoresis （LDEP）, a path-planning scheme based on the improved artificial potential field （APF） for micro light pattern movements is proposed. An algorithm combining guided target and point obstacle based on a new local minimum judging criterion is specially designed, which can solve the local minimum problems encountered by the traditional APF. Experiments of real-time particle manipulation based on this algorithm are implemented and the experimental results show that the proposed approach can overcome the local minimum problems of the traditional APF method, and it is validated to be highly stable for intensive particle obstacles during LDEP manipulation. Consequently, this method can realize real-time manipulation of micro-nano particles with safety, decrease the difficulty of manual manipulation, and thus improve the efficiency of manipulation of micro-particles.

STUDY ON PHASE-SEPARATION OF PMMA/SAN BLENDS INDUCED BY GLASS BEADS THROUGH DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

Based on the premise that the addition of glass beads （GB） could hardly influence the linear viscoelasticity in low frequency （ω） region for homogeneous polymer systems, the dynamic rheological behaviors of unfilled and filled poly（methyl methyacrylate） （PMMA）/poly（styrene-co-acrylonitrile） （SAN） blends were studied in order to explore the effect of GB on the phase-separation of binary polymer matrix. Results show that GB has an induced effect on the phase-separation, which embodies that the phase-separation temperature （Ts） of PMMA/SAN blend filled with GB is lower than that of the unfilled system. The higher content of GB, the higher is the ＂secondary plateau＂ of ω in the terminal region of storage modulus （G＇） versus ω plot. The ＂secondary plateau＂ appearing in the terminal region is attributed to the phase-separation of PMMA/SAN blends and it becomes more fiat for filled polymer blends under the same conditions. However, it is suggested that this kind of ＂induced effect＂ is related to the GB content; the higher content of GB particles might enhance the interaction between the particles and polymer matrix. Moreover, it is found that the addition of GB also has an influence more or less on the morphology and domain size of polymer matrix. It is believed that the plot of dynamic viscosity （η＇） versus the loss viscosity （η＂） is sensitive to examine the effect induced by GB on the phase-separation of binary polymer matrix.

Study on Electromagnetic Transient Condition of EMU Passing by Phase-separation with Electric Load in High-speed Railway

Aiming at the complex electromagnetic transient process of EMU passing by phase-separation with electric load in high-speed railway, mechanism of overvoltage caused by switching off, overvoltage caused by switching on and impact current is analyzed systematically in this article. π-type equivalent circuit of feeding section is put forward in the analysis of overvoltage mechanism. Overvoltage and overcurrent model of passing by phase-separation with electric load are also built. Correctness of mechanism was validated by simulation. In addition, the methods to solve the influence on substations, transformers and protection devices in this process are put forward, which provides a new idea on passing by phase-separation with electric load technology.

Dark Oscillation of Light-induced Absorption in Heavy Reduced Co: KNSBN Crystal

This paper presents dark oscillations of light-indhced absorption in heavy reduced Co: KNSBN crystal, points out there are double carriers and multiple traps in the crystal and explains the experimental results with the newly established model of double carriers and multiple traps.

Light-Induced Charge Transfer at Interface Between Lipid-Free RhTSPc Film and p-Si(111)

The present paper covers the lipid-free rhodium tetrasulfonato-phthalocyanine (RhTSPc) films prepared on p-Si(111) by using Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Their surface photovoltage spectra were measured. It was found that there is a strong interaction at the interface between the RhTSPc film and p-Si (111) and that the surface photovoltaic effect of the film system is maximum when only one monolayer of RhTSPc molecules coats p-Si(111), which is similar to that of CuTSPc films on p-Si(111) reported previously. These results confirm that only the monolayer of dye molecules being adjacent to the semiconductor surface plays a key role in the light-induced interfacial charge transfer process.

Oscillation of the spin-currents of cold atoms on a ring due to light-induced spin–orbit coupling

The evolution of two-component cold atoms on a ring with spin-orbit coupling has been studied analytically for the case with N noninteracting particles. Then, the effect of interaction is evaluated numerically via a two-body system. Two cases are considered： （i） Starting from a ground state the evolution is induced by a sudden change of the laser field, and （ii） the evolution starting from a superposition state. Oscillating persistent spin-currents have been found. A set of formulae have been derived to describe the period and amplitude of the oscillation. Based on these formulae the oscillation can be well controlled via adjusting the parameters of the laser beams. In particular, it is predicted that movable stripes might emerge on the ring.

Advantage of Introducing Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence in School Dental Checkups

Background: Caries detection in school oral examinations insufficient accuracy. Objective: To evaluate advantages of introducing quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) in school oral examinations. Methods: Experiment No. 1. Early demineralized lesions in the upper and lower incisors and canines were visually inspected by three dentists and by QLF-D. The numbers of tooth planes with early demineralized lesions were compared between the methods. Experiment No. 2. Approximal demineralized lesions in molars were assessed by visual inspection, x-ray imaging, and QLF-D. The numbers of tooth planes with demineralized lesions were compared among the methods. Experiment No. 3. Plaque distribution was evaluated by QLF-D and a traditional staining method. The ratio of the diameter of plaque to tooth crown in the tooth axis direction in each method was calculated. The results were evaluated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis and Bland-Altman plot. Results: Experiment No. 1. The three dentists found 0.67 tooth planes on average. QLF-D found 22 tooth planes with early demineralized lesions in the same samples. Experiment No. 2. Fourteen approximal tooth planes of molars were found to have demineralized lesions by x-ray imaging. QLF-D detected 71.4% of the tooth planes out of the 14, whereas visual inspection found 7.1%. Experiment No. 3. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the evaluations of plaque distribution between the QLF-D and traditional staining methods was 0.77 (P Conclusion: The results support introduction of QLF-D for use in school dental examinations.

Evaluating Acid Resistance Effect of Fluoride-Releasing Dental Materials Using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence-Digital in Vitro

As erosion has become one of the serious oral health problems, some fluoride-releasing dental materials have been developed to protect enamel from demineralization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antidemineralization effect of PRG Barrier Coat® and FujiVII® (fluoride-releasing dental materials). Four square windows measuring 1 mm2 were prepared on the labial enamel surface of each bovine tooth using masking tape and nail varnish. The first and second windows were half covered by fluoride-releasing material and control material, respectively, whereas the third and fourth windows were left untreated. All windows were immersed into 0.1 M lactic acid and 6wt% CM-cellulose (pH 4.5) at 38℃ for 21 days. Subsequently, the first and second windows were covered with nail varnish after removal of the materials, and the third and fourth windows were immersed into ultrapure water at 38℃ for 28 days after being half covered with fluoride-releasing and control materials, respectively. The following procedure was performed separately during evaluations of the fluoride-releasing materials, PRG Barrier Coat, and FujiVII®, using eight and six bovine teeth, respectively. The first, second, third, and fourth windows were classified into DM-PRG;Demineralized-PRG or DM-FujiVII;Demineralized-FujiVII, DM-TCM;Demineralized-traditional cement or DM-TGIC;De-mineralized-traditional glass ionomer cement, RM-PRG;Remineralized-PRG or RM-FujiVII;Re-mineralized-FujiVII, and RM-TCM;Remineralized- traditional cement or RM-TGIC;Remineral-ized-traditional glass ionomer cement, respectively. After nail varnish was removed, △Q values (mean ± SD) of the windows were measured using QLF-D and were compared between DM-PRG and DM-TCM, RM-PRG and RM-TCM, DM-FujiVII and DM-TGIC, and RM-FujiVII and RM-TGIC groups. △Q values of RM-PRG (-60 ± 44) and RM-FujiVII (-5.0 ± 10) were significantly higher than that of RM-TCM (-315 ± 193) and RM-TGIC (-56 ± 43), respectively. The fluoride releasing materials provided remineralization effects to bovine enamel.

Light-Induced Mid-Infrared Emission of Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride and Benzene

Light-induced infrared emission spectroscopy (LIRES) is a novel technique that permits to receive high-quality spectra in the mid-infrared region. Low-intensity visible light connected to a highly sensitive FTIR spectrometer is more advantageous for studying any samples, including biological samples without any damage. This technique permits obtaining unique information on the molecule structure via vibrational excitation fundamental frequencies, overtones, and combination modes. It also enables a direct observation of vibrational radiation transitions in vibrationally excited molecules as well as the channels of vibration energy redistribution, which is not allowed with any other method. In this work, the LIRES is being tested as a technique for studying of vibrationally-excited molecules of carbon tetrachloride and benzene in the liquid phase. On the other hand, using transparent liquids, we had tried to understand some of the physical phenomena that can drive emission in mid-IR. The characteristics of the infrared emission of both liquid species produced by different wavelength radiation from various types of light systems (100 - watt Xe-lamp and Nd:YAG laser;lambda = 1064 nm (8 mW) and lambda = 532 nm (4 mW)) are presented. We demonstrated that the IR-signal, as well as spectral properties of carbon tetrachloride and benzene, was dependent on the wavelength and power of excitation beam. Results obtained with different light sources show that the visible light produces a nonlinear IR-emission signal in transparent liquids. We believe that the visible light is the source of the nonlinear response and is producing the vibration excitation as well as photostimulated transformations of the molecules possessing the high activity for the nonlinear response.

A highly sensitive LITES sensor based on a multi-pass cell with dense spot pattern and a novel quartz tuning fork with low frequency

A highly sensitive light-induced thermoelectric spectroscopy(LITES)sensor based on a multi-pass cell(MPC)with dense spot pattern and a novel quartz tuning fork(QTF)with low resonance frequency is reported in this manuscript.An erbi-um-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA)was employed to amplify the output optical power so that the signal level was further enhanced.The optical path length(OPL)and the ratio of optical path length to volume(RLV)of the MPC is 37.7 m and 13.8 cm^(-2),respectively.A commercial QTF and a self-designed trapezoidal-tip QTF with low frequency of 9461.83 Hz were used as the detectors of the sensor,respectively.The target gas selected to test the performance of the system was acetylene(C2H2).When the optical power was constant at 1000 mW,the minimum detection limit(MDL)of the C2H2-LITES sensor can be achieved 48.3 ppb when using the commercial QTF and 24.6 ppb when using the trapezoid-al-tip QTF.An improvement of the detection performance by a factor of 1.96 was achieved after replacing the commer-cial QTF with the trapezoidal-tip QTF.

Thermoregulated Phase-separable Ru_3(CO)_(12)/PETPP Complex Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Styrene

Thermoregulated phase-separable Ru-3(CO)(12)/PETPP (PETPP=P[p-C6H4O (CH2CH2O)(n) H](3), n=6) complex catalyst was first applied in the hydrogenation of styrene. Under the conditions: P(H-2)=2.0MPa, T=90degreesC, styrene could be completely transferred and the yield of ethylbenzene reached up to 99.5%. After simple decantation, the catalyst could be reused for ten times without decreasing in activity.

Studies on the Recycling Efficiency of Thermoregulated Phase-separable Rh/PETPP Complex Catalyst

Effects on the recycling efficiency of thermoregulated phase-separable Rh/PETPP (P-[p-C6H4O(CH2CH2O)nH]3, N=3n) complex catalyst involved in hydroformylation of 1-decene are for the first time presented. It was found that the loss of Rh is dependent greatly on the composition of phosphine ligand PETPP and the organic solvent employed in the reaction.

Optogenetic activation of intracellular signaling based on light-inducible protein-protein homo-interactions

Dynamic protein-protein interactions are essential for proper cell functioning.Homointeraction events—physical interactions between the same type of proteins—represent a pivotal subset of protein-protein interactions that are widely exploited in activating intracellular signaling pathways.Capacities of modulating protein-protein interactions with spatial and temporal resolution are greatly desired to decipher the dynamic nature of signal transduction mechanisms.The emerging optogenetic technology,based on genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins,provides promising opportunities to dissect the highly complex signaling networks with unmatched specificity and spatiotemporal precision.Here we review recent achievements in the development of optogenetic tools enabling light-inducible protein-protein homo-interactions and their applications in optical activation of signaling pathways.

Fabry-Perot-based phase demodulation of heterodyne light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy

Fabry-Perot(F-P)-based phase demodulation of heterodyne light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy(H-LITES)was demonstrated for the first time in this study.The vibration of a quartz tuning fork(QTF)was detected using the F-P interference principle instead of an electrical signal through the piezoelectric effect of the QTF in traditional LITES to avoid thermal noise.Given that an Fabry-Perot interferometer(FPI)is vulnerable to disturbances,a phase demodulation method that has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally to be an effective solution for instability was used in H-LITES.The sensitivity of the F-P phase demodulation method based on the H-LITES sensor was not associated with the wavelength or power of the probe laser.Thus,stabilising the quadrature working point(Q-point)was no longer necessary.This new method of phase demodulation is structurally simple and was found to be resistant to interference from light sources and the surroundings using the LITES technique.

Puerarin alleviates sleep disorders in aged mice related to repairing intestinal mucosal barrier

More and more evidence suggests that puerarin,a potential remedy for gut inflammation,may have an ameliorative effect on sleep disturbances.However,the relationship between puerarin and sleep disruption has not been extensively researched.This study aims to explore the role and mechanisms of puerarin in improving sleep disorders.We established a light-induced sleep disorder model in mice and assessed the effects of puerarin on cognitive behavior using open field and water maze tests.Pathological detection demonstrated that sleep disturbances resulted in observable damage to the liver,lung,and kidney.Puerarin reversed multi-organ damage and inflammation.Further,puerarin activated paneth cells,resulting in increased lysozyme and TGF-βproduction,and stimulating intestinal stem cell proliferation.Puerarin also effectively inhibited the expression of F4/80,iNOS,TNF-α,and IL-1βin the small intestine,while it increased Chil3,CD206,and Arg-1 levels.Moreover,puerarin treatment significantly decreased P-P65,TLR4,Bcl-xl,and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels while increasing barrier protein levels,including ZO-1,Occludin,Claudin 1 and E-cadherin suggesting a reduction in inflammation and apoptosis in the gut.Overall,puerarin diminished systemic inflammation,particularly intestinal inflammation,and enhanced intestinal barrier integrity in mice with sleep disorders.Our findings suggest a potential new therapeutic pathway for sleep disorders.

Light Inducing the Geometric Conversion of NiO_(6) to Trigger a Faster Oxygen Evolution Reaction Pathway:The Coupled Oxygen Evolution Mechanism

Developing highly active and robust oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts is still a critical challenge for water electrolyzers and metal-air batteries.Realizing the dynamic evolution of the intermediate and charge transfer during OER and developing a clear OER mechanism is crucial to design high-performance OER catalysts.Recently in Nature,Xue and colleagues revealed a new OER mechanism,coupled oxygen evolution mechanism(COM),which involves a switchable metal and oxygen redox under light irradiation in nickel oxyhydroxide-based materials.This newly developed mechanism requires a reversible geometric conversion between octahedron(NiO_(6))and square planar(NiO_(4))to achieve electronic states with both“metal redox”and“oxygen redox”during OER.The asymmetric structure endows NR-NiOOH with a nonoverlapping region between the dz^(2) orbitals and a_(1g)^(*)bands,which facilitate the geometric conversion and enact the COM pathway.As a result,NR-NiOOH exhibited better OER activity and stability than the traditional NiOOH.